英语-编辑-3-目录-1234章合集
The
Theory
Of
Star-Planet Coevolution
A novel
theory that can consistently explain not only the origin and evolution of the
solar system, but also the fundamental physical phenomena occurring within the
solar system, especially those occurring within the Sun-Earth system.
Wei Ju (琚伟)
The Theory of Star-Planet
Coevolution
Table
of Contents
Chapter
1
The
True Physical Relationship between Sun and the Planets
§1.1 The true physical relationship between Sun and the planets------------14
§1.2 The physical mechanism and the essential nature of gravity -----------17
§1.3The evidence chain and the suggestion of experimental test-----------19
§1.4The hypothesis of the stellar-merger origin of the solar system--------22
References:
Chapter
2
The
Origin and Evolution of the Solar System - Stellar Merger Model
§2.1 The
philosophical inspiration of the Yin-Yang dialectics of Taoism and the holistic
view of TCM---------------------------------------------------------26
§2.2 Several putative
mechanisms and laws proposed to explain the origin and evolution of the solar
system----------------------------------------------- -29
§2.2.1 The mechanism of planet formation---------------------------------
-30
§2.2.2 The mechanism of the Sun
formation--------------------------------33
§2.2.3 The mechanism of the formation
of the whole solar system------34
§2.2.4 The formation of the earth-moon
system---------------------------35
§2.2.5 The formation of the asteroids
and comets and their similarity in chemical composition------------------------------------------------------------------41
§2.2.6 The mechanism of even
distribution of the comet-like rocky objects-43
§2.2.7The formation of
sun-core-oriented radial magnetohydrodynamic whirlpool-like vortices (which
pull the comets down to the sun)---------43
§2.2.8 The 77-year periodically “coming-back event”of Halley's
comet cannot be the same object but the different comet-like objects-----------------------43
§2.3
The suggested laws, principles and mechanisms involved in the process of the
evolution of the solar system--------------------------------------------44
§2.3.1
The four suggested laws governing the process of the sun-planet co-evolution--------------------------------------------------------------------44
§2.3.2
A new solar physics to explain the mechanism of the energy production and
element synthesis of the sun-------------------------------------------------47
§2.3.3
The new solar model and the basic elemental composition of the Sun--49
§2.3.4.
The new planetary model and the basic elemental composition of the earth-------------------------------------------------------------------------------51
§2.3.5
The two earth-based mass-decaying-trended atomic and subatomic particle
transmutation mechanisms: (1) the uranium→hydrogen
decay chain and (2) the proton→meson→muon→electron/positron pair cascade decay chain---------------------------------------------------------------------------------52
§2.3.6 The essential nature of
the duality, relativity, convertibility and the coexistence of
electric charge-----------------------------------------------58
§2.3.7
The continuously operating mechanisms of the sun-core-based elemental synthesis
and energy production and the mass-evolution of the sun-core-gestated metallic
planetary embryos of next-generation planet------59
§2.3.8
The upper limit of the average lifespan of all stable elements and the upper
limit of the average lifespan of proton-------------------------------------62
§2.3.9
The suggested new mechanism of the
formation of chemical bond----62
§2.3.10
The two suggested laws of nonequivalent inter-atomic mass-energy exchange----------------------------------------------------------------------------64
§2.3.11
The macroscopic-microscopic-unified physical mechanism of electromagnetic bond
formation: The formation of microscopic interatomic electromagnetic bonds and
the formation of macroscopic sun-planet-connecting gravito-electromagnetic
bonds share the same physical mechanism-----------69
§2.3.12
The macroscopic-microscopic-unified principle of orthogonal axial
intersectional intercutting and entanglement of magnetic fields lines in
two-body systems------------------------------------------------------------------70
§2.3.13
The macroscopic-microscopic-unified law of nonequivalent mass-energy exchange
between bodies--------------------------------------------------------71
§2.3.14 The macroscopic-microscopic-unified
principle of tunnel-bond duality-71
§2.3.15 The
principle of synchronization of the macroscopic astrophysical process and the microscopic
particle transmutation process and the matter particle-energy jet
transformation process--------------------------------------71
§2.3.16 The
macroscopic-microscopic-unified principle of triple similarity----72
§2.3.17
The principle of mass-energy
inequality of nucleons-------------------74
References:
Chapter
3
Testing
the Explanatory and Predictive Power of the Theory of Star-Planet Coevolution
§.3.1 The three basic guiding
principles to constraint the core ideas of the explanations of the physical
phenomena occurring in the solar system---------76
§.3.2 The new explanations for the mechanism
of sunspots formation and the mechanism of the 11-year sunspot cycle formation-------------------------------79
§.3.3 The explanation of the intrinsic
internal physical correlation between the periodic oscillations of the changes
of the average decay rates of radioactive and non-radioactive elements on Earth
and the periodic oscillations of the changes of the sunspot numbers---------------------------------------------------------------83
§.3.4 The explanation of the mechanisms of
causing El Nino and La Nina phenomena and the explanation for the corresponding
relationship between the evolving process of El Nino-La Nina-switching cycle
and the evolving process of sunspot cycle.----------------------------------------------------------------------84
§.3.5 The explanation of the statistically negative correlation
between the count of sunspots and the frequencies of the occurrence of great
volcanic eruptions (VEI ≥5) and major earthquakes (M ≥ 7)--------------------------------------------------89
§.3.6 Several alternative
explanations of the latest results of AMS-02using the same set of laws,
principles and mechanisms proposed in chapter 2 in the book of the Theory of
Star-Planet Coevolution (beyond the traditional cosmic ray theory, and the Dark
Matter annihilation model and the pulsar model) -------93
§.3.7 A new explanation for
the dominant mechanisms of the geomagnetic storm-induced rapid losses of the
outer radiation belt high-energy electrons and the gradual depletion of the
third new temporary belt high-energy electrons --102
§3.8 Explanation for the mechanism of how a
huge energy can be pre-stored in the nucleus of the today’s constituent atoms------------------------------------------107
§3.9 A new explanation for the
origin and retention of the earth's water-------110
§3.10 Why is the same hemisphere of the moon (the moon’s Near Side) always faces the
Earth while earth-observer cannot see the moon
far side?----------------------------------------------------------------------------------128
§3.11 Explaining the formation of cancer
cells at atomic and molecular levels using new quantum microgrid short-circuit
theory (QMSC) in order to advance our understanding of the underlying physical
mechanisms and the physical nature hidden behind the biogenetic phenomenon of how
a normal cell’s DNA mutation to the cancer cell.-------------------------------------------------------------------130
§3.12 A hypothetical explanation for the main
cause and molecular mechanisms of the genesis of Intrahepatic
Cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) ---------------------------136
§3.13 Are neutrons really electrically
neutral? -------------------------------------140
§3.14 Several proposed new laws of planetary
motion----------------------------141
§3.15 A simple
explanation for the formation mechanism and the working
principle of the Fermi Bubbles and why Fermi
Bubble should be renamed as Finkbeiner Bubble, and
why the galactic core-hosted supermassive balck hole should be renamed as “A galactic-scaled
double-hole-structured and double holes’ effects hybridized dual-energy
conversion and stellar-merger promotion system/mechanism (DHS-DHEsHybri-DEC-SMPS/M)” -------------------------------147
References:
Chapter
4
The
Comparison between the Master-key Theory of Explaining All Physical Phenomena (MKT)
and the Theory of Everything (ToE)
§4.1 The difference in
worldviews or cosmological perspectives-------------------158
§4.2The difference in methodology or
scientific paradigm------------------------158
§4.3 The difference in
contents------------------------------------------------------159
§4.4 Refuting the four pillar evidence
supposedly supporting the Big Bang Theory
§4.4.1 Refuting the erroneous view of
explaining Hubble's redshift phenomenon as the expansion of cosmic
space------------------------------------------------------161
§4.4.2 Refuting
the erroneous view of explaining the cosmic microwave background radiation
(CMBR) as the evidence (dubbed afterglow) of the Big Bang event--------------------------------------------------------------------------------163
§4.4.3 Refuting the
view that the abundances of light elements can be interpreted as the evidence of
supporting the Big Bang-triggered primordial nucleosynthesis mechanism--------------------------------------------------------------------------164
§4.4.4 Refuting the
interpretation of large-scale homogeneity as the evidence of supposedly
supporting BBT--------------------------------------------------------170
§4.5. The basic views of the master-key
theory of fundamental science-----------
§4.5.1
The physical mechanism of how the gravitational interaction between the
sun and planets is produced, and what is the essential nature of gravity-------170
§4.5.1. (a) The SSPR-dynamo
mechanism------------------------------------------171
§4.5.1.(b) The macro-micro-unified principle of
orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting of the magnetic fields’ lines of
two magnetic field-carrying spinning bodies--------------------------------------------------------------------------------173
§4.5.1.(c) The
macro-micro-unified principle of the tunnel-bond duality of electromagnetic
bond of all kinds and all levels----------------------------------174
§4.5.1.(d) The
prediction of the existence of a
double-hole-structured and double holes’ effects hybridized dual-energy
conversion and stellar-merger promotion system/mechanism
(DHS-DHEH-DEC&SMPS/M)---------------------------------175
§4.5.1.(e) The formation mechanism and the working
principle of the Fermi Bubbles—A galactic-scaled double-hole-structured and
double holes’ effects hybridized dual-energy conversion and stellar-merger
promotion system/mechanism (DHS-DHEsHybri-DEC-SMPS/M) ---------------------------179
§4.5.1.(f) The newly
proposed alternative explanation of the basic properties and features of the Fermi
Bubbles -------------------------------------------------------183
§4.6 Why the Einstein’s
interpretation of the cause and nature of gravity cannot be correct? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------184
§4.7 What is the
underlined physical mechanism that leads to the violation of CP symmetry and
the violation T reversal symmetry? ---------------------------------187
§4.8 Overturning Noether’s
theorem by unraveling the deep-hidden flaws embedded in the statements of its
original form ----------------------------------189
§4.8.1 The Suggested
Modification of Noether’s Theorem ------------------------193
§4.8.2 The deep-hidden
logical flaws of Noether’s Theorem and the necessity to overturn or modify the
Theorem --------------------------------------------------194
§4.9 The Summary of the Basic Ideas of the
Master-key Theory -----------195
§4.9.1 The Basic
Worldview and Its Associated Philosophical Principles---------195
§4.9.2 The Basic
Philosophical Principles Summarized from the Physical laws, Principles and
Mechanisms of MKT -----------------------------------------------195
§4.10 The Basic
Physical Assumptions and the Associated Fundamental Physical Laws, Principles
and Mechanisms Derived from the Assumptions --------------197
§4.10.1 The Two Basic
Physical Assumptions --------------------------------------197
§4.10.2 The
Macro-Micro-Unified Fundamental Physical Laws, Principles and Mechanisms
Derived from the above Two Basic Assumptions ------------------198
§4.11The Star-Planet Co-created and
Co-operated Mechanism of Mass-Energy-Mass Conversion Cycle (MEMC-Cycle)
--------------------------------------------------204
§4.12 The Frame of the Master-key
Theory ---------------------------------------212
References:
Preface
The currently-accepted solar
nebula theory is full of loopholes, and many of its predictions directly
conflict with the modern observations. The theory's extremely poor
self-consistency, falsifiability, and poor predictive power strongly suggest
that the theory is fundamentally wrong. The correct explanation of the physical
phenomena occurring in the solar system, especially those that occurring within
the Sun-Earth system, must be based on a foundation of a correct theory of the
origin and evolution of the solar system. Therefore, the work to discover this
ultimate theory that can correctly explain the origin and evolution of the
solar system is the most-important scientific work. To discover the ultimate
theory one must has a correct way of physical thinking determined by a correct
way of philosophical thinking, which enable us to establish a series of correct
worldviews. A correct way of philosophical thinking can serves as an indispensable
thought-compass that may guide us to the correct direction towards the
discovery of the correct theory of the origin and evolution of the solar
system.
One of the most reliable
philosophical principles tells us that the most fundamental physical mechanisms
involved in every scientific field must be hidden behind the most common
natural phenomena that occur in that field. In this sense, in order to discover
the correct astrophysical theory of the origin and evolution of the solar
system, one must first identify the most commonly occurring physical phenomena
in the stellar world, obviously, the phenomena of star-pairing or the widely
existence of binary systems, and the stellar-merger events are undoubtedly the
most common astrophysical phenomena occurring in all galactic systems.
According to this idea, the author, as an amateur astrophysics enthusiast, has come
up with an idea (since 1986) that the mystery of the origin of the solar system
may be hidden behind the two most commonly occurring astrophysical phenomena in
our Milky Way galaxy, that are, the phenomena of star-pairing or binary systems
and the frequently occurring stellar-merger events. Based on this idea, the
author postulated that there must be an internal link between the
stellar-merger events and the origin of the solar system. The author, as an amateur
astrophysicist, has initiated his theory formulation and the related evidence
collection work since 1986 after his graduation from the University of
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) with master degree of medicine and his TCM
background enable him to gain new insights into the process of the origin and
evolution of the solar system by perceiving the common mechanisms and
principles shared by the astrophysical process of the origin and evolution the
stellar systems (both single and binary) and the process of the birth and the
biological process of the birth and development of the advanced life forms
occurring on earth, which led him to discover the “unified principle of
double-sourced matter-gene inheritance” that is shared by both the
astrophysical process of the stellar systems and the biological process of the
advanced living systems occurring on earth (such as mammal), and to formulate
two sets of strict criteria to identify the two component stars of a parent
binary system as a male-father-natured component star and a
female-mother-natured component star according to their roles played in the
process of a parent binary-star system merging into a daughter planet-bearing
single solar-like star system.
After thirty years of evidence
collection, the author proposed a novel theory, called the Theory of Star-Planet
Co-evolution, which holds that the solar system, as a progeny or daughter
single-star system, originated form an stellar-merger event by which a parent
binary-star system merged into a solar-like planet-bearing single star system
which should happened at least one 10 billion years ago. In this physical
scenario, the mechanism by which the sun is formed is stellar-merger-caused
seminal core-implanted (or seminal metallic karyosphere-implanted) plasmatic
fusion; whereas, the mechanism by which the planet is formed is stellar-merger-triggered
ejection of the mass-matured embryonic metallic karyospheres (mass-matured
planetary embryos) that were originally gestated in the core of the
female-mother-natured component star of a merge-phased parent binary system.
The mechanism by which the entire solar system is formed is the actions of
intercutting-and-entangling of the magnetic fields’ lines between the magnetic
field of the newborn sun and the magnetic fields lines of the newborn planets,
forming the invisible helical-like gravito-electromagnetic bonds connecting the
central sun and its orbiting planets (detailed descriptions are provided in
chapter 2). This theory is able to successfully explain not only the processes
of the origin and evolution of the solar system but also the fundamental
physical phenomena occurring in the solar system, especially those that occurring
within the Sun-Earth system.
More surprisingly, the author
seemed to have found the breakthrough point at which the work of unifying the
four fundamental interactions into a macro-micro-unified single interaction is
now becoming possible. Because the author found that the gravity that acts a
bonding force connecting the sun and each planet is actually a special form of
macroscopic attraction-dominant electromagnetic force (the so-called macroscopic
gravito-electromagnetic force) that can be produced by the so-called
"Stellar Stator and Planetary
Rotor Integrated” complex dynamo mechanism" (SSPR-dynamo mechanism)
through the actions of the intercutting-and-entangling of the magnetic fields
lines of any two electromagnetically bonding spinning objects—which has been
considered to be a macro-micro-unified universal physical mechanism of
generating all forms of electromagnetic interaction force. In this physical
picture, since the Sun's effective magnetic field extends to the outer edge of Oort
Cloud with a distance of about two light years away, this means that the
far-reaching magnetic field lines (including the visible strong regions and the
invisible weak regions) of the two-light-year scaled solar magnetic field and
the short-reached magnetic field lines of each planet that are always in a
rotating-orbiting-synchronized motion status are in a constant action of
intercutting-and-entangling with each other, the process of which will
naturally create a large number of invisible bidirectional-flowing
electromagnetic wave-energy-carrying particle streams that are always in a
frequently intercutting-and-entangling status on every single step of their
oppositely moving towards the cores of the sun and a planet. This means that a
large numbers of the invisible bidirectional-flowing and highly-intertwined
helical-like electromagnetic wave-energy-carrying particle streams should be
the real mediator of the gravito-electromagnetic force and the photons that
have long been misunderstood as the mediator of electromagnetic force is
actually the transient products produced by the actions of the frequently
intercutting-and-entangling of the bidirectional-flowing electromagnetic
particle streams.
This is a fully testable or
falsifiable mechanism that can be conducted by experimentalists in ground-based
or space-based labs. The everyday dynamo mechanism by which the electromagnetic
force is produced is essentially the action of the intercutting-and-entangling
of the magnetic fields lines between the magnetic field of the magnets and the
integrated magnetic field of the rotor—the integrated atomic nuclear magnetic
fields of all metal atoms that make up the metal coil of the rotor.
Logically speaking, the existence
of a large number of bidirectional-flowing particle streams between any two
electromagnetically bonding objects means that the electromagnetically
interacting objects must be in a dynamical status of performing the activity of
non-equivalent mass-energy exchange. In this sense, the author asserts that an
electromagnetic interaction force acting between any two objects is only an
apparent physical effect or apparent physical phenomenon, the essential nature
of electromagnetic force behind the apparent physical force-acting effect of
electromagnetic interaction is the operation of an underlying universal mechanism
of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between the electromagnetically bonding
(interacting) objects. Thus, the author came out with a testable conclusion that
gravito-electromagnetic force acting between the sun and each planet is merely
an apparent physical the effect, the essential nature of the
gravito-electromagnetic force between the sun and each planet is the underlying
mechanism of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange. It turns out that the solar
system as a whole is a holistic coevolutionary system in which the sun and
planets are coevolving by means of performing an activity of non-equivalent
mass-energy exchange, which is the core idea of the theory of star-planet
coevolution.
Based on the central mechanism of
non-equivalent mass-energy exchange, the author postulates that the solar
system, as a daughter single-star system, originated from an event of the
stellar-merger of a parent binary-star system. The detailed description of this
process is elucidated in chapter 2 of this book. The author will use just
several suggested fundamental laws, principles and mechanisms proposed in chapter
2 to explain all physical phenomena occurring in the solar system in chapter 3,
especially those that occurring in the sun-earth system, including the
explanations of the fundamental physical mechanisms causing the sunspot and the
11-year sunspot cycle, and the mechanisms of causing the sunspot
cycle-associated El Niño-La Niña alternating cycle.
Written by Dr. Wei Ju
June 25th, 2024 in
Cheng Du city, Sichuan Province, China
The Theory of Star-Planet
Coevolution
Chapter 1
The
True Physical Relationship between the Sun and Planets
§1.1
The true physical relationship between the Sun and planets
I firmly believe that the basic
premise for discovering the ultimate loophole-free astrophysical theory that
can correctly explain the origin and evolution of the solar system is to first
establish a series of correct worldviews or cosmic perspectives in our brains.
One possible breakthrough that could profoundly revolutionize our worldview and
change our scientific paradigm lies in radically changing our current
misconception about the physical relationship between the sun and planets. I
even assert that a correct understanding of the true physical relationship
between the sun and planets will lead to the ultimate discovery of the real
physical mechanism of generating the gravity acting between the sun and
planets, the earth and its big moon, and between all kinds of
gravitationally-bonding bodies, as well as the ultimate uncovering of the
essential nature of gravity, and the ultimate discovery of a correct theory to
explain the origin of the solar system. For this reason, I would like to start
my journey of exploring the mystery of the origin and evolution of the solar
system with the exploration of the true physical relationship between the sun
and planets.
Due to the limitations of the traditional
kinematic descriptions of gravity provided by Newton's classical physics and
Einstein's General relativity, the true physical relationship between the sun
and the planets has long been misunderstood in such a way that the sun can only
emit its matter-energy unidirectionally to the planets without absorbing any form
of matter-energy from the planets. On the other hand, the planets are believed to be forcibly (or passively) accepted
the matter-energy from the sun without any feedback action of actively emitting
their own matters and energies to the sun. In other words, since the initial formation
of the solar system, all planets within the solar system have long been
enjoying the "free energy lunch" provided by the “generous sun”
without giving anything back to the sun (the purport of which will hereafter be
called the “free solar energy paradox” or “non-exchanging paradox”). This is
perhaps the biggest blunder the physicists could have made in the history of
science and it’s also the most erroneous worldviews or cosmic perspective being
established in our human brain. Such a wrong worldview has played a crucial role
in misleading our understanding of the true physical relationship between the
sun and the planets and is also the biggest ideological obstacle that hindered
astrophysicists from unraveling the mystery of the origin of the solar system. Fortunately,
the wisdom hidden in the Taoist naturalistic philosophy of ancient China—the principles
of Yin-Yang dialectics and the holistic way of scientific thinking—which work as
a philosophical inspiration and a thought compass may help humanity unravel the
mystery of the origin of the solar system. According to the basic principles of
Yin-Yang dialectics, everything in the universe can be classified into the
Yin-natured things that are characterized by the basic properties of releasing
dark-cold-contracting energy while bearing negative charge and the Yang-natured
things that are characterized by the basic properties of releasing
photothermal-expanding energy while bearing positive charge. So, the principle
of Yin-Yang dialectics codifies a basic physical idea that any given pair of
Yin-Yang coupled objects must have a relationship of coexistence and
coevolution by means of performing the physical activity of mutually energy
supporting and bilaterally mass-energy exchanging. So, if we apply this
philosophical principle of Yin-Yang dialectics to the study of the physical
relationship of the Sun and planets, a lot blurring concepts about the basic
physical properties of the sun and planets would become crystal clear. In this
sense, we can take all the system’s planets collectively as the
Yin-darkcold-natured bodies while taking the Sun as a Yang-photothermal-natured
body. From the point of holistic view, the solar system is essentially a
holistic coevolution system in which the sun that acts as a Yang-natured body
must have two basic physical properties of radiating out its
photothermal-expanding wave energy and
ejecting its positively charged particles (dominated by positively charged
particles) while the planets that collectively act as a group of Yin-natured
bodies that must have two basic physical properties of injecting their
dark-cold energy in form of a lance-shaped planet-ejected sunward-streaming
electromagnetic particle jets (with a lance-shaped jet head pointing the sun’s
core) that can be injected into the sun’s core and the planetary-sourced energy
jet should be dominated negatively charged particles relative to the sun. In other
words, If the physical relationship between the sun and the planet really follows
the philosophical principle of the Yin-Yang dialectics, then the true physical
relationship between the sun and the planet should be a relationship of mutually
energy supporting and bilaterally matter-energy exchanging, rather than a
unilateral relationship in which the sun only releases energy to the planet without
absorbing any form of planetary energy as we currently understand it.
Based on the logical reasoning
starting from the philosophical inspiration of Yin-Yang principle and a large
amount of modern observational evidence, [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7][8] [9] I assert
that the true physical relationship between the sun and the planets must be one
that strictly follows the Taoism’s Yin-Yang law and I also made my final
conclusion that the solar system is essentially a coevolution system in which
the sun and planets are coevolving by means of performing their physical
activity of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange and asymmetrical mass-energy
hybridization. In thither words, the gravitational interaction between the sun
and planets is merely an apparent physical effect behind which the underlying
physical mechanism that supports the inter-solar-planetary gravitational
interaction is the physical mechanism of the bilateral and nonequivalent
mass-energy exchange and asymmetrical mass-hybridization. This is the core idea
of the theory of star-planet coevolution and is also the breakthrough point that
inspired me to discover the cause and nature of gravity—the gravity is
essentially the special form of electromagnetic force generated by the
SSPR-dynamo mechanism (the solar-stator and planetary-rotor
naturally-integrated complex dynamo mechanism) and the essential nature of electromagnetic
interaction is the underlying mechanism of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange
and asymmetrical mass-energy hybridization between the sun and planets
(detailed description about the SSPR-dynamo mechanism will be followed in
section 1.2). However, the non-equivalent mass-energy exchange mechanism
operating between the Sun and the planets does not determine which side is the
mass gainer and which side is the mass loser. So it is necessary to formulate
four fundamental laws of star-planet coevolution to help us identify the mass
gainer and the mass loser between the sun and planets. Thus, a complete
description of the physical process of how the sun and its planets are
coevolving by means of performing the physical activity of non-equivalent mass-energy
exchange is successfully formulated and the whole physical picture of the
origin of the solar system is clearly demonstrated (for detailed description
please read chapter 2).
In addition to theoretical
requirements, consider the basic facts that Mercury, Mars, and the Moon are all
in a process of rapid shrinkage, that the Earth's magnetic field is rapidly
weakening, and that the Sun's luminosity and solar magnetic field are both in a
long-term trend of strengthening, and so on. I came up with a very counter-intuitive
conclusion that the Sun is the only mass gainer in the solar system and all the
system’s planets are mass losers. This view is summarized as the second law of
star-planet coevolution, or the second law of non-equivalent star-planet mass
energy exchange, which states that for a
given time interval, the amount of mass-energy that the sun absorbed from the
planets is always greater than that of the mass-energy that the sun released to
the planets. This is a crucial step that led me to discover the ultimate physical
mechanism that generates gravity and essential nature that hides behind the
apparent physical effect of gravity, and is also a thought-compass that guided
me to develop the theory of star-planet coevolution. This new physics theory
can not only successfully explain the origin and evolution of the solar system,
but also successfully explain all physical phenomena that occur within the sun-earth
system at a high level of simplicity, self-consistency and falsifiability. Even
more surprisingly, the author found that the theory of star-planet coevolution can
be easily upgraded to the master-key theory of explaining all physical
phenomena occurring in the sun-earth system by generalizing some of the basic
physical laws, principles, and mechanisms contained in the theory into the
macro-micro-unified level. It seems that this so-called master-key theory has a
potential to become the best version of the theory of everything (for detailed
description please read chapter 5). Some of the online readers told me that
they have already perceive this potential from the content of next section, in
which the author proposed a plausible physical mechanism of how can the sun and
planet work together to co-generate the gravito-electromagnetic bonding force
between them and why the electromagnetic interaction must be the only
fundamental interaction that allow the sun and its planets to perform the
physical activity of nonequivalent mass-energy exchange, and why the other fundamental
interactions, gravity, strong and weak nuclear interactions are the simply the
different forms of electromagnetic interaction which generates and act in
different space-time and mass-energy scales.
§1.2 The real physical mechanism of
generating gravity and the essential nature of gravity
In recent years, there have been increasing
evidence suggests that the gravitational force acting between the sun and the
planet, between the planet and its moons, and between any two the planetary
bodies is a low-energy-density electromagnetic force acting between celestial
bodies. However, the main reason for why mainstream physicists have been unable
to discover the ultimate cause and essence of gravity is the misleading and
confining effects of Newton's classical gravity and Einstein's general
relativity, because both of which provide merely the non-essence-revealing kinematic
description of gravity within a mathematical frame in which the inert mass of
all moving bodies will not change because there is no physical relationship of
nonequivalent mass-energy exchange between these gravitationally interacting
bodies. Plus, the fanatical belief in the validity of Einstein’s general
relativity has led mainstream scientific journal editors to reject all papers
that conflict with Einstein's theory. As an amateur astrophysicist, my new
views on the causes and essence of gravity are unlikely to be published in
mainstream physics journals, and even websites like arXiv.org had refused to
publish my paper. Therefore, here, through a self-publishing, I am able to
publish my new physical ideas on the causes and essence of gravity based on my
conclusive idea that the gravity acting between the sun and planets, and
between any two planetary bodies, is just a different form of electromagnetic
interaction that is generated by a macro-micro-unified common physical
mechanism that generates all forms of electromagnetic interaction forces,
including the interatomic electromagnetic bonding force (chemical bond). In
other words, all other types of fundamental interactions, like gravity, strong
and weak nuclear forces, are essentially the electromagnetic interaction which
manifests in different ways. The
detailed description is presented as the following.
Through
the coevolutionistic-idea-based logic reasoning and a broad collection of
various direct and indirect evidence, I propose that the gravity acting between
the Sun and all system’s planets is surely an gravito-electromagnetic bonding
force characterized by low energy density and a low flux penetrating through a
large cross-sectional area. The physical mechanism by which the
gravito-electromagnetic bonding force is generated is the Solar-Stator and
Planetary-Rotor integrated complex dynamo mechanism (the SSPR-dynamo
mechanism). In this physical scenario, our solar system as a whole can be taken
as a giant complex dynamo system in which the Sun actually act as a central
stator while all the surrounding planet actually act as a group of planetary
rotors. Since the Sun's magnetic field extends to the outer edge of the Oort
Cloud (more than a light year away), it is physically possible that every
planet wrapped in the heliomagnetic sheath can be plausibly viewed as a moving rotor.
In this physical scenario, the magnetic field lines of every planet in a dynamical
state of orbiting-rotating-synchronized motion are frequently intercutting and
entangling with the magnetic field lines of the Sun at all times, the mechanism
of which will inevitably create a large number of bidirectionally-flowing
electromagnetic wave energy-carrying particle streams that are always in a
state of frequently intercutting and mutually entangling motions on every step
of their oppositely moving toward the two mass centers of the Sun and a planet.
When a large number of bidirectionally-moving particles streams are
collectively entangling with each other, they form an invisible rope-like
gravito-electromagnetic bond that seamlessly connects the sun and every planet.
This kind of new physical picture suggests that the real medium for mediating the
macroscopic gravito-electromagnetic interaction force between the sun and
planets is not photons, but a large amount of bidirectionally-flowing
electromagnetic wave energy-carrying particle streams that are always in a
state of frequently intercutting and collectively entangling motion. The
observed photons are only transient products produced by the mechanism of
intercutting and entangling behavior of the bidirectionally-moving electromagnetic
wave energy-carrying particle streams. Therefore, the energy of these
bidirectionally-moving particle streams or the strength of the electromagnetic
interaction force is actually determined by several physical parameters, like
the mean frequency of their intercutting and entangling motions, averaged
energy density of the bidirectionally-moving electromagnetic streams, and the
averaged mass density and the averaged strength of any two electromagnetically
interacting bodies. It turns out that the gravity acting between the sun and
planet is essentially a different form of low-energy-density and large
cross-sectional penetrating electromagnetic force or gravito-electromagnetic
force. However, the gravito-electromagnetic force itself is merely an apparent
physical effect with its essential nature being the underlying mechanism of
nonequivalent mass-energy exchange and asymmetrical mass-hybridization. So,
from the classical understanding of gravity as an attractive force that makes
bodies move around with each other to the new understanding of gravity as a
different form of electromagnetic interaction force that enable any two
electromagnetically interacting bodies to perform the physical activity of
nonequivalent mass-energy exchange is surely a paradigm-shifted revolution of
theoretical physics. So, the author believe that such a paradigm-shifted
revolution in the understanding the mechanism and nature of gravity makes it
possible to discover the ultimate loop-free theory that can correctly explain
the origin and evolution of the solar system.
§1.3
The evidence chain and the suggestion of experimental test
To construct a chain of evidence
to prove the existence of a non-equivalent mass-energy exchange mechanism operating
between the sun and the planets requires two sets of evidence:
(1) The existence of a
planet-ejected sunward-streaming particle-energy jet streams. As long as it can
be proved that there is a planet-sourced particle streams flowing from a planet
to the Sun, then it can be naturally proved that there is a bidirectionally-flowing
particle streams existing between the sun and the planets. And the existence of
such a bidirectional-flowing particle streams will naturally prove the
existence of a bilateral mass-energy exchange between the Sun and planets. However,
the evidence of bidirectional-flowing of particle streams between the sun and
the planet can only prove the existence of bilateral mass-energy exchange
mechanism between the sun and the planet, but it cannot prove whether the
bilateral mass-energy exchange process follows the equivalent mass-energy
exchange law or the non-equivalent mass-energy exchange law. So we need a
second set of evidence.
(2) The evidence of planetary
mass-energy decreasing trend，since the total
amount of mass-energy of the solar system is approximately conserved, therefore,
if we can find any kind of evidence that can prove that the planets are continue
to weaken will prove that the bilateral mass and energy exchange process
between the sun and the planets follows the non-equivalent exchange law.
Since the total mass and energy scale of the solar system is approximately
conserved, any evidence that can prove that the solar system’s planets are
undergoing an irreversible mass-energy decaying process can naturally prove
that the bilateral mass-energy exchange between the sun and planets follows the
non-equivalent mass-energy exchanging law. The following physical phenomena identified
by the author that occur in the solar-terrestrial system can serve as evidence:
About three types of plasma-jet
colliding phenomena occurring between solar photosphere plasma shells and the
earth direction ejected planetary jets have been confirmed from the
NASA-published astronomical pictures (the exact info for citation is needed),
and the author named them respectively based on energy gradients: the photosphere plasma-splashing
effect, the photosphere shell-perforation effect, and the complete photosphere shell-piercing effect.
From the NASA-published
astronomic pictures, the author found
that, during the sunspot maximum, there is a clear plasma-jet colliding
phenomena occurring on the surface of the solar photoshere on the sun’s
earth-facing side, which is created by a particle-energy jet stream clearly
ejected from the earth-direction perfectly in line with the maximum alignment
of Venus-Earth-Jupiter. These plasma shell-jet colliding effects clearly show
that the planet-ejected sunward-streaming particle-energy jets that are ejected
from the Venus, Earth and Jupiter respectively seem to be superposed to have
formed a resultant jet with its
lance-shaped jet-head pointing to the Sun, the energy density of this
Venus-Earth-Jupiter co-formed resultant planetary jet must be exponentially
increased to such a high level that the plasma shell of the solar photosphere
is being violently impacted by the resultant jet. In the photosphere plasma-splashing
picture, it shows that there is bow-like plasma crater being created on the sun’s
earth-facing side and there are large scale of liquid like solar plasma are
forced to splashed around the edge of quasi-symmetric plasma crater, which reflects
the helical dynamic property of this spiral-in planetary jets. In the
photosphere-perforation scenario, the photosphere plasma shell of the sun’s
earth-facing side is punctured with many holes as the result of plasma
shell-jet colliding mechanism between the solar photosphere and the
Venus-Earth-Jupiter resultant jet. In the complete photosphere
shell-piercing scenario, the entire Sun is being completely pierced from its
earth-facing side all the way to its back side—the whole body of our giant Sun
was totally pierced through, at this time, the NASA-published picture shows
that there are many bright points representing the locations of solar flares are
presented on the straight section line connecting the earth with the sun. So,
the photosphere-piercing effect indicates that the energy level of the
Venus-Earth-Jupiter’s resultant jet reached the highest level. The pictures of
showing the three types of (solar) plasma-jet (planetary) colliding phenomena
have inspired me to successfully discover the exact physical mechanisms of creating
the sunspot and the formation of sunspot's 11-year cycle (for detailed
explanation please read the Chapter 4 for the new explanation of Sunspot
formation). Now, as above-mentioned, the evidence that can prove the existence
of planet-ejected sunward-streaming electromagnetic wave energy-carrying jet
streams can only prove the existence of a physical mechanism of bilateral mass-energy
exchange between the Sun and planets, but not necessarily prove that such a
bilateral mass-energy exchange process follows the law of non-equivalent
mass-energy exchange.
(2) The evidence chain that
proves the planetary mass-energy decreasing trend and the solar mass-energy
increasing trend contains three pieces of evidence: the Moon is shrinking, [5]
[12] [13] the Mercury is shrinking, [11] and the Mars is also shrinking. The recent NASA-report about the
researches on exoplanets showed that the occurrence of planetary shrinking
phenomena is not limited to the terrestrial planets in our solar system, and
the exoplanets are also shrinking. [14] This suggests that the planetary
shrinking is a universal process. According to Einstein's principle of mass-energy
equivalence, the fact that the Earth’s magnetic field is steadily
decaying, [15] [16] implies that the Earth
is also undergoing an irreversible process of mass-energy decay. Again,
according to the Einstein’s principle of mass-energy equivalence, the confirmed
fact that the Sun’s luminosity and magnetic field are both in an increasing
process [17], suggests that the total amount of the Sun’s mass-energy scale is irreversibly
increasing as the result of the universal mechanism of the non-equivalent
mass-energy exchange between the Sun and planets.
The
author’s suggestion of the method of designing experimental test scheme:
In
order to verify the existence of the sun-earth-connected
gravito-electromagnetic bond, I suggest that astrophysicists may consider a
method of integrating several different types of astronomic telescopes, for
example, the X-ray sensitive telescope, gamma-ray sensitive telescope,
radio-wave sensitive telescope, into 3-in-1 integrated telescope to absorb
multi-spectra simultaneously, the method of which may enable the scientists to
capture the images of the bidirectional-flowing electromagnetic wave
energy-carrying jet streams, and it may also enable astronomers to capture the
image of the sun-earth-connected gravito-electromagnetic bond.
§1.4
The hypothesis of the stellar-merger origin of the Solar System
Based
on the logical inference of the physical implication of the mechanism of
non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between the Sun and planets, the masses of
all the solar system’s planets will steadily decreasing while the solar mass
will steadily increasing as the total mass of the solar system is approximately
conserved. This means that at any given time interval, the total mass lost by all
the planets in the solar system should be approximately equal to the mass added
by the Sun. However，the process of the planetary mass being gradually transferred to the
Sun does not mean that a planet will directly teleport its constituent atoms or
molecules to the Sun, instead, according to the author-proposed
atom-mesom-lepton fragmentation mechanism, all the constituent atoms of a
planet will be firstly fragmented into subatomic particles with their masses
being at the leptonic level, the whole process for the planet’s constituent
atoms to be fragmented into leptonic particles will be completed within the
range of a planet’s magnetic sheath, mostly within the range of a planet’s Van
Allen Radiation Belt. And all these planet-sourced leptons will be mixed up
into the jet streams of a planet-ejected sunward-streaming electromagnetic
wave-energy-carrying particle-energy jet being injected into the Sun’s core to
become the raw materials for Sun to synthesize the heavy metal elements (for
the detailed description, please read the relative contents in chapter-2 and
chapter-3). Based on this idea, I
conclude that, in the long-distance future, the masses and energies of the
solar system’s planets will be completely transferred into the core of the sun,
where the masses of the current-evolving planets will be converted into the
body masses of the sun-core-gestated embryonic metallic karyospheres—the
high-metallicity planetary embryos of next-generation planets. At this time,
the Sun, or more accurately, the whole solar system as a whole, will evolve to
be a giant-core-gestated component star of next-generation contact binary-star
system, with the potential companion star being most likely evolved from the
current alpha-Centauri system. Following this new physical idea, the
mechanism-based physical scenario will naturally enable the author to propose a
hypothesis of the stellar-merger origin of the solar system. For detailed
description of how the solar system could originate from a stellar-merger even
and the detailed explanation about the relevant physical laws, principles, and
mechanisms involved in the process of the origin and evolution of the solar
system, please refer to Chapter 2, for the detailed picture of the origin of
the solar system.
Reference:
[1] Warren De La Rue, Balfour Stewart
and Benjamin Loewy, “Further investigations on planetary influence upon solar
activity” published: 01 January, 1872. https://http://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1871.0049
[2] S.D. Verma “Influence of
Planetary Motion and Radial Alignment of Planets on Sun”, 1986. DOI:
10.1007/978-94-009-4732-0-13
[3] Abreu, AJ., Beer, Ferriz-Mass,
McCracken, GK., Steinhilber .Tile: “Is there a planetary influence on solar
activity?”
《Astronomy and Astrophysics》 2012,548 (Pt.2)
[4] F. Stefani; A. Giesecke; T.
Weier, “A Taylor-Spruit model of a tidally synchronized solar dynamo”. DOI:10.1007/S11207-019-1447-1
[5] Bill. Staigerwald/Nancy Jones. “Shrinking Moon May Be Generating Moonquakes” .May 13, 2019. www.NASA.gov
[6] Bill Keeter, “The Incredible
Shrinking Mercury is Active After All”. Sep 26, 2016. www.//NASA.gov
[7] Kelly Dickerson. 《SPACE & PHYSICS》 “Earth’s
Magnetic Field flip Could Happen Sooner Than Expected”, July 9, 2014
［8］Purdue-Stanford
team finds radioactive decay rates vary with the sun's rotation P.A. Sturrock, J.B. Buncher,
E. Fischbach, J.T. Gruenwald, D. Javorsek II, J.H.
Jenkins, R.H. Lee, J.J. Mattes, J.R. Newport. Purdue University, university news serces, August 30, 2010
［9］Milián-Sánchez, V., Scholkmann, F.,
Fernández de Córdoba, P. et al.
Fluctuations in measured radioactive decay rates inside a
modified Faraday cage: Correlations with space weather. Sci Rep 10, 8525 (2020).
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64497-0
［10］Magnetic
Portals Connect Sun and Earth Sep 23, 2008
http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2008/30oct_ftes.htm
［11］Mercury is shrinking, volcanic – NASA News
(Agencies) Updated: 2008-01-31 07:39
［12］The Moon Is Shrinking --new report from Space.com
Published August 19, 2010 3:39pm EDT | Updated January 13, 2015 1:59pm
EST2010
［13］Moon is shrinking, wrinkling due to quakes
NASA-News, August
15, 2018. China Daily | Updated:
2019-05-15 09:48
［14］NASA Data Reveals Possible
Reason Some Exoplanets Are Shrinking .
Karen Fox / Alise Fisher, NASA Headquarters, Washington
202-358-1257 / 202-358-2546
karen.c.fox@nasa.gov / alise.m.fisher@nasa.gov Written by
Chelsea Gohd
［15］Earth’s Magnetic Field Is Steadily Decaying –With a
Little Rhythm
D. Russell Humphreys, accepted
for publication in 2010, Creation Research Society Quarterly , Volume 47, Page194- 201, Winter 2011
［16］Earth's magnetic field changes
faster than previously thought
Dr Chris Davies, an
Associate Professor from Leeds' School of Earth and Environment, and Professor
Catherine Constable, from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San
Diego, in California, USA Science news 6 July 2020
［17］Does the Sun Shrink with Increasing Magnetic Activity?
W.A. Dziembowski1.2, P.R. Goode 2, and J.
Schou3
arXiv: astro-ph/0101473vl 26 Jan 2001
1
Warsaw University Observatory and Copernicus Astronomic Center, Poland
25
The Theory of Star-Planet
Coevolution
Chapter 2
The
Origin and Evolution of the Solar System – Stellar Merger Model
§2.1 The philosophical inspiration of the
Yin-Yang dialectics of Taoism and the holistic view of TCM
The Yin-Yang dialectics of Taoism and the holistic view of Traditional Chinese
medicine (TCM) both played a crucial philosophical inspiration role in inspiring
me to discover the stellar-merger origin model to explain the origin of the
solar system. Firstly, according to Taoism's basic philosophical guiding
principle of exploring the laws of nature, the most basic laws and mechanisms of
nature must be hidden behind the most common natural phenomena. Inspired by the
philosophical wisdom of Taoism, I began to ponder that the mystery of the
origin of the solar system must be hidden behind the most common astronomical
phenomena that occur in the stellar world since our solar system is just an ordinary planet-bearing single star
system. There is no doubt that,
in our Milky Way Galaxy, the star-pairing phenomena, which manifest as various
types of binary-star systems, and the stellar-merger events, which may manifest
as various types of supernova explosion, are the most common astrophysical
phenomena occurring in the stellar world. Therefore, the physical mechanisms
and laws governing the origin and evolution of the solar system are likely to
be hidden behind the commonly seen binary-star systems and the frequently
occurred stellar-merger events. And I also believe that, by combining the
ancient Taoist way of philosophical thinking with the modern-west way of
physical thinking, I may develop a powerful new mode of scientific thinking
that is totally based on the correct worldview, I call this new mode of
scientific thinking the “Neophilosophsical thinking mode” which help may
discover a new physical theory that can explain the origin and evolution of the
solar system with a high degree of self-consistency and falsifiability.
I hypothesized that, if the solar system were the daughter single star
system that originated from a stellar-merger event, the mass of the parent
binary-star system will then be completely inherited by the daughter solar
system. This picture can immediately help us find a plausible physical
mechanism to explain the initial formation of the young Sun. However, the
problem with this stellar-merging model is that it is difficult to directly
discover the physical mechanisms of planetary formation in the scenario of stellar-merger.
I have been puzzled for a long time about how to figure out the mechanism of
planetary formation in the scenario of stellar-merger without any results until
one day when I was preparing for my favorite food—“sauteed egg with chopped
tomato”, I took two eggs and one tomato out of my refrigerator and put them on
the kitchen counter, and I looked at the fresh eggs for a few seconds and
suddenly, the philosophical wisdom hidden in the Yin-Yang dialectics of Taoism
had once again come into play. Taoists believes that any two coupled components
in all kinds of binary systems in the universe can be endowed with a generalized
biological properties of gender—the male body and female body. This means that
any two component stars of a binary system can be classified as a
male-component star and a female-component star. In this way, during the merger
process, the female-component star may eject its core-gestated embryonic
metallic karyospheres (dubbed the giant iron eggs) —the massively matured
planetary embryos of next-generation planets—into the circumstellar space to
give birth to a clutch of new born daughter planets just like hens laying eggs.
Thus, I came up with an idea that planetary embryos may like a clutch of
star-core-gestated mass-growing “giant iron eggs” that were originally
implanted in the core of its mother star via a putative mechanism of
stellar-merger-caused embryonic metallic karyosphere-implanted plasmatic fusion
occurring during the process of the 2-in-1 merger of the parent binary system
and later, when these star-core-gestated “giant iron eggs” evolved into a
massively matured status, they could be ejected out into space by their mother
star (a female-mother-natured component star of a merge-phased binary system)
via a putative mechanism of what I called the stellar-merger-activated metallic
karyosphere-ejection. I was so excited about this great metaphoric idea and I
coined the metaphorical nickname “Wei Ju’s Egg” that is also an important
scientific pet just like Schrödinger's Cat because it’s really helped me to
describe my groundbreaking hypothesis that planetary embryos of all planets in
the universe should be originally a clutch of star-core-gestated high-density
metallic karyospheres that grow in mass via a star-core-operated mechanism of
what I called even mass-coating. In this physical scenario, the mechanism by
which the heavy metal elements synthesized in star core is stellar magnetic
field confined and stellar-planetary double magnetic fields co-energized and
stellar-planetary double-sourced electromagnetic jets colliding. The process of
heavy elements synthesis and the process of planetary embryos growing in mass
are consecutively proceeding processes by which the freshly synthesized heavy
elements would be evenly electromagnetically coated onto the spinning bodies of
star-core-gestated planetary embryos until they grow up to their massively
matured status, before being ejected out into space to become a clutch of
fully-fledged newborn planets. In this sense, I believe that the newly coined
concept of “Wei Ju’s Egg”, as a scientific metaphor, should have the same
scientific value as Schrodinger’s Cat. If Schrodinger’s Cat can help us
understand the principle of quantum superposition, then “Wei Ju’s Egg” can also
help us understand the star-core origin theory concerning the initial region
and physical mechanism of planet formation.
Besides the several other
differences in the aspects of physical mechanisms, there is a key criterion
that makes the classical planetary formation model and my star-core-origin
model radically different form each other is the initial formation region of
the planetary embryos. This is a decisive criterion of choosing one between
two. There is no third choice. As far as the initial region of planet formation
is concerned, all the traditional theories concerning the planet formation can
be classified as the circumstellar origin theories which hold that the
planetary embryos originally formed from the protoplanetray disc surrounding
the protostar, while my theory of star-planet coevoluton can be classified as
the star-core-origin theory, which holds that the initial formation region and
the subsequent mass-growing region of a planetary embryo lie within the core of
its mother star. In the second physical picture, a clutch of star-core-gestated
planetary embryos (termed as the embryonic metallic karyospheres) that were
originally implanted in the core of their mother star and were continuously growing
in mass therein until they become massively matured before being be ejected out
by their mother star to become a clutch of newly formed young planets via the
putative stellar-merger-caused karyosphere-ejection.
As mentioned-above, both the Taoist’s Yin-Yang way of dialectical thinking
and the holistic view of TCM gave me some valuable insights into the questions
of planetary formation. According to the Taoist’s way of viewing things, all
physically pairing objects can be generally classified into a Yin-negative-natured
body and a Yang-positive-natured body by assigning them the generalized
physical nature. Based on the Taoist’s Ying-Yang classification of things,
Taoist natural philosophy also holds that all physically-pairing bodies can
also be classified into a more generalized nature-revealed concept of a male-father
body and a female-mother body. Based on this idea, I hypothesize that, if the
physical mechanism of planetary formation is really hidden behind commonly seen
stellar-merger events, then the two component stars of a contact binary system
can be classified into a male-father component star and a female-mother
component star by assigning them the basic biophysical properties according to
the roles they played in the cyclically-occurred life-relaying processes in
which a parent binary-star system are merging into a daughter-generation single
star system. In this physical scenario, the planets of the solar system, can be
regarded as a clutch of mass-matured planetary embryos of the daughter-generation
planets, like a clutch of “giant metal eggs”, can be plausibly given life by
its mother star— the female-mother component star of a merging-phased parent
binary-star system—through a plausible physical mechanism of
stellar-merger-caused ejection of the mass-matured embryonic metallic
karyospheres that were originally gestated in the core of the female-mother
component star of a merging-phased parent binary-star system. This
stellar-merger origin hypothesis implies that the daughter-generation planets
as a clutch of mass-matured metallic planetary embryos being ejected by their
mother star can be distributed into the circumstellar space and revolve around
the newborn daughter-generation single star that also formed in the same
stellar-merger event through a putative mechanism of what I suggested “stellar-merger-caused
seminal core-implanted plasmatic fusion”. By following this thought map, an
initial blurred physical picture became gradually clear that our solar system,
being a daughter product, originated from a once merged parent binary-star
system (the parent binary-star system). Thus, I proposed a hypothesis that both
the young Sun and its orbiting planets would have formed from the same
stellar-merger event occurred at least 10 billion years ago. In other words,
the two fundamental physical mechanisms, the mechanism of the Sun formation and
the mechanism of planet formation, could operate synchronously in the same
process of stellar-merger in which one pair of parent binary-star system merged
into a daughter single star system. The masses of the female-mother-natured
component star and the male-father-natured component star can be completely
inherited by the daughter single star system by following the universal law of
double-sourced parental matter-gene inheritance.
§2.2. Several putative mechanisms and laws
proposed to explain the origin and evolution the solar system
Based on above-mentioned
assumptions, I have proposed a stellar-merger origin model for describing the
process of the origin and evolution of the solar system. This model holds that the
solar system, as a daughter-generation single star system, originated from a stellar-merger
of its parent binary-star system that occurred at least 10 billion years ago,
rather than a nebula collapse caused by a supernova explosion occurred 4.6
billion years ago. The reason why I have largely increased the timescale of the
solar system’s history is because my suggested mechanism of asteroids formation
is radically different from the traditional mechanism of asteroid formation.
The new model holds that asteroids are actually the debris of the ripped
remains of a life-ending planet who’s body (iron core) were
thermal-magnetically ripped into pieces by the combination effects of the Sun’s
strong magnetic field and the Sun’s million-degree atmospheric temperature as the
result of my suggested law of planetary orbital decay, rather than the
precursor materials of the forming planets (for detailed explanation please
read the content of asteroid formation). So, the timescale of the age of the
solar system’ should be the sum-up value of the timescale of average lifespan
of planets (about 10 billion years) plus the value of the age of asteroids
(about 4.6 billion years) measured by the method of radioisotope dating. The
stellar-merger origin model codifies the two basic concepts: (1) the origin of
the Sun and the origin of the solar system’s planets occurred in the same time
of the same stellar-merger event occurred in at least 10 billion years ago.
(2), the total mass of the daughter solar system is approximately equal to the
total mass of its parent binary-star system, which means that the masses of the
two parent component stars in the binary system had been totally inherited by
the daughter solar system by following the universal law of double-sourced
matter-gene inheritance. Here, the concept of matter-gene can be defined as a
group of unique complex ratios of some particular isotopes and isomers that
were inherited by the Sun and the planets via the stellar-merger mechanism. So,
the law of double-sourced matter-gene inheritance seems to be a basic universal
law shared by both the advanced terrestrial lives and the celestial life
systems. If the law of double-sourced matter-gene inheritance is proved to true,
then the Taoist’s view that all forms of lives, either celestial life form or
the advanced terrestrial life form, share the common nature of cyclically
life-relaying process of all kinds of life forms. Undoubtedly, the
above-mentioned Taoist naive naturalistic worldview is actually full of superb
philosophical wisdom because of its crucial role in inspiring new physical
ideas.
§2.2.1 The mechanism of planet formation
The mechanism by which the planet
is formed is stellar-merger-caused metallic karyosphare-ejection. In this
physical scenario, when one pair of contact binary-star system evolved into its
merging phase, the velocity of their mutual-orbiting motion will be greatly
accelerated as the distance between the two approaching component stars is
quickly shortened because of the law of (approximate) conservation of angular
momentum. As the speed of the mutually orbiting of the approaching component
stars is accelerating, the centrifugal force acting on the core-gestated
embryonic metallic karyospheres of the two merging component stars will
increase exponentially to such a great strength that the core-gestated metallic
karyospheres of merging component stars will be thrown out of their plasma
envelopes into the circumstellar space. At this time, one of the component
star, called the female-mother-natured component star, would use this highly strengthened
centrifugal force to eject out all its core-gestated mass-matured embryonic
metallic karyospheres into the local circumstellar space, giving birth to a
clutch of newborn daughter-generation planets. The star-core-origin scenario
described in the theory of star-planet coevolution is diametrically different
from that of the circumstellar-origin scenario described by the solar nebular
theory in terms of the location of planet formation.
Because of the principle of
orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting and entangling of the magnetic
fields lines of any two electromagnetically acting bodies is a universal
mechanism operating on all kinds of two-body system, therefore, the spin axes
of mutually orbiting and quickly approaching component stars is always
perpendicular to one another. As is seen in the physical scenario of the
colliding-caused decaying particles shown by LHC collaborates, the motion tracks
of all these thrown-out metallic karyospheres are nearly circular, therefore,
some of these thrown-out metallic karyospheres will be forcibly sent to a far-reaching
circumstellar space to become the newly-formed daughter-generation young
planets, almost in the same time, the seminal metallic karyospheres ejected by
the male-father component star will be directly injected into the core area of
the female-mother and firmly implanted within in the core. The trajectory of
seminal metallic karyosphere ejected by the male-father component star should
be a circular path as the seminal karyospheres would fly back into the core of
the stellar-merger-created newborn daughter star (resembles the Indian
boomerangs) to become the seminal embryonic metallic karyospheres (the massly-immatured
seminal core) of the daughter star. And all these seminal embryonic karyospheres
that had been implanted into the core of the daughter star would automatically
become the embryonic nuclei of the star-core-gestated mass-growing embryonic
metallic karyospheres, just like the current sun-core-gestated the mass-growing
planetary embryos of the next-generation planets. For detailed explanations
regarding the process of how could these star-core-gestated embryonic metallic
karyospheres grow in mass in the core of their mother star (via the suggested
mechanism of even mass-coating which is synchronized with the process of the
star-core-based heavy elements synthesis), please read the content of
section-3, the essential nature of the evolutionary process of the solar
system).
In terms of the entire process of
planetary formation, the physical process can be roughly divided into three
stages:
Stage-1, the stage 1 is the seed
core-implantation stage or the seminal core-implantation stage, in which the
seminal planetary embryos are seeded in the core of their mother star, the
process of which is called the stellar-merger-caused seminal core—implanted
plasmatic fusion, or the seminal giant metal nuclei-implanted plasmatic fusion.
Metaphorically, it resembles the process of a fertilized egg being implanted in
the uterus of an advanced terrestrial life. In this sense, the core of current
Sun is like a giant celestial uterus in which the mass-growing embryonic
metallic karyosphere—the mass-evolving planetary embryos of next-generation
planets are growing in an irreversible process until one day in the distant
future they become massively-matured.
Stage-2, the stage-2 is the
planetary embryos’ mass-growing (mass-evolution) stage in which the star-core-gestated
planetary embryos grow in mass until they become massively matured before being
ejected out by their mother star. This is the longest process of the whole life
of a planet growing up from a planetary embryo. The mechanism by which the
planetary embryo grows in body mass is even mass-coating, in this physical
scenario, a large amount of freshly synthesized heavy metal elements in the
star core (via the suggested mechanism of the Sun’s magnetic field confined
solar-planetary double-sourced particle jets colliding) are constantly
electromagnetically coated on the surfaces of the star-core-gestated spinning
metallic karyospheres, which enable the high density planetary embryos grow in
masses at an accelerate mass-growing rate. In the same time, the quantum-tunneling
mechanism would enable these star-core-synthesized energetic neutrons of the
highest energy level to penetrate into the nuclei shells of the atoms lie
within the very center of the planetary embryos, which could create a group of
ultra-heavy mega-nuclear elements (UMNEs)—a group of extremely yet-known heavy
elements that could be million times heavier that the heaviest known element.
The physical process of the current evolving solar system is essentially the
process of planetary formation at stage-2 (for detailed explanation of how a
star-core-gestated planetary growing in mass, please read the content of
section 3 and 4).
Stage-3, stage 3 is also called
the stage of stellar-merger-caused ejection of the mass-matured planetary
embryos, or metaphorically, the planetary embryos laboring stage (or the giant
metal egg-laying stage), in which a clutch of the mass-matured metallic planetary
embryos are being ejected out into space by their mother star (the
female-mother component star of merging binary star system) via the suggested
mechanism of stellar-merger-caused metallic karyosphere-ejection.
(1) Several initial physical
properties of the young planets
There are several basic physical
parameters of a newly formed planet will reach the highest value in the whole
life of an evolving planet and later, all these basic physical parameters of an
evolving planet will gradually decay in the process of its subsequent
evolution. These basic physical parameters include: the highest speed of
rotation; the biggest orbital radius; the strongest strength of its magnetic
field; the highest mass-density (corresponding the highest metallicity) and the
biggest volume of body mass. The reason why the above-mentioned multiple
physical parameters of an evolving planet will decay synchronously by following
an irreversible trend is because of the existence of the fundamental mechanism
of non-equivalent matter-energy exchange between the Sun and planets. Modern
observations show that the strength of the earth’s magnetic field, the value of
the earth’s mass, the strength of the earth’s mass-based gravitational
attraction to its big, the earth’s rotational speed, the length of the earth’s
orbital radius, are all decay synchronously by following an unstoppable trend,
while the value of the Sun’s mass-energy scale will increase by following an
irreversible mass-energy-increasing trend. The detailed physical explanation
for how the mass-energy of an evolving planet could be transformed into the
Sun’s core to be converted into the body masses of the sun-core-gestated
embryonic metallic karyospheres (the planetary embryos of next-generation
planets) will be followed in section 3.
§2.2.2 The mechanism of the Sun
formation
The mechanism by which the sun is
formed is stellar-merger-caused seminal metallic karyosphere-implanted
plasmatic fusion (or simply called the seminal-core-implanted plasmatic fusion).
In this physical scenario, when the distance between two merging component
stars becomes so narrow that the velocity of their mutually orbital motion
creases exponentially because of the law of conservation of angular momentum.
Thus, the centrifugal force acting on their cores also increases considerably.
In this physical scenario, the mechanism by which the female-mother component
star ejected its core-gestated mass-matured metallic karyospheres will enable
the female-mother component star to create a vacuum space which is helpful for
the mother component star to attract the in-coming seminal metallic
karyospheres that is ejected by its male companion star (the male-father
component star). In this physical scenario, almost at the same time, when the
female-mother component star ejected the mass-matured embryonic metallic
karyospheres nuclei from its core into the surrounding space, a stream of
seminal metallic karyospheres ejected by the male-father component star would
be immediately implanted into the core of the female-mother component star. Once
the male-father component star has lost its seminal metallic karyospheres, its
plasma shell will naturally merge with that of the female-mother component star
under the action of gravito-electromagnetic force. Thus, two parent component
stars merge into a newborn daughter single star, forming the nascent Sun. So,
the mechanism of stellar-merger-caused seminal core-implanted plasmatic fusion
is a viable physical mechanism by which the Sun is formed.
In contrast to the initial status
of the physical parameters of the newly-formed young planets, the initial
mass-energy scale of the newly-formed young Sun is in the lowest level in its’
life, later, in the subsequent evolutionary process, which is essentially the process
of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between the Sun and planets (or the sun-planet
coevolution process), the Sun will keep gaining its body mass via the physical
mechanism of the bilateral and non-equivalent inter-solar-planetary mass-energy
exchange. As the Sun keeps increasing in mass while the planets keep losing
their masses, it will definitely be a result of such a irreversible process
that, in the far distant future, the masses of the current-evolving planets in
the solar system will be completely transferred into the Sun’s core to be
converted into the body masses of the Sun-core-gestated embryonic metallic
karyospheres—the planetary embryos of next-generation planets. For detailed
explanation about the mechanisms and laws involving the process of the solar
system’s mass-energy transference from the planets to the sun’s core (the law
of solar-end mass-energy transference), and how the solar system as a whole
would evolve to be a giant-core-gestated female-mother component star of a
next-generation binary system (with its future companion star being evolved
from the current Alpha Centauri System), please read the contents of next section.
The process in which two parent
contact component stars merges into a daughter single star is also a process in
which the barycenter originally lies in between two component stars shift to
the core of the daughter-generation single star, the mechanism of which is
therefore called the interstellar barycenter shift. As the nascent Sun become
the new gravitational center, all the infant planets, as the results of
stellar-merger-caused metallic karyosphere ejection, will be
gravito-electromagnetically attracted by the Sun and permanently revolve around
it. In this physical scenario, as the magnetic field of the nascent Sun reaches
out to at least 1 light-year away from its core, therefore, the magnetic fields’
lines of all the newborn planets revolving around the Sun that serve as a group
of planetary-rotor, will naturally intercut and entangle with the magnetic
field lines of the Sun that serves as a stellar-stator, creating a solar-stator
and planetary-rotor integrated complex dynamo system(the SSPR-dynamo system),
the mechanism of which is then called the SSPR-dynamo mechanism. So, the
plausible mechanism by which the entire solar system is formed is SSPR-dynamo
mechanism. The detailed description of the formation of the solar system is presented
in the following section.
§2.2.3 The mechanism of the formation
of the whole solar system
The mechanism by which the whole
solar system is formed is intercutting and entangling of the magnetic fields
lines between the new born young Sun and young planets, or the stellar-stator
and planetary-rotor combined dynamo mechanism (SSPR-DM). In this physical
scenario, a newly formed daughter generation star, like our young energetic
Sun, serves as central stellar-stator as its far-reached strong magnetic field
extends to the outer edge of Oort Cloud (a distance of more than 1 light-year),
in which the newly formed young and energetic planets, with their initial magnetic
fields being the strongest level, would serve as a group of planetary-rotors,
and the magnetic field lines of every newborn planet will be frequently
intercutting and entangling with the magnetic field lines of the young Sun—the
central-stellar-stator, forming a cluster of invisible radial-configured gravito-electromagnetic
bonds. These sun-planet-connecting bonds are functioning as both an
electromagnetic force-mediator and a mass-energy exchanging channel
simultaneously. The principle that describes the dual-natured functions of the
sun-planet-connecting gravito-electromagnetic bond is called the principle of
tunnel-bond duality (or the principle of channel-bond duality), which is also
the best description of the dualistic-natured functions of the inter-atomic
electromagnetic bond (the chemical bond). Thus, the principle of tunnel-bond
duality is a macro-micro-unified fundamental physical principle that can be
used to be a unification element to propound the theory of everything (for
detailed explanation, please read the content of chapter 5).
Once the solar system was
initially formed, it naturally becomes a coevolutionary system in which the Sun
and its orbiting planets must coevolve by means of performing the physical
activity of bilateral and non-equivalent mass-energy exchange. The coevolution
process of the Sun and planets is supposedly governed by the four suggested
laws of star-planet coevolution, which is characterized by an inversely
coherent changes in mass-energy scales of the Sun and planets. The laws and
mechanisms that are proposed to govern the physical process of the coevolution
of the Sun and planets will be explicitly explained in Chapter 3.
§2.2.4 The formation of the earth-moon system
One of the most perplexing
questions about the origin of the solar system is how the Earth-Moon system was
formed. The currently accepted theory concerning the formation of the
Earth-Moon system is giant impact hypothesis (GIH), which holds that a
45-degree oblique titanic collision between the protoearth and a Mars-sized
planetary object (named Theia) led to the formation of the Earth-moon system.
Although the GIH model can explain several aspects of the Earth-moon system,
but it is still full of loopholes. The reason why the author believes that the
GIH model cannot be correct is that this model is based on a completely wrong physical
mechanism of protoplanet formation. The precondition for any theory to
correctly explain the formation of earth-moon system is that such a theory or
model must be built on a solid basis of the correct mechanism of planet
formation. In this sense, GIH model is based on a circumstellar origin theory in
which the solar system’s planets are thought to be created on a circumstellar
proplanetary disc through the mechanism of accretion. If all kinds of
circumstellar origin theory concerning the planet formation are proved wrong,
then the GIH model will naturally falsified.
The theory of star-planet
coevolution holds that the whole process of planet formation, starting from the
first stage of a seminal planetary embryo being initially implanted into the
core of its mother star (via the mechanism of stellar-merger-caused seminal
core-implanted plasmatic fusion) to the final stage of the planetary embryo
growing up into a massively matured status, occurs within the core region of
its mother star. Therefore, our new theory concerning the formation of
Earth-Moon system is based on the star-core origin theory, which holds that the
Earth and its big moon were originally two embryonic metallic karyospheres that
had been gestated in the core of their mother star for at least ten-billion
years and the whole process by which the Earth-represented and the
moon-represented embryonic metallic karyosheres gained their body masses to
their massively matured status occurs within the core region of their mother
and later grew were ejected out into space to become the fully-fledged planets
via the mechanism of stellar-merger-trigged metallic karyosphere ejection, a
process in which the seminal core is implanted into the core of its mother star
to its massively matured status, the whole process of a planet formation can
only occur within the core of the mother star (star-core origin theory). So,
the new mechanism of the formation of the Earth-Moon system is
gravito-electromagnetic capture (totally different from the classical capture
theory). This new electromagnetic capture theory is diametrically different
from the classical capture theory because it is based on a new mechanism of
planetary formation—the star-core origin theory. In contrast, the GIH is based
on the classical circumstellar origin theory which put the initial location of
planet formation on a circumstellar disc. In the new physical scenario, both
the Earth and its big moon were originally two star-core-gestated massively
matured embryonic metallic karyospheres that were gestated in the core of the
same female-mother-natured component star of a parent contact binary-star system,
and later, the Earth-represented metallic karyosphere and Moon-represented
metallic karyosphere were sequentially ejected out into space (by the same
mother-natured component star of a merge-phased parent binary-star system) to
become two fully-fledged newborn baby planets via the mechanism of
stellar-merger-trigged metallic karyosphere-ejection. In this physical
scenario, when one pair of binary-star system evolved into its merge-phase, the
distance between the two component stars will be rapidly shortening while the
velocity of their mutually-orbiting is also accelerating, the process of which
could generate a exponentially-increased strong centrifugal force because of
the law of approximate conservation of angular momentum, which enable a
female-mother-natured component star to eject a clutch of massively matured
embryonic metallic karyospheres into local space, which led to the newborn baby
planets. The Earth- and the Moon-represented metallic karyospheres are just
members of the many metallic karyospheres being ejected out by the same mother
star of the same merge-phased parent binary system. In this physical scenario,
both the earth-mass metallic karyosphere and the moon-mass metallic karyosphere
were ejected by the same mother star, when the two metallic karyospheres are
approaching each other via a circular trajectory path, their rotational axes
will be automatically adjusted to be perpendicular to one another and their
magnetic fields lines will be intercut with each other by following the
micro-macro-unified universal principle of orthogonal axial intersectional
intercutting of magnetic fields lines. The mechanism by which the pluto-charon
system is formed is exactly the same as the earth-moon system.
The reason for each planet to be
distributed in different orbits is that, during the stellar-merging process,
the ejection momentum that were applied on each metallic karyosphere are
different.
The should be mainly two reasons
for the four inner four terrestrial planets to generally have less mass than the
four outer Jovian planets: 1), the ejection force acting on the mass-matured
metallic karyosphere of Jovian sizes are much bigger. 2), the four inner
terrestrial planets had generally experienced a more mass-loss because of the
mechanism of non-equivalent inter-solar-planetary mass-energy exchange. In this
physical scenario, the process of planetary orbital decay and the process of
planetary mass-decreasing are totally synchronized physical process of
planetary evolution.
(1) Explanation for why the moon’s
near side (the moon’s earth-facing side) is always faces the Earth permanently
at all time?
As explained above, because the rotational axes of the Earth and its big
moon are always perpendicular to each other, therefore, the moon’s near side
(the earth-facing side) faces the Earth permanently at all time while the
moon’s far side (moon’s back side) cannot be directly seen from the earth-based
observer. This is what I believed the only correct physical explanation for why
the Earth-based observer cannot directly see the moon’s far side. The classical
explanation for this phenomenon occuring the earth-moon system matter is
synchronous rotation— which is fundamentally incorrect. As opposed to the
classical explanation of the synchronous rotation, we believe that the correct
mechanism for explaining the phenomenon that the Moon’s near side faces the
Earth at all time (the Earth-based observer cannot directly see the Moon’s far
side) is orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting-and-entangling of the
Earth’s magnetic field lines and the Moon’s magnetic field lines, which
manifests as a stable three-dimensional spatial relationship in which the
Earth’s rotational axis and the Moon’s rotational axis are always perpendicular
to each other. Because the rule of orthogonal axial intersectional
intercutting-and-entangling of magnetic fields lines of two bodies is
universal, therefore, this rule applies to every binary system in both
micro-particle and macro-celestial worlds. This is the reason why we see in
every binary system, either a micro-particle binary system such as a
positron-electron-paired micro-binary system, or a macro-celestial binary
system, such as a binary-star system, or the Milky Way-Andromeda coupled
binary-galaxy system, the rotational axes of the two component bodies are
always perpendicular to each other. In the case of Milky Way-Andromeda Binary
galaxy system, the Andromeda galaxy is observed to be a spindle-like shape is
because that the rotational axis of the Andromeda galaxy is perpendicular to
that of the Milky Way Galaxy.
Ultimately, the mechanism by
which the Earth-Moon system is formed is orthogonally gravito-electromagnetic
capture of the two sequentially ejected two massively matured metallic
karyospheres that were sequentially ejected out by the same
female-mother-natured component star of the solar system’s parent binary-star
system that gave the new life of the current evolving solar system via the
mechanism of stellar-merger. And the Earth-Moon system is just one of the many
daughter products produced by the same stellar-merger event, and the solar
system as a whole is the biggest daughter product produced by the
stellar-merger event. This means that the life-relaying processes of a parent
binary-star system evolving into a daughter planet-bearing single star system
is orderly managed.
The process of the formation of
the Earth-Moon system is just a normally occurred harmonious process since the
universe is orderly managed holistic system. No such thing as violent giant
impact between two fully-fledged protoplanets, nothing is violent, nothing is
chaotic, but everything is harmoniously processed and orderly managed. The
human subjectively-viewed violent processes proceeded during the life-relaying
processes in which a parent binary-star system ended its life by merging into a
daughter-generation single star system by which the daughter Sun and the
daughter planets are formed are totally harmonious processes which resemble the
harmonious life-relaying processes occurring in the world of the advanced
terrestrial lives. In this sense, the ejection of a plant seed and the ejection
of a massively matured embryonic metallic karyosphere are essentially the same
type of the harmonious process occurring in the life-relaying cycles of different
worlds and the two types of life-relaying cycles share a common law of
double-sourced matter-gene inheritance.
Based on the idea that the
rotational axis of the Earth and the rotational axis of the Moon are
perpendicular to each other, which is considered to be the physical consequence
of the rule of orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting of the magnetic
fields lines of two electromagnetically bonding bodies, I have further
confirmed the rotational direction of the Earth’s moon through a carefully
time-dependent dynamical observations to the moon’s near side and the image
analysis to the astronomic photos of showing the moon’s back side, I concluded
that if an Earth-based observer views the moon’s near side from the perspective
of the Earth for a consecutive 5-10 hours, he or she will find that the moon
rotational direction is clockwise. On the contrary, while a satellite-based
observer views the moon’s far side (back side) from the perspective of a
satellite, he or she will find the moon’s rotational directional is
counter-clockwise. This cross-proved by the NASA-released astronomical photos
that reflect the topological structure of the moon’s back side, people can
easily find that there is a propeller-like mark made by many overlapping
asteroid impact craters (resembles the four spiral arms of the Milky Way
galaxy) that clearly show that, if an artificial satellite-based observer views
the moon’s back side from the perspective of the satellite, the moon’s
rotational direction is surely counterclockwise.
(2) Several characteristics and physical properties of the early earth-moon
system
The early Earth-Moon system is
very different from the current Earth-Moon system in several physical
parameters and characteristics as described as follows:
(A), the mass density of the
early Earth and the early Moon are much higher than the current Earth and
current moon because all the metallic karyospheres are composed mainly of
uranium and transuranium elements (by mass) when they were ejected out by their
mother star and their crusts are covered by a thin layer of iron-family
elements. There is no atmosphere cover the early Earth and early Moon because
all the gaseous elements occurring on today’s Earth are originally transmuted
from the transuranium elements through various known modes and yet-known modes
of radioactive and non-radioactive decay. The potential law that the dictates
the process of the planet-based elemental transmutation is a
mass-decaying-trended law or the law of uranium-to-hydrogen trended elemental
transmutation (for detailed explanation please read the contents of chapter 3).
In other words, the oxygen, hydrogen, helium, carbon, etc. are essentially the
results of the law of planet-based mass-decaying trended elemental
transmutation. In short, the early Earth and the early are much more heavier
and denser than the current-evolving Earth and the current-evolving moon.
(B)The distance between the early
Earth and early moon is much shorter than the today’s distance between the
Earth and the moon, the spatial relationship between the early Earth and early
moon may be zeros meter—a kind of rigid body-touching status with their
rotational axes being perpendicular to each other and the moon’s polar region
may scratch on the Earth’s solid body which may have produced multiple parallel
lines of scratches that are parallel to the Earth’s equatorial line. As the
Earth and the Moon’ are both undergoing an unstoppable process of mass decay
and magnetic field decay, their bodies become lighter and lighter and their
magnetic field strength become weaker and weaker, therefore, the
gravito-electromagnetic bonding force acting between the Earth and the moon
become weaker and weaker, which manifests as the lunar recession phenomenon. As
the body masses of the current Earth and current moon will continuously decay,
the gravito-electromagnetic bonding force acting between the Earth and moon
will become increasingly weaker and weaker until one day in the future the
Earth’s moon will escape the Earth’s gravito-electromagnetic bonding force to
become an independent dwarf planet orbiting the Sun in an orbit lies between
the Mars and the Jupiter to become a member of main asteroid belt, which means
the future Earth will has no natural satellite orbiting about it as the Earth’s
mass and its magnetic field decaying to such a level that causes the future
Earth to have no ability to generate a gravito-elelctromagnetic bonding force
to capture a big moon. The future Earth will become a non-satellite-bearing
planet just the current Venus and Mercury, with its orbital radius being
gradually decaying to the orbit of the current Venus and then to the orbit of
the current Mercury, and ultimately to the Sun’s atmosphere where the future
aged life-ending Earth will be thermal-magnetically ripped into pieces of
various sizes and irregular shapes to become many asteroids.
(C) The rotational velocity of
the Earth and of the moon will continuously slow down as their orbital radii
(their averaged distance from the Sun) are shortening at an accelerating
orbital decay rate. And the future Earth-Moon system will inevitably collapse
when the grvito-electromagnetic bonding force acting between the Earth and moon
become increasingly weaker and weaker to such a weak strength that the moon
will escape the Earth’s gravito-electromagnetic bonding force to become a dwarf
planet move into the asteroid belt as the consequence of the suggested law of
planetary mass-energy decay. The reason why the process of planetary evolution
is dictated by the law of planetary mass-energy decay is because that the
suggested fundamental mechanism of non-equivalent matter-energy exchange
between the Sun and the planets is a central physical mechanism that is
operated in between any two electromagnetically bonding objects which works in
both micro-particle world and macro-celestial world.
(3) Explanation of the lunar
recession phenomenon
As explained above, when the
Earth-moon system was initially formed via the stellar-merger-resulted
mechanism of gravito-electromagnetic capture, the initial distance between the
young Earth and the young moon is extremely narrow because both the young Earth
and young moon the initially strong were born with their intrinsic strong
magnetic fields by which an extremely strong gravito-electromagnetic
interaction could be generated via the mechanism of orthogonal axial
intersectional intercutting and entangling of their magnetic fields lines. So,
it is possible for the young Earth and the young big moon to form a rigid
body-body touching and scratching geometric spatial relationship in the early
history of the Earth-moon system. And later, due to the mechanism of
non-equivalent matter-energy exchange between planets and the Sun, the masses
and the magnetic fields strength of both the Earth and its big moon are
undergoing an unstoppable decaying process which causes the
gravito-electromagnetic interaction between the Earth and its moon to become
increasingly weaker and weaker, which is the real physical cause leads to the
lunar-recession phenomenon.
(4) Explanation for why there are
more craters on the far side of the moon than on the near side of the moon?
The reason why the moon’s far
side has greater numbers of craters than on its near side is that the
rotational axis of the moon is perpendicular to that of the Earth, therefore,
there is a polar gravito-magnetic vortex formed on the moon’s polar region. Similarly,
there are also two polar gravito-magnetic vortices formed on the earth’s two polar
regions, when the asteroids moving towards the earth’s polar region, most of
them will be pushed away from the earth’s upper-polar region all the way to the
moon’s back side due to the combination effects of the out-streaming solar wind
and the earth’s gravitational slingshot effect, and these asteroids that are carried
to the moon’s back side will be pulled back to impact on the moon’s far side
due to the combined effects of the moon’s polar magnetic vortex-pulling effect
generated on the moon’s north polar region and the earth’s magnetic field lines
reconnection. Because the moon’s rotational axis is perpendicular to that of
the earth, therefore, the streams of asteroids impacted on the moon’s back side
will create the whirlpool-like images than can be observed on the
NASA-published photos of the far side of the moon.
§2.2.5 The formation of the asteroids
and comets and their similarity in chemical composition
According to the solar
nebular theory, planets, asteroids and comets formed at the same time and by
the same mechanism—accretion of building materials from the same protoplanetary
disc. In other words, the asteroids and comets are thought to be the remnants
of the planet-building process. Based on this idea, the mainstream scientists
use the method of radioisotope dating of the sample material of asteroids to
estimate the age of the solar system and conclude that age of the solar system
is about 4.6 billion years or so. As opposed to this view, the theory of
star-planet coevolution holds that the mechanism by which the asteroids and
comets are formed is thermal-magnetic ripping, which views the asteroids and
comets as the debris of the remains of a life-ending planet that died before
Mercury, rather than the precursors of the protoplanets. In this physical
scenario, when an aged planet evolved into
its life-ending stage (just like the current planet Mercury that is essentially
a naked metal core of dying planet), because the process of planetary evolution
is supposed to be governed by the suggested law of synchronous decay of the
mass-energy of a planet, therefore, a variety of physical parameters of an
evolving solar system planet, such as the rest mass, magnetic field strength,
rotational velocity, and orbital radius, undergo an irreversible process of
synchronous decay. When the orbital radius of a life-ending planet decays to
the Sun's upper atmosphere - a critical distance at which the mechanism of
solar thermal-magnetic ripping kicks in. In this physical scenario, the Sun's atmospheric
high temperature of about million-degree Celsius is hot enough to melt a rocky
planet into a liquid plasma fluid, and the sun's powerful magnetic field will
tear the melting planet apart into a large number of irregular fragments. When
two chunks of half-molten fragments collide with each other, they will be
bonded together to form a snowman like or a peanut like asteroids, like the
asteroid Arrokoth.
Under the combined actions of the
out-push force generated by of the out-streaming solar wind and the convection
of the putative radial magnetohydrodynamic whirlpool-like vortices that are
suggested to exist in interplanetary space. The fragments of the remains of the
dead planets are transported to different planetary orbits to become different
types of asteroids and comets. Most of the debris was captured by Jupiter's
gravity, forming the asteroid's main belt. The remaining debris was transported
to the Kuiper Belt to become the comets. Based on this asteroid-and
comet-forming scenario, the author concluded that the age of the solar system
should be the total time equals to the average lifespan of the solar system’s
planets which is about 10 billion years. Let’s say, there is at least one dead
planet that had experienced the process of the solar thermal-magnetic ripping,
therefore, the age of the solar system should be at least 10 billion years,
rather than 4.6 billion years. Metaphorically, the main-belt of asteroids lies
between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter should be viewed as the “public comic
cemetery of the solar system“, where the debris of the remains of the once dead
planets that were fragmented by the suggested mechanism of solar
thermal-magnetic ripping are buried. Logically, the mechanism of solar thermal-magnetic
ripping, which is proposed to explain the formation of asteroids and comets is
consistent with the suggested law of planetary evolution.
It must be specially emphasized
that the mechanism of dwarf planet formation is exactly the same as that of the
main planets, but the dwarf planets can be understood to be the "premature
infant planet" of the mass-immature type.
The similar chemical compositions
of asteroids and comets
Because the asteroids and comets
originated by the same mechanism of solar thermal-magnetic ripping and have the
same planetary source of make-up material, therefore, the basic chemical
compositions of both are essentially the same, modern observational and
comet-sampling experiments show that all kinds of comets are made of the
similar rocky materials, nothing special. The water molecules contained in the
comet tails is the same kind of mineral water contained in all kinds of rocky
asteroids. So, there is no such thing as a chemical difference between icy
comets and rocky comets. All kinds of asteroids and comets are chemically
similar because of their same formation mechanism and same material source—the
fragments of the remains of the same dead planet that were produced by the same
physical astrophysical mechanism of solar thermal-magnetically ripping.
§2.2.6 The mechanism of even
distribution of the comet-like rocky objects
As above-explained, when the dead
planet will be ripped up into a large number of irregular fragments that will
be evenly distributed into a belt-like asteroids belt lies between the orbits
of Mars and Jupiter as well as the comet belt lies in Kuiper belt., the
mechanism of which is called even-mass distribution of planetary fragments.
2.2.7 The formation of sun-core-oriented radial magnetohydrodynamic
whirlpool-like vortices (which pull the comets down to the sun)
The combination mechanisms of the
intercutting and entangling of the magnetic fields’ lines between the solar
magnetic field and the planetary magnetic fields and the interplanetary orbital
interactions will produce many invisible sun-oriented radial
magnetohydrodynamic whirlpool-like short-lived vortices that are created
periodically to have a short life which serves as a periodically
whirlpool-dragging force that pull the comets down to the sun, creating the
periodical comets. This means that the traditional calculated orbits to explain
the occurrence of the events of the long-period comets is totally wrong.
§2.2.8 The 77-year periodically “coming-back event”of Halley's comet cannot be the same object but the different
comet-like objects
The combination effects produced
by the mechanism of even-fragment distribution and the drag mechanism of the
sun-oriented radial magnetohydrodynamical whirlpool-like vortices will create
the periodical comets. This comet-forming scenario implies that the Halley's
comet cannot be the same object that repeatedly graze the sun again and again
in several centuries. Instead, the author propose that for every event of the “coming
back” Halley’s comet, they are actually different comet-like objects with
different shapes and different masses but the similar chemical composition.
This view can be easily tested by close-up observations of several times to see
the difference in shapes and colors, etc. the author believes that for every
time of the coming-back event of Harlley’s comet, the object of Harlley’s comet
will be totally evaporated into a cloud of gases and dusts and cannot survive
the fiction-burn of solar winds. The reason for Harlley’s comet to come-back repeatedly
at a regular periodical frequency is that the periodically formation of the
sun-oriented radial magnetohydrodynamical whirlpool-like vortices as the result
of the interplanetary orbital interactions between the Saturn and Jupiter as
well as the orbital interaction between Uranus and Neptune. The maximum
inter-Uranus-Neptune orbital l resonance is about 80 years, therefore, the
short-lived radial magnetohydrodynamical whirlpool-like vortices is created for
every 80-yr cycle which pulls the comet of the Harlley’s comet-size towards the
Sun, creating the “Harlley’s comet coming-back event”.
§2.3
The suggested laws, principles and mechanisms involved in the process of the
evolution of the solar system
The
following suggested laws, principles and mechanisms can be used not only to
describe and explain the evolution of the solar system, but also to explain all
physical phenomena occurring in the solar system without the need to add extra assumptions.
In order to achieve the highest level of simplicity, self-consistency and
falsifiability of the theory, in Chapter 3, the author will apply the physical
laws, principles and mechanisms proposed in Chapter 2 to explain all
macroscopic and microscopic physical phenomena without adding extra
assumptions.
§2.3.1
The four suggested laws governing the process of sun-planet co-evolution
On the basis of discovering the central
physical mechanism of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between the sun and
planets, the author has also discovered four fundamental physical laws of governing
the evolution process of the solar system. The author found that the physical
process of the evolution of the solar system can be explicitly explained at a
high-degree of self-consistence by using the four fundamental laws of
star-planet coevolution and several other principles and mechanisms described
in section 3 of chapter 2. More surprisingly, the author can explain all physical
phenomena occurring in the solar system, especially those phenomena that occur in
the sun-earth systems without the need of adding extra assumptions (please read
the relevant content in Chapter 3).
The
four suggested laws of star-planet coevolution
（1）The first suggested law of star-planet
coevolution states that:
“For any planet-bearing single star system, the
central star and its orbiting planets are gravito-electromagnetically bonded
together to form a holistic coevolution system in which the central star and its
surrounding planet(s) must coevolve via the physical mechanism of bilateral and
nonequivalent matter-energy exchange, the process of the change of the total
amount of mass-energy of the star is synchronized with the process of the
change of the total amount mass-energy of the surrounding planets, but the
changing trend is opposite.”
This law codifies the idea that the Sun and planets are
electromagnetically bonded together to have formed a holistic coevolution
system in which the physical relationship between the Sun and planets is a
nonequivalent matter-energy exchange relationship. Therefore, some of the fundamental
physical parameters of the Sun and the planets must change synchronously with
opposite trend.
However, this law does not help us to distinguish between the sun and
planets who is the mass-energy gainer and who is the mass-energy loser. Therefore,
we need to suggest the second law of star-planet coevolution to help us identify
the mass-energy gainer and the mass-energy loser between the sun and planets.
(2) The second suggested law of star-planet
coevolution states that:
“In any
given interval of time, the total amount of mass-energy that a planet
transferred into the Sun’s core is always greater than that of the mass-energy
that the Sun transferred to the planet. The amount of the mass gained by the
Sun is approximately equal to the total mass lost by all planets in the solar
system.”
The second suggested law of star-planetary coevolution determines that the
Sun is the mass-gainer while all the system’s planets are the mass-losers.
Since the mass-increasing process of the sun and the mass-decreasing process of
the planets are the two synchronized irreversible processes with opposite
mass-changing trend. The inferred result of this law is that the evolution
process of the solar system, or the process of the co-evolution of the sun and
planets, is essentially an irreversible process by which the masses and
energies of the system’s planets will be completely transferred into the sun’s
core, where in the masses of the current-evolving planets (or mass-losing
planets) will be converted into the body-mass of the sun-core-gestated
mass-evolving embryonic metallic karyospheres—the metallic planetary embryos of
next-generation planets. The detailed explanation about the mechanisms involved
in this physical process will be followed in section-3.
(3)
The third suggested law of star-planetary coevolution states that:
“In a given time
interval, the greater amount of the mass-energy the planet transfers to the
Sun’s core, the greater amount of the mass-energy the Sun returns to the
planet, and vice versa”.
Equivalently, the
third law of star-planet coevolution holds that the process of the
nonequivalent mass-energy exchange between the Sun and planets follows a rule
of positive feedback. Thus, the third suggested law is also called the law of
inter-solar-planetary positive feedback.
The third law of star-planet coevolution is
of great importance in explaining the physical mechanism of sunspot formation
and the heliophysical-geophysical correlated phenomena that is associated with
the sunspot cycle.
(4)
The fourth suggested law of star-planetary coevolution states that:
“The transmutation
process of atomic and subatomic particles occurring on planetary bodies follows
a heavy-to-light trend while the transmutation process of atomic and subatomic
particles occurring in the Sun’s core follows a light-to-heavy trend.”
The fourth suggested law of star-planet
coevolution implies an existence of the fundamental principle of the
synchronization of the macroscopic process of the star-planet coevolution and
the microscopic process of the particle transmutation of the constituent
particles (atomic and subatomic) of the corresponding celestial bodies. In this
physical scenario, the macroscopic mass-decreasing-trended evolution process of
a planet is synchronized with the microscopic mass-decaying-trended (heavy-to-light
trend) transmutation of the planet’s constituent particles. For example, the
mass-decreasing-trended macroscopic evolutionary process of the earth is
synchronized with the mass-decaying-trended microscopic process of the earth’s constituent
particles (atomic and subatomic) and vice versa. The mass-increasing-trended
macroscopic evolutionary process of the sun is synchronized with the
mass-increasing-trended microscopic process of the elemental synthesis in the
core of sun. And this law also suggest an existence of a physical mechanism of
mutual promotion of each other’s microscopic process of the particle
transmutation between the sun and planets. In this physical scenario, the solar
photothermal-expansion-evaporation energy promotes the earth-based mass-decaying-trended
microscopic process of elemental transmutation (which manifests as the
uranium-hydrogen decaying chain) while the earth’s
darkcold-contraction-condensation energy promotes the sun-core-based
mass-increasing-trended microscopic process of elemental synthesis. If this
mechanism is proved correct, then the Higgs mechanism，which is thought to have explained
the mechanism of mass-gaining, is naturally falsified. This is because the
mechanism for a particle to gain mass is operated in star core by the mechanism
of stellar-planetary double-sourced particle-jets colliding under the
confinement of stellar magnetic field, rather than Higgs particle or Higgs
mechanism.
By using the third and fourth suggested laws
of star-planet coevolution, the author can successfully explain the mechanism
of sunspot formation and the mechanism of sunspot cycle formation (for detailed
explanation, please read the relevant content in chapter 3).
§2.3.2 A
new solar physics to explain the mechanism of the energy production and element
synthesis of the sun
According
to the modern solar nebula theory, the mechanism by which the sun produces its’
energy is hydrogen-fueled nuclear fusion reaction, in this physical scenario, the
Sun would have stored a huge amount of hydrogen inventory in its interior since
its initial formation. But there have been increasing observational evidence
showed that the sun does not have such a huge hydrogen inventor or there is
essentially no hydrogen atom stored in the sun’s core. Another extremely absurd
viewpoint of the classical solar physics is that the Sun produces its energy by
burning its own hydrogen without the need of absorbing any form of mass-energy
from the its planets. In other words, the Sun can operate its own energy production
mechanism independently by itself, without the participation of the planets.
Therefore, solar activity is a physical activity that is performed
independently by the sun itself. Thus, nebular theory-based traditional solar
physics showed us an absurd non-coevolution picture of the solar system in
which the Sun evolves independently by itself while the planets also evolve
independently by themselves. So, the mainstream astrophysicists derived a wrong
conclusion about the ultimate fate of the solar system, that is, after the end
of the Sun's life, the four outer gas and ice giant planets still exist as a
group wandering planets moving in a dark sky and their body mass remains
conserved. So, the nebular theory-based solar physics expressed a series of
wrong worldview.
As
opposed to the current prevailing theory, one of the core ideas of the theory
of star-planet coevolution is that all kinds of physical mechanisms proposed to
explain the physical phenomena occurring in the solar system, or the underlying
mechanism governing the solar activity and planetary activity, must be based on
two basic guiding-principles:
(1)The
first guiding-principle states that all physical phenomena occurring in the
solar system must be understood as the results of the solar-planetary
gravito-electromagnetic interaction based on a underlying physical mechanism of
nonequivalent mass-energy exchange.
(2)The
second guiding-principle states that all kinds of physical mechanisms operating
in the solar system, either operating on planets or operating in the interior
sun (including the sun’s core), they must be understood as the physical
mechanisms that are co-created and co-operated by both the sun and planets. In
other words, any underlying physical mechanism that generates the solar activity
is not the physical mechanism that is created and operated independently by the
sun itself, rather, every physical mechanism causing the solar activity must be
understood as the sun-planet co-created and co-operated mechanism and vice
versa, any physical mechanism that causes a planetary activity must also be
understood as a coevolutionistic physical mechanism that is co-created and
co-operated by both the sun and planet.
Philosophically,
the current-accepted mechanism of the sun-core-operated hydrogen-fueled nuclear
fusion reaction can be understood as a non-coevolutionistic physical mechanism
by which the sun could synthesize elements while producing its energy
independently by itself without the need of planetary-sourced mass-energy. So,
this kind of non-coevolutionistic mechanism is fundamentally incorrect simply
because it expresses a wrong worldview. On the contrary, the theory of
star-planet coevolution holds that the mechanism by which the solar energy is
generated is the mechanism of the solar magnetic field-confined but the
solar-planetary dual-magnetic-fields co-energized and the solar-planetary
double-sourced electromagnetic wave-energy-carrying particle-jets colliding in
the interior sun (SMFC-SPDMFs-CE-SPDSPEWEJs-CD). In this physical scenario,
SSPR-dynamo mechanism will create the planet-ejected sunward-streaming
lance-shaped electromagnetic wave-energy-carrying particle jets that can be
injected into the interior sun from all directions to participate the
sun-core-based particle-jet colliding process by which various heavy metal
elements, including some super-superheavy radioactive elements
heavier-than-uranium, can be plausibly synthesized in the core while solar
energy can also be generated. There increasing evidence show that the sun does
not have an imaginable “huge hydrogen inventory” that is supposedly pre-stored
in its core and the sun’s core should be composed mainly of superheavy metal
elements making-up the sun-core-gestated mass-growing embryonic metallic
karyospheres and the sun’s photosphere is composed mainly of the middle-mass
metal elements that exist in the form plasma. The protons and alpha particles
carried by the solar winds are the results of double-sourced particle-jets
colliding. The earth-ward-streaming solar protons may originally be the hot
neutrons that are ejected from the superheavy nuclei being synthesized in the
interior sun that had experienced a process of short-beta-decay to transmute
into solar protons (detailed explanation will be followed).
§2.3.3
The new solar model and the basic elemental composition of the sun
As
is described above, the mechanism by which solar energy is produced is the
solar-planetary dual magnetic fields co-energized solar-planetary
double-sourced particle-jets colliding in the interior sun under the
confinement of the solar magnetic field. The new coevolution-based physical
mechanism of the solar energy production has clarified a basic idea that the
mechanism of the solar energy production and the sun-core-based heavy elements
synthesis is the mechanism that is co-created and co-operated by both the sun
and planets. The solar-planetary double-sourced particle jets colliding in the
interior sun would enable the sun to directly synthesize energetic neutrons and
protons and also enable the sun to directly synthesize various heavy and
superheavy metal elements in its core. And all these freshly synthesized atoms
of heavy metal elements will be immediately coated layer-by-layer onto the
surfaces of the sun-core-gestated fast-spinning and mass-growing embryonic
metallic karyospheres (the planetary embryos of next-generation planets)
through the mechanism of even-electromagnetic-particle-coating or simply called
the even-mass-coating mechanism—which is the most plausible mechanism to
explain why-and-how planets are shaped spherical. Thus the basic picture of the
chemical composition of the sun-core-gestated metallic karyospheres is that the
core of the metallic karyospheres should be composed of mainly ultra-heavy mega
nuclei elements (UHMC) ––the neutron-and proton-number of the UHMC-type atoms
must reaches up to millions—which means that the core of these super-heavy
metallic karyospheres are much like a neutron star (or the Sun’s core is like a
neutron star). The shell of the sun-core-gestated metallic karyosphere should
be composed of mainly the trasnuranium elements and the top of the shell should
be composed mainly of the copper-nickel-iron alloy materials. This means that,
in order for the sun-core-gestated mass-growing metallic metallic karyospheres
to exist in a rigid form, the temperature of the solar core, or more precisely,
the ambient temperature around the embryonic metallic karyospheres, should not
exceed 1500 degrees Celsius. So the author suggests that, due to the existence
of a magnetic refrigeration mechanism operating inside the Sun, even though the
transient high temperature at every particle-colliding point can reach hundreds
of millions of degrees, it will rapidly cool down to below 1000 degrees
Celsius. The recent observational evidence provided by Michael Mozina showed
that the surface of the sun is composed mainly of metallic elements like iron,
silicon, calcium, neon, oxygen, etc. while the photosphere is composed mainly
of neon plasma, and Michael
Mozina further suggests that there exists a rigid
iron shell below the inner layer of the photosphere.［1］Theoretically,
in order for the suggested rigid iron shell to exist below the photosphere, the
ambient temperature below photosphere should not exceed 1500 degrees Celsius. Based
on the theoretical inference and the modern observations, the author proposed
that there should be a large area of a darkcold region existing under the inner
layers of the photosphere that is created by the suggested magneto-refrigeration
mechanism which is essentially co-created by both the solar and planetary
magnetic fields (the solar-planetary dual-magnetic-fields co-energizing
mechanism). So, the average temperature of the interior sun should be like 200 ﹣℃ ( 200-degree below zero), instead of millions of degree above zero.
Plus, the space of the interior sun is large enough to allow the transient heat
created in its core to be cooled down to 200 ﹣℃, and logically, the cold ambient space existing in the inner layers
of the photosphere is good for heavy metal elements to be synthesized. Evidentially,
the reason why the umbra of the sunspot is generally 1500 ℃ cooler than the surrounding surface area of the sun’s photospehere
is because of the cold gas coming out from the dark-cold world existing in the
inner layer of sun’s photosphere created by the
dual-magnetic-fields-refrigeration mechanism. The new picture of the solar
model is very different from the classical model. It is a common sense, the “hypothetical
huge pile-up of a heavily condensed plasma of hydrogen and helium” is
impossible to generate a great gravitational force in the sun’s core to hold
the photosphere shell and the surrounding planets. The simplified solar model: (1) the sun’s
core is made of a clutch of mass-growing ultra-heavy metallic karyospheres with
their ambient temperature being 200 ﹣℃ which exists as a dark-cold region, and (2) the region between the
core and the iron layer is filled with the solar-planetary double-sourced
bidirectional-streaming high-flux density particle-jets that are always in a
mutually colliding and fusion status, and (3) A dark-cold region existing
beneath the photosphere which is created by the sun-planet co-created mechanism
of dual-magnetic-fields-caused refrigeration—which means the temperature of the
region lies beneath the photosphere can be very counter-intuitively dark-cold
with its temperature reaches up to 200－℃ which is a
very counter-intuitive physical picture. But this counter-intuitive picture is
good for the sun to synthesize various heavy and super-heavy metal elements in
its core and is also good for the sun to gravito-electromagnetically hold its
plasma shell tightly from being explosively casting off. Above the surface of
the photosphere, there is a sun-planet double-magnetic fields co-energized
electric arc-heating belt which generate enough heat to turn metallic elemental
atoms into plasma state. And at the sun’s atmosphere, the is also an sun-planet
double-magnetic fields co-energized electromagnetic wave-heating zone where the
temperature can reach up to million℃. However, in the
traditional gas model, apparently, a condensed hydrogen-dominated light core
cannot generate a strong enough gravity for sun to attract the planets and it
cannot generate a strong enough solar magnetic field to produce solar flares or
solar wind. Only a clutch of the sun-core-gestated ultra-heavy mass-growing embryonic
metallic karyospheres plus a dark-cold inner-photosphere belt could
gravitationally hold the sun from exploding off into a collapsing could of
plasma.
§2.3.4
The new planetary model and the basic elemental composition of the earth
To better understand how the mechanism of uranium→hydrogen
decay chain works on the earth, the author has introduced a new earth model,
which is also thought to be the standard planetary model. This new planetary
model holds that the basic chemical structure of all planets should be the same
as is described in a standard uniformed chemical-structuring model: (1) the
core of all planets should contain a super-condensed metallic core that is
composed of mainly the unknown ultra-heavy mega nuclei elements (UMCEs). The
total nucleon number (the total number of neutrons and protons) or the atomic
mass number of such hypothetical UMCEs must reach up to millions and even
billions. And the dominant decay mode of the planetary core-consisting UMCEs
must be neutron scattering. (2) The lower and upper mantles of a planet must be
composed of mainly a unknown super-superheavy mega nuclei elements (SMNEs) the
averaged total nucleon number or atomic mass number of the SMNEs must reach up
to tens of hundreds or thousands which is far heavier than the heaviest known
artificial elements created by man in different particle colliders. And the
dominant decay mode of SMNEs must be cluster decay. In this physical scenario,
the uranium-238 found in earth’s crust should be viewed as the biggest cluster
or atomic fragment of the mantle-making SMNEs through the mechanism of
many-cluster decay. (3) The crust of all planets is composed of known elements
presented in our chemical periodic table that are essentially the decay
products of the mantle-making super-superheavy elements. The atmosphere of all
planets is composed of gaseous elements that are essentially the decay products
of the less-heavy metallic elements of the various curst-making elements. (4) The
Van Allen Radiation Belt of all planets is composed mainly of the
planetary-origin protons and planetary-origin electrons that make up the lower
belt of Van Allen Radiation Belt, and the solar-sourced protons and
solar-sourced alpha particles that make up the upper belt of Van Allen
Radiation Belt. Because the Van Allen Radiation Belt of every planet is
essentially a giant naturally-created particle-antiparticle accelerator-convertor-
collider complex system (Particle/Anti-Particle-ACCC), therefore, the Van Allen
Radiation Belt of the earth is made of subatomic particles that are the decay
products of the earth’s constituent atoms. Thus the new planetary model is
basically divided into four basic layers (core, mantle, crust-and-atmosphere,
and Van Allen Radiation belt-and-magnetosphere) in terms of the chemical and
subatomic particle compositions.
Based on the new standard planetary model, the author asserts that the
traditional planetary model by which the eight known the solar system’s planets
that are classified as four inner terrestrial rocky planets and the outer four
gas-and- ice giant planets are completely wrong in terms of the planetary
formation mechanism and the general planetary chemical composition. Here the
uranium→hydrogen decay chain and the cascade proton→meson→muon→electron/positron
pair→photon pair decay chain are described respectively
in the following section.
§2.3.5
The two planet-based mass-decaying-trended atomic and subatomic particle
transmutation mechanisms: (1) the uranium→hydrogen decay chain and (2) the proton→meson→muon→electron/positron pair cascade decay
chain
The mechanism of the bilateral and nonequivalent mass-energy exchange
between the sun and planets does not mean that a planet can directly eject its constituent
atoms to the sun, rather, every
constituent atom of a planet must be fragmented into subatomic particles of
lepton-mass within the planet’s Van Allen Radiation Belt and then, the mass of
the fragmented atoms will be carried by the planet-ejected sunward-streaming electromagnetic
wave-energy-carrying lepton-jet being injected into the sun’s core. Thus, for
every evolving planet, there are basically two mechanisms operated on the two
mass-decaying-trended particle-transmutation chains. To test the existence of
the two planet-based mass-decaying-trended particle transmutation chains and achieve a better understanding of how the two
mass-decaying-trended particle
transmutation chains work, we must describe the two mechanisms within the
sun-earth system: (1) The mechanism of uranium→hydrogen decay chain which
operates in the region starting from the earth’s core to its hydrogen shell
that lies in the earth’s upper atmosphere, which is essentially a planet-based
quantum-evaporation mechanism operating the atomic level. After hydrogen, the
earth-based mass-decaying-trended process of particle transmutation will
transition from the atomic level into the subatomic level, which is called the
subatomic mechanism of the proton→meson→muon→electron/positron pair decay chain
which operates in the region starting from the earth’s protonosphere (which
lies above hydrogen shell) to its Van Allen Radiation Belt (ending at the upper
belt). So, the mechanism (2) is a subatomic mechanism of the earth-operated
proton-photon-decaying chain—which is the proton→meson→muon→electron/positron pair-photon pair
chain, the space for the subatomic mechanism to operate the region starting
from the earth’s protonosphere (above the earth’s hydrogen shell) to the upper
belt of its Van Allen Radiation Belt.
Based on the new standard planetary model, the author asserts that the traditional
planetary model by which the eight known the solar system’s planets that are
classified as four inner terrestrial rocky planets and the outer four gas-and-
ice giant planets are completely wrong in terms of the planetary formation
mechanism and the general planetary chemical composition. Here the uranium→hydrogen
decay chain and the cascade proton→meson→muon→electron/positron pair→photon pair decay chain are described respectively as the following:
(1) The mechanism of uranium→hydrogen
decay chain, as opposed to the prevailing theory of radioactive decay which
holds that uranium-238 decays only to stable lead-206, while all other elements
lighter than lead-206 (except for 43-technetium) are stable and they are not
thought to decay any further, the star-planet theory however holds that
uranium-238 will definitely decay all the way into hydrogen (H-1). In space-wise,
the uranium→hydrogen decay chain starting from the
Earth's core to the hydrogen shell of the Earth's atmosphere. In this uranium→hydrogen decaying scenario, an atom of uranium-238 will decay
ultimately into a large number of the lightest atom of hydrogen-1 (protium)
through various known and unknown radioactive and non-radioactive modes. This
irreversible mass-decaying trended process of uranium→hydrogen
decay chain can be generally classified as two basic paths: (a) the short-cut
one-step rapid path and (b) the long-term many-step gradual path.
(a)the short-cut one-step rapid path: In the
short-cut radioactive decay scenario, a neutron emitted from the nuclei of
uranium atoms by the single-neutron-emission mode or the multi-neutron-emission
mode in the form of asymmetrical nuclear fission will decay into a proton
through beta-minus decay in about 15 minutes and the free proton will
immediately capture a free electron to itself into a weakly-charged hydrogen
atom. And two weakly-charged hydrogen atoms will combined to form a neutral
biatomic hydrogen molecule or the hydrogen atom will be bonded with other
species of elemental atoms, like carbon and oxygen, to form various hydrocarbons
and carbohydrates. But ultimately, all the earth’s constituent hydrogen atoms,
if not being destroyed by cosmic-ray striking, will move up into the earth’s
hydrogen shell in the upper atmosphere. And all hydrogen atoms in the hydrogen
shell will all be disintegrated into protons and electrons and the protons will
continuously move up into the earth’s protonosphere which is merged with the
lower region of the earth’s Van Allen Radiation Belt.
(b) The long-term many-step gradual path: Theoretically,
according to the fourth Law of star-planet coevolution, all elements heavier
than hydrogen that make up a planet will decay into hydrogen (1H). For any of
the constituent elements of a planet, whether radioactive or non-radioactive, a
nucleus of any elemental atom that continuously emits electromagnetic waves to
its surroundings means that the atom is in a continuous nuclear mass-energy-losing
process. In this sense, the only difference between radioactive and
non-radioactive elements is the rate of decrease in their mass-energy , the
atoms of radioactive elements generally have a higher average nuclear
mass-energy-losing rate while the atoms of non-radioactive elements generally
have a lower average nuclear mass-energy-losing rate. Therefore, there is no
such thing as a permanently stable element in the universe. The only difference
between a radioactive decay process and a non-radioactive decay process is the
time it takes for different elements to decay. Based on the law of planet-based
mass-energy-decaying trended process of elemental transmutation, we get a
general picture of the earth-based process of the mass-energy-decaying trended
elemental transmutation in which, all elemental atoms of trasnuranium and
uranium will firstly decay into various heavy metallic elements through various
known and unknown radioactive or non-radioactive decay modes. And then, all
kinds of heavy metallic elements will decay into light gaseous elements, and
all light gaseous light elements will ultimately decay into hydrogen.
Among all modes of the mass-decaying-trended
processes of elemental transmutation, one of the non-radioactive elemental
decay model, called the bond-promoted beta-minus/plus-alternated decay mode,
must be specially explained here because of the suggested principle of
tunnel-bond duality and the two suggested laws of inter-atomic non-equivalent
mass-energy exchange between any two electromagnetically-bonding atoms. The
principle of tunnel-bond duality holds that all types of chemical bonds must
act as an electromagnetic force-mediating bond-like structure by which an
electromagnetic interaction force is mediated and a mass-energy exchanging
tunnel (or channel) simultaneously. The bond-acting function enable an
electromagnetic interaction force to be mediated between bonding atoms while
the tunnel-acting function enable two bonding atoms to perform the bilateral
and non-equivalent mass-energy exchanging activity between the two nuclei. According
to the first suggested law of non-equivalent interatomic mass-energy exchange,
in any two-body molecular system, the elemental atom with higher
electronegativity will absorb more amount of mass-energy from another elemental
atom with lower electronegativity than that of the mass-energy it transferring
into the nucleus of the atom with lower electronegativity, and vice versa. Take
the iron oxide molecule as an example, the oxygen atom with a higher
electronegativity will absorb more amount of mass-energy from the nucleus of
its bonding iron atom who has a relatively lower electronegativity than that of
the mass-energy the oxygen atom transferred into the nucleus of the iron atom,
and vice versa. In this physical scenario, over a long period of time, the
mass-energy-losing nuclei of the iron atoms in an iron oxide molecule will
decrease in its nuclear binding energy, when such a nuclear-binding-losing
process undergoes to a critical level, the nucleus of an iron atom will
naturally experience a beta-minus/beta-plus-alternating cascade decaying chain
(BM/BP-Alt-CDC) to turn itself into an stable isotope of manganese, similarly,
the iron-transmuted manganese will gradually transmuting into chromium, then vanadium,
and the titanium, through the BM/BP-Alt-CDC mechanism. This mechanism explains
why in a metallic ore, a group of metallic atoms with sequentially close atomic
numbers like to clump up together in a piece of mineral ore (for detailed
explanation please read the content of the principle of tunnel-bond duality and
the two laws of inter-atomic non-equivalent mass-energy exchange).
Above-described mechanisms and processes
involving the earth-based mass-energy-decaying trended elemental transmutation
suggests that ultimately, all the earth’s constituent heavy metallic elements
will continuously decay into light gaseous elements like oxygen, nitrogen, and chlorine
and so on, through various known and unknown modes of non-radioactive decay.
Once solid elements transmuted into gaseous elements, the mass-decaying-trended
elemental transmutation process will be accelerated by the solar-sourced
cosmic-ray striking and the extra-solar sourced cosmic-ray striking mechanisms.
For example, when a large amount of liquid water evaporates into the atmosphere
under the solar irradiation heating mechanism to form a water molecular cloud,
a large part of the water molecules will be dissociated into excited oxygen
atoms and hydrogen atoms through photodissociation of solar ultraviolet rays,
and the oxygen atoms will keep moving up into the Earth's oxygen shell in upper
atmosphere while the hydrogen atoms will keep moving up into the hydrogen
shell. This means that, once a water molecule is being photodissociated into
excited oxygen atoms and hydrogen atoms, both the water-sourced oxygen and
hydrogen atoms will have no chance of returning to Earth’s lower atmosphere or
crust because the oxygen atoms will be further integrated into deuterium and
tritium by the photodisintegration of the high-energy solar ultraviolet rays
and rays, and all deuterium and tritium will be further fragmented into protium
or hydrogen-1 atoms on their way of moving up into the earth’s hydrogen shell. And ultimately, all hydrogen atoms in the
hydrogen shell will be further disintegrated into terrestrial-protons (T-proton
for short form) and terrestrial-electrons (T-electron for short form) because
of their terrestrial-hydrogen (T-hydrogen for short form) origin, and both the
T-protons and T-electrons will keep moving up into the earth’s protonosphere
and earth’s electronosphere, both of which form the lower region of the Van
Allen Radiation Belt. The modern experimental research on the composition of
subatomic particles consisting the lower and upper parts of the earth’s Van Allen
Radiation Belt showed that the upper belt contains protons and alpha particles
which suggest their solar origin. [5] By comparison, the lower belt contains almost no alpha particles but only
protons and electrons which suggests that the protons that are confined in the
lower region of the earth’s Van Allen Radiation Belt should come from the
terrestrial hydrogen atoms in hydrogen shell that are created by the mechanism
of photodisintegration of the ultraviolet rays of extremely high-energy level.
In this physical scenario, the hydrogen shell marks the end of the uranium→hydrogen
decay chain, the uranium represent the starting element of the uranium→hydrogen decay chain, while hydrogen represent the terminal product
produced on the uranium→hydrogen decay chain. After
hydrogen, the earth-based mass-decaying-trended process particle transmutation
transitions into the subatomic level, the process of which is called the
cascade processes of the proton-meson-muon-electron/positron pair-photon pair
decay chain which operates in the region starting from the lower region of the
earth’s Van Allen Radiation Belt to the upper region of the earth’s Van Allen
Radiation Belt.
(2) the cascade processes of the proton→meson→muon→electron/positron pair→photon decay chain which operates in the region starting from the
protonosphere to the upper region of the earth’s Van Allen Radiation Belt: After
hydrogen, the earth-based non-stoppable mass-energy-decaying trended process of
particle transmutation will continuously transition to the subatomic level,
which is the cascade processes of the proton→meson→muon→electron/positron pair→photon decay chain which operates within the earth’s Van Allen
Radiation Belt. To provide a detailed complete description of how protons decay
into various mesons and leptons, it is necessary for the author to propose a
new sun-earth co-created complicate mechanism of the solar-terrestrial
double-sourced proton-antiproton converting-colliding-decaying. In this
physical scenario, the terrestrial protons (T-proton) that are hosted in the
lower belt of the earth’s Van Allen Radiation belt and the solar protons that
are hosted in the upper belt will be mutually converted into each other’s
anti-particle due to their different origin and different phase angle of
spinning. From the point of relative view, the solar protons (S-proton)
naturally become the anti-proton of the terrestrial proton and vice versa. When
the T-proton and the S-proton approaching one another they will be
electromagnetically bonded into a proton-antiproton pair with their spin axes
being automatically adjusted to be the right axial-intersection angle (the spin
axes of the proton and antiproton must be perpendicular to each other) in order
to obey the macro-micro-unified law of orthogonal axial intersectional
intercutting-and-entangling of the magnetic fields lines of electromagnetically-bonding
bodies. This means that the essential nature of electric charge is the
referential magnetic field-determined moving direction and moving momentum of a
moving body. In other words, a positive or negative electric charge of a
particle is determined by the spirally-spinning angles of any two particles
moving in a definable referential magnetic field. Here, the referential
magnetic field that determines the spirally-spinning angles and the moving
momenta of the T-proton and S-proton is the earth’s magnetic field. Therefore, when
T-proton and S-proton are mutually converted into each other’s anti-proton and
they will approach one another to become an electromagnetically-coupled
proton-antiproton pair, which leads to the cascade processes of
proton-antiproton colliding and mass-energy-decaying transmutation. In this
physical scenario, the collision between T-proton and S-proton will result in a
proton-antiproton annihilate into one pair of ±meson,
and then one pair of ±meson decay into one pair of ±muon, and then , one pair of ±muon decay
into an electron/positron pair, and then, an electron/positron pair annihilate
into a pair of photon. This is the mechanism used by the author to have
successfully explained the abnormally high electron/positron ratio measured by
the AMS-02 in the region of the earth’s Van Allen Radiation Belt (for detailed
explanation please read the relative content in chapter 3).
Through the magnetic fields interaction between the solar magnetic field
and the earth’s magnetic field, all the leptonic particles produced in the
earth’s Van Allen Radiation Belt by the mechanism of the proton/antiproton pair→±meson→±muon→electron/positron pair→photon pair decay chain will form the dominant leptonic particle
composition carried by the earth-ejected sunward-streaming electromagnetic
wave-energy-carrying particle-energy jet that will be injected into the sun’s
core, wherein, the planet-ejected sunward-streaming electromagnetic
wave-energy-carrying particle-energy jets ejected by different planets will
participate in the sun-core-operated mechanism of the solar magnetic
field-confined but the solar-planetary double-sourced particle-energy jets
colliding, the mechanism of which enable the sun to directly synthesize various
heavy metal elements in its core while generating the solar
photothermal-expanding energy. This means that the sun-core-operated physical
mechanism of elemental synthesis and energy production is essentially the
sun-planet co-created and co-operated coevolutionistic physical mechanism. In
other words, the solar activity is Not the physical activity that is performed
independently the sun itself, and the same thing as the geophysical activity is
Not the physical activity that is performed independently by the earth itself. Everything
is co-created, co-operated and co-performed by both the sun and planets.
§2.3.6
The essential nature of the duality, relativity, convertibility and the co-existence
of electric charge
As above-explained, the physical property
of electric charge of a moving body is determined by the referential magnetic
field in which the body moves. For example, the property of the electric charge
of a terrestrial-proton which is hosted in the lower belt of Van Allen
Radiation Belt and its antiproton—the solar-sourced proton which is hosted in
the upper belt of Van Allen Radiation belt is determined by the earth’s
magnetic field. In the microscopic world, an electron ejected by an atom-A can
be converted into a positron when entering the nuclear magnetic field of atom-B
that is bonded with atom-A. So the electric charges of the electron-positron
pair carried by the bidirectional-flowing electromagnetic wave-energy-carrying
particle streams that is flowing back-and-forth between nuclei of bonding atoms
can be converted into each other constantly. This means that an electron of
atom-A can be converted into a positron when such electron enters the nuclear
magnetic field of atom-B. From the point of philosophical view, the
relationship between the physical properties of electrically negative charge
and positive charges is co-existence and synchronously created in coupling
status. There is no such thing as an existence of purely negative electric
charge or purely positive electric charge. So, to define a property of electric
charge without considering a referential magnetic field is meaningless.
§2.3.7 The
continuously operating mechanisms of the sun-core-based elemental synthesis and
energy production and the mass-evolution of the sun-core-gestated metallic
planetary embryos of next-generation planet
The
current prevailing theory holds that the mechanism by which the solar energy is
generated and the solar core-based elemental synthesis is hydrogen-fueled
nuclear fusion reaction. This means that the sun can produce its energy and
synthesize ever-heavier elements independently by itself. The worldview
expressed by this non-coevolution idea-based solar physics has been wrong from
the beginning. The theory of star-planet coevolution however holds that the sun
itself cannot independently generate energy, nor can it independently
synthesize elements. On the contrary, the sun-core-operated physical mechanism
of energy generation and element synthesis is essentially a sun-planet
co-created and co-operated physical mechanism. And all kinds of solar
activities are essentially the solar-planetary coevolution-based physical
activities that are co-participated and co-performed by both the sun and its
surrounding planets. This is a guiding principle the author suggested for
formulating all kind of mechanism-based and essence-revealed explanation of all
physical phenomena occurring in the solar system. By following this guiding
principle, the author proposed that the mechanism by which the solar energy is
produced and the solar-core-based elemental synthesis is achieved is the
solar-planetary double magnetic fields co-energized and the solar-planetary
double-sourced particle-jets colliding in the sun’s core under the confinement
of the solar magnetic field (SPDMF-CE-SPDSPC-CSMF). In this physical scenario,
the mechanism of the solar-planetary magnetic fields interaction would cause a
lance-shaped planet-ejected sunward-streaming electromagnetic
wave-energy-carrying particle-jet that is injected into the sun’s core to
participate the SPDMF-CE-SPDSPC-CSMF mechanism,
which enable the sun to directly synthesize various heavy metal elements
in its core by using subatomic particle-jet as the precursor raw materials,
instead of using hydrogen because the sun does not has a huge hydrogen
inventory as we thought before at all. When the jet-head of a planet-ejected
sunward-streaming lepton-dominated particle-jet collides with the nuclei of the
atoms on the surface of the sun, it will enable the sun to synthesize heavy
metal elements like iron, neon, calcium, oxygen, etc. When the jet-head
carrying the super-high energy level collide with the sun-core-confined
high-energy particle-jet, it will enable the sun to directly synthesize the
super-heavy elements like various transuraniumc elements, the mechanism of
which can also enable the sun to synthesize the ultra-energetic neutrons and
protons that are energetic enough to directly penetrate into the nuclei of the
super-superheavy elements that constitute the super-condensed metal core of the
sun-core-gestated mass-evolving planetary embryos of the next-generation
planets by the mechanism of quantum-tunneling, which creates a large number of
extremely-neutron-rich ultra-heavy mega nuclei elements in the core of the
mass-evolving planetary embryos. This is the plausible mechanism for explaining
how-and-why the nucleons (neutron and proton) and baryons and super-heavy
elements can be synthesized in the star-core. This is also the plausible
mechanism for explaining how-and-why every high-mass star and every massive
planet with a strong magnetic field must have a neutron-core in its center. For
this reason, the author asserts that the current mass-increasing sun already
has a super-condensed and a highly radioactive neutron-core and the
current-evolving planets with a strong magnetic field, like the planet-earth
and the planet-Jupiter, must have a neutron core in its center. And the
high-energy neutron ejected by the mode of neutron-scattering from the
planetary core-making ultra-heavy mega nuclei elements (UMNEs) is one of
important force to cause the cluster decay of the mantle-making
super-superheavy elements of the planet-earth.
Based
on the above-explained mechanism, the author proposed that the mechanism for a
star-core-gestated embryonic metallic karyosphere to grow in mass-scale and
mass-density is even-mass-coating. In this physical scenario, when a group of
planets revolve around the central star, the jet-head of a planet-ejected
lance-shaped sunward-streaming electromagnetic wave-energy-carrying
lepton-dominated particle jet is also revolving around the central star,
meanwhile, the star-core-gestated embryonic matellic karyospheres are also in a
rotating-fliping-synchronized motion status, therefore, the freshly synthesized
heavy metal elements will evenly coated onto the surface of the
star-core-gestated planetary embryos layer-by-layer while the neutrons of the
highest energy level will also evenly penetrate into the nuclei of the
core-making ultra-heavy mega nuclei elements, the mechanism of which enable
every planet to be shaped spherical in the core of their mother star. So, the
even-mass-coating and the even-neutron-tunneling should be the plausible
mechanism of shaping planets spherical. In this sense, the classical mechanism
of gravitational shaping used by the mainstream astrophysicists to explain how
the planets are shaped spherical is fundamentally incorrect because they cannot
give you an answer for what is the exactly the critical mass being required for
a planetary object to be shaped spherical, the moon-mass? Perhaps, the Pluto-mass?
The answer is no answer.
The
above-explained new mechanism of planetary formation clarifies a concept that
the mass lost by the current-evolving planet in the solar system will be
converted into the body masses of the sun-core-gestated mass-growing planetary
embryos through a series of new co-evolutionistic physical mechanisms. The
theory of star-planet coevolution showed us a new picture about the ultimate
fate of the solar system that in the far distant future, the masses and
energies of all the current-evolving planets will be completely transferred
into the sun’s core to be converted into the body masses of the
sun-core-gestated planetary embryos of next-generation planets. At this time,
the whole solar system will evolve to be a giant-core-gestated mother-component
star of a next-generation contact binary system, with its companion star (the
father component star) being evolved from the current alpha-Centauri system. This
picture explains why the adjacent stellar systems are all moving towards the
solar system.
§2.3.8 The upper limit of the average
lifespan of all stable elements and the upper limit of the average lifespan of
proton
Based
on the suggested uranium→hydrogen decay chain and the cascade →proton→meson→muon→electron/positron
pair decay chain and the suggested mechanism of the formation and
mass-evolution of star-core-gestated planetary embryos, the author proposed
that the average lifespan of stable constituent elements of a planet cannot be any longer than that of
the lifespan of the planet. For example, average lifespan of the radioactive
isotope of uranium-238 or the average lifespan of the stable isotope of
oxygen-16 is shorter than the lifespan of the earth. It must be specially
emphasized that the concept of half-life of a stable nuclide is radically
different from that of the average lifespan of the stable nuclide. Since the
terrestrial protons confined in the lower belt of the Van Allen Radiation Belt
and the solar protons confined in the upper belt of the Van Allen Radiation
belt will be converted into each other’s anti-particle when the double-sourced
protons approach each other, and the collision-and-transmutation of the
proton-antiproton pair will lead to cascade processes of proton/antiprotonpair→±meson→±muon→electron/positron
pair decay chain, the average lifespan of the terrestrial protons is surely
shorter than that of the earth. The mainstream scientists claimed that they
have not yet observed the event of proton decay, but in reality, the proton
decay events are constant occurring for a second because of the existence of
the putative mechanism of the proton-antiproton
conversion-collision-transmutation which operates in the Van Allen Radiation
belt.
§2.3.9
The suggested new mechanism of the formation of chemical bond
The
theory of star-planet coevolution holds that the macroscopic physical mechanism
that forms the giant gravito-electromagnetic bonds connecting the sun and the
planets (as is described as the SSPR-dynamo mechanism) is exactly the same as
the microscopic physical mechanism that forms the various types of electromagnetic
bonds (chemical bonds) connecting atoms. In other words, the formation of the
gravito-electromagnetic bond connecting the sun and planets and the formation
of the electromagnetic bond connecting two or more atoms share a common
physical mechanism. So, this newly proposed mechanism of chemical bond
formation is based on two basic assumptions: (1) there is only one fundamental
force in the universe, the electromagnetic force. Therefore, the giant
electromagnetic bonds that connect macroscopic objects and the electromagnetic
bonds that connect microscopic particles share a unified physical mechanism.
(2) An atom's magnetic field originates from the nucleus, and the effective
range of the nuclear magnetic field far exceeds the orbital radius of the
outermost electron. The spherical shell of atoms we observe in the microscopic
world by X-ray diffraction is equivalent to the photosphere we observe in the
sun, and the radius of the sun's effective magnetic field extends to the edge
of the solar system. Therefore, I predict that the effective radius of an
atom's nuclear magnetic field is at least ten times the orbit of its outermost
electron, much as the magnetic field of a human body is at least five times
longer than his or her waist circumference. Thus, the mechanism by which the
chemical bond (or the interatomic electromagnetic bond) is formed is orthogonal
axial intersectional intercutting-and-entangling of the magnetic fields lines
of the nucleomagnetic fields which originated from the nuclei of atoms.
In
this new chemical bond-forming scenario, when two atoms approach each other,
the magnetic field lines of the two nucleomagnetic fields begin to be in an intercutting
and entangling status, in which process the geometric spatial relationship
between the spin axes of the two nuclei will be automatically adjusted to a
right-angled orthogonal relationship, which means that the spin axes of the two
atomic nuclei will become perpendicular to each other. The mechanism of
orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting and entangling of the magnetic
fields lines of two interacting nucleomagnetic fields will created a large
amount of bidirectional-flowing and electromagnetically-charged particle
streams that are always in a dynamical process of frequently intercutting and
mutually entangling with each other on every single step of their oppositely
moving towards the two bonding nuclei, thus creating chemical bond. This means
that the mechanism of intercutting and entangling of the magentic fields lines
between any two nucleomagentic fields is the fundamental mechanism that
determines the formation of chemical bond while the outer most valence electrons
is the non-determining factor which only helps form different types of chemical
bond. Logically, the frequently intercutting and entangling of oppositely
moving wave-energy-carrying particle streams generates the electromagnetic
bonding force between adjacent nuclei while the bidirectional-flowing particle
streams confined within the pipe-like bond structure enable the any two electromagnetically
bonding atoms to perform the physical activity of non-equivalent mass-energy
exchange. Thus, the essential nature of chemical bond is best described by the
macro-micro-unified principle of tunnel-bond duality, which states that all
types of chemical bond have a basic functional duality, which means that a
chemical bond not only act as a force-mediating bond which mediates
electromagnetic force between connecting atoms but also act as a
mass-energy-exchanging tunnel through which the two bonding atoms perform the
physical activity of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange.
§2.3.10
The two suggested laws of nonequivalent inter-atomic mass-energy exchange
Although
the new mechanism of the formation of chemical bond and the newly proposed
principle of tunnel-bond duality will profoundly revolutionize our
understanding about the fundamental mechanism of chemical bond formation and
the essence-revealing functional duality of chemical bond. However, we still
lack a complete description to help us distinguish between any two electromagnetically-bonding
atoms which atom is a mass-energy loser or which atom is a mass-energy gainer.
Therefore, the author has proposed two putative laws of nonequivalent
interatomic mass-energy exchange in order to make the interatomic mass-energy
exchange theory complete.
§2.3.10.a
The first suggested laws of nonequivalent interatomic mass-energy exchange
The
first suggested law of nonequivalent interatomic mass-energy exchange states
that: In any diatomic or multi-atomic molecular
system that is composed of at least two different elements, every chemically
bonding atom in the molecular system is inevitably in the process of
nonequivalent mass-energy exchange with its adjacent atom due to the existence
of the macro-micro-unified principle of tunnel-bond duality. If an atom-A with
a relatively higher electronegativity is directly bonded to an adjacent atom-B
with a relatively lower electronegativity, then, in a given interval of time,
the amount of mass-energy that the atom-A absorbed from the atom-B is always
greater than that of the mass-energy it transferred to the atom-B and vice
versa. Thus, the atom-A with a relatively higher electronegativity will become
the mass-energy gainer while the atom-B with a relatively lower
electronegativity will become the mass-energy loser.
Logically speaking, the first suggested
law of non-equivalent interatomic mass-energy exchange has a certain degree of
logical consistency with Einstein's principle of mass energy equivalence. According
to the Einstein’s principle of mass-energy equivalence, the long-term
mass-losing process of the above-mentioned atom-B will inevitably result in the
constant decay of the nuclear binding energy of the atom-B. Therefore, the
natural result of the first suggested law of nonequivalent interatomic
mass-energy exchange is that the decaying rate of the nuclear binding energy of
the atom-A with a relatively higher electronegativity is lower than that of the
atom-B a relatively lower electronegativity, thus the nuclear stability of
atom-A is relatively higher than that of the atom-B. This means that the elements
with a relatively higher electronegativity would generally have a higher
nuclear stability than the elements with a relatively lower electronegativity
which manifests as a phenomenon that the elements with a relatively higher
electronegativity generally have a longer average lifespan that the elements
with a relatively lower electronegativity.
One of the indirect evidential
supports of this law is that, the first suggested law of nonequivalent
interatomic mass-energy exchange explains why the most of metal elements with
averaged lower electronegativity are generally more likely to undergo a
mass-energy-decaying trended elemental transmutation (or isotopic
transmutation) than that of the lighter gaseous elements with averaged higher
electronegativity. For example, in a molecular system of iron oxide, In a molecular system of iron oxide, oxygen nuclei and iron nuclei are
always in a dynamic process of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange, and since
the relative electronegativity of oxygen is higher than that of iron, therefore,
at any given time interval, the total amount of mass-energy absorbed by an
oxygen nucleus from an iron nucleus is always greater than the total amount of
mass-energy transferred by the oxygen nucleus to the iron nucleus. This means
that all oxygen atoms in a molecular system of iron oxide are mass-energy
gainers and all iron atoms are mass-energy losers. In a system of iron oxide molecules, oxygen nuclei and iron nuclei are
always in a dynamic non-equivalent mass-energy exchange process, and since the
relative electronegativity of oxygen is higher than that of iron, at any given
time interval, The total amount of matter-energy absorbed by an oxygen nucleus
from an iron nucleus is greater than the total amount of matter-energy
transferred by the oxygen nucleus to the iron nucleus. This means that, in a
system of iron oxide molecules, all oxygen atoms are mass-energy gainers and
all iron atoms are mass-energy losers. As a result, when the nuclear binding
energy of an iron nucleus decays to a critical value, it naturally triggers an
alternating beta decay of an iron nucleus, in which the iron nucleus gradually
decays into a manganese nucleus, and so on, the manganese nucleus gradually
decays into a chromium nucleus, which in turn decays into a vanadium nucleus,
which in turn decays into a titanium nucleus. Because the oxygen atom nucleus
continuously absorbs matter-energy from the nucleus of the metal atom, the
relative stability of the oxygen element is higher than the relative stability
of the metal element, resulting in the average life of the oxygen atom in an
iron oxide molecular system is longer than the average life of the iron atom,
so in an iron ore, a part of the iron oxide molecules will evolve into
manganese oxide, and so on. Manganese oxide molecules evolve into chromium
oxide, chromium oxide evolves into vanadium oxide, vanadium oxide molecules
evolve into titanium oxide, and so on. This explains a common metallogenic
phenomenon, in many kinds of metal oxide ores, the metal elements with a closer
atomic number tend to cluster in the same kind of metal oxide ore. This
phenomenon is difficult to explain in terms of macroscopic plate tectonic
processes.
§2.3.10.b The second suggested law
of non-equivalent interatomic mass-energy exchange
The second suggested law of non-equivalent
inter-atomic mass-energy exchange states that: In a multi-nuclei molecular
system that contains at least three different elements, when two directly
bonded atoms, say, atom-A and atom-B, are the same isotope of the same element,
for example, the C=C bond, the rule of determining which one is the
mass-gaining atom or mass-losing atom is to compare the electronegativity of
their next adjacent atom(s) by using the principle of electronegativity
superposition. In this physical scenario, say, in a C=C bond structure, both
atom-A and atom-B are the same isotope of C-12, the atom-A (C-12) is directly
bonded to an atom-C and the atom-B (C-12) is directly bonded to the atom-D, if
the electronegativity of atom-C is higher than that of the atom-D, then the sum
of the superposed electronegativity of atom-A and atom-C will be higher than
that of the superposed electronegativity of atom-B and atom-D. Thus, the atom-A
will be the mass-energy-gaining atom while the atom-B will be the
mass-energy-losing atom. Over time, the atom-B of carbon-12 will be more likely
to transmute into other element of lighter-than-carbon ahead of the atom-A
which is the same isotope of C-12.
The second law of inter-atomic
matter-energy exchange is also call the law of electronegativity superposition
which can help us to distinguish the mass-energy gainer or mass-energy loser between
any two directly-bonding atoms of the same isotope of the same element in a
multi-atom molecular system. For example, in an ethanol molecule, there are the
two immediately bonded atoms of C-12, the atom-A of C-12 is bonded to three
hydrogen atoms while the atom-B of C-12 is immediately bonded to oxygen atom,
since the electronegativity of oxygen is much higher than that of hydrogen,
therefore, the sum of the superposed electronegativity of atom-A and three
hydrogen atoms is lower than that of superposed electronegativity of atom-B
that is immediately bonded with an oxygen and two hydrogen atoms, therefore,
when distinguishing the mass-energy gainer or loser between the carbon atom-A
and the carbon atom-B, we can determine that the carbon atom-B is the
mass-energy gainer. So, the carbon atom-B should
decay into other
lighter-than-carbon element ahead of carbon atom-A. Comparing the first
suggested law of non-equivalent interatomic mass-energy exchange, the second
suggested law of non-equivalent interatomic mass-energy exchange is of less importance
that the first one.
§2.3.10.c The newly suggested decay mode—the
bond-promoted low-radioactivity beta-minus/plus-alternating decay series and
other types of bond-promoted low-radioactivity decay modes
Due to the crucial role played by
chemical bonds in promoting the process of the minus/plus-alternating beta
decay series of the metal elements in metal oxide molecules, this low-radioactivity
minus/plus-alternating beta decay series is therefore called the "bond-promoted
beta-minus/plus-alternating decay series". This mode of low-radioactivity
beta decay series can be regarded as the result
Another potential mechanism that
can be used to explain the non-radioactive symmetric, near-symmetric and
asymmetric fission of medium- and low-mass nuclei is the suggested mode of
bond-promoted non-radioactive symmetric and asymmetric nuclear fission.
The above-mentioned modes of bond-promoted
low-radioactivity beta minus/plus-alternating decay series and the bond-promoted
low-radioactivity symmetric and asymmetric nuclear fission can both be regarded
as the results of the first suggested law of non-equivalent interatomic
mass-energy exchange and the macro-micro-unified principle of tunnel-bond
duality.
§2.3.10.d The suggested methods of
testing the first suggested law of non-equivalent interatomic mass-energy
exchange and the mechanism of bond-promoted minus/plus-alternated beta decay
series and the mechanism of bond-promoted cluster decay or the bond-promoted
symmetric and asymmetric fission of low-mass nuclei
To inspire the experimentalists
to test the above-mentioned suggested law and suggested modes of
mass-energy-decaying trended elemental transmutation, the author had suggested
the following experimental methods:
Step-1, make a certain amount of
high-purity Fe2O3 powder that contains no any other elements other than Fe and
O.
Step-2, put the high-purity F2O3
powder into an ampere bottle that is filled with pure water that contains no
other elements.
Step-3, seal the ampere bottle
that contains high-purity Fe2O3 and H2O fluid into a multi-layer ampere bottle.
Step-4, use a high-sensitive
spectrometer to measure the trace amount of other elements that may have
contaminated the sample and make a record, and then, put the sample ampere
bottle into a multi-layer thick metal case to reduce the influence of cosmic
ray striking the sample atoms in the ampere bottle.
Step-5, after a period of time,
using the same high-sensitive spectrometer to measure the sample ampere bottle
to see if we could find out any extra elements, other than Fe, O, H, in a
significant amount.
Potential result: If there is a
significant amount of any other isotopes of the lighter-than-Fe elements (other
than Fe, O, H) were found in the ampere bottle, such as the isotopes of Mn, Cr,
V, Ti, Mg, Ca, C, Be, Bo, etc., were found to be in the “F2O3 + H2O” sample, then, the existence of the natural mechanism of bond-promoted
minus/plus-alternated beta decays and of the natural mechanism of bond-promoted
cluster decay, bond-promoted symmetric and asymmetric fission of the nuclei of
the Fe, O, especially the fission of Fe, would be confirmed.
Not that: The reason why we want
to put the Fe2O3 powder into a certain amount of
pure water is that we want to have more oxygen atoms to participate the process
of nonequivalent inter-atomic matter-energy exchange between the Fe atoms and
the O atoms in order to effectively shorten the experimental period. This is
because the more oxygen atoms surrounding the iron atoms, the more amount of
mass-energy of the Fe nuclei will be absorbed by the oxygen atoms, then, the
faster the nuclear binding energy of the Fe atoms decays, eventually, the time
for the Fe nuclei to undergo either low-radioactivity beta-minus/plus-alternating
decay series or the non-radioactive symmetric and asymmetric nuclear fission is
faster. So, the experimental period can be shortened. The same method can used
to measure the possible daughter elements that could derive from the “stable”
Pb-206 via the mechanisms of bond-promoted beta minus/plus-alternated decays or
bond-promoted symmetric / asymmetric non-radioactive nuclear fission if the
experimentalists replace the Fe2O3 sample with PbO2 sample.
§2.3.11
the macroscopic-microscopic-unified physical mechanism of electromagnetic bond
formation: The formation of microscopic interatomic electromagnetic bonds and
the formation of macroscopic sun-planet-connecting gravito-electromagnetic
bonds share the same physical mechanism
As
explained earlier, the physical mechanism for forming macroscopic giant gravito-electromagnetic
bonds connecting the sun and planets is exactly the same as the physical
mechanism for forming microscopic electromagnetic bonds (chemical bonds)
connecting atoms. This is a macroscopic-microscopic-unified cosmic dynamo
mechanism. The physical essence of the cosmic dynamo mechanism is intercutting
and entanglement of the magnetic fields lines between any two or more rotating
objects that carry intrinsic magnetic fields. In the solar system, for example,
the mechanism by which a giant gravito-electromagnetic bond is formed between
the sun and the planets is solar-stator and planetary-rotor integrated complex
dynamo mechanism (SSPR-dynamo mechanism). In this physical scenario, the sun
has a intrinsic spherical magnetic field that extends at least 1-ligh-year away
from its center, within the sun’s spherical magnetic field, the magnetic field
lines of every planet in an orbiting-rotating-synchronized motion is always in a
dynamic process of frequently intercutting and entangling with the magnetic
field lines of the sun. This SSPR-dynamo mechanism creates a large number of bidirectional-flowing
electromagnetic currents between the sun and every planet, these
bidirectional-flowing electromagnetic wave-energy-carrying particle streams will
form a huge tubular electromagnetic bond under the action of the quantum braiding
mechanism, much like a wire rope-making machine. The mechanism by which the
electromagnetic interaction force is mediated is the bidirectional-flowing
particle streams that are always in an intercutting-entangling status on every
step of their opposite streaming forwards towards the cores of the sun and planet.
This is how a gravitational-electromagnetic interaction is created to connect
the sun and planet. At the microscopic atomic scale, the physical mechanism by
which the chemical bonds or the interatomic-connecting electromagnetic bond is formed
is multi-nuclear-magnetic-fields-integrated dynamo mechanism (MNMFI-dynamo
mechanism). In this physical scenario, the magnetic fields lines of any two or
more nuclei of atoms are always in a high-frequency intercutting and entangling
status, creating a large number of bidirectional-flowing and frequently
intercutting-and-entangling electromagnetic currents between two nuclei,
forming the interatomic electromagnetic bond or chemical bond. The reason for
why the strength of the microscopic electromagnetic interaction force is much
higher is that the average velocity of spinning nuclei is much higher than the
celestial bodies while the average strength of the magnetic fields of the
bonding nuclei is also much higher than that of the sun and planets, and the
frequency of the intercutting of the nuclear magnetic fields lines between two
nuclei is much higher than that of the sun and planet while distance between
two nuclei is much shorter than the distance between celestial bodies. This is
also the reason for why the strong nuclear force (the
inter-nuclear-electromagnetic force) is much stronger than the
inter-solar-planetary gravito-electromagnetic force.
§2.3.12
The macroscopic-microscopic-unified principle of orthogonal axial
intersectional intercutting and entanglement of magnetic fields lines in two-body
systems
The
principle of orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting and entanglement of
magnetic fields lines of two electromagnetically bonding bodies states that for
any two electromagnetically bonding objects, under the condition that the
distance between them remains the constant, in order to maximize the
electromagnetic attraction between them, the intersection angle of their
rotational axes must be adjusted to be perpendicular to each other in order to
produce a bidirectional-flowing electromagnetic particle streams that are
balance in flux. This principle is a macroscopic-microscopic-unified principle
that is valid not only for describing electromagnetic interactions in celestial
world but also for describing electromagnetic interactions in particle world. For
example, in celestial world, we can see that the rotational axes of any two
gravito-electromagnetically bonding binary galaxies, binary stars, are
perpendicular to one another. In the earth-moon system, the rotational axes of
the earth and the moon are perpendicular to one another, which is why the
earth-based observer cannot see the far side of the moon. This means that the
traditional explanation to this phenomenon that the rotational velocity of the
Moon is equal to its orbital velocity (or the rotation-revolution-synchronized motion
of the moon) is fundamentally incorrect. In microscopic world, when a chemical
bond is formed between two atoms, the spin axes of the nuclei of the two atoms
must also be perpendicular to one another in order to maximize the
electromagnetic attraction between them by generating a large number of
bidirectional-flowing electromagnetic currents that are approximately balance
in fluxes.
§2.3.13
The macroscopic-microscopic-unified law of nonequivalent mass-energy exchange
between bodies
The
suggested law of nonequivalent mass-energy exchange between bodies states that
for any two objects that are in electromagnetic bonding state, whether they are
macroscopic celestial bodies or microscopic particles, these two objects must
maintain their electromagnetic interaction relationship by performing the
behavior of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between them. The reason for
why the bilateral mass-energy exchange between any two electromagnetically
bonding bodies must follow the rule of non-equivalent exchange is the unequal
fluxes of the bidirectional-flowing particle streams generated by the mechanism
of orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting and entangling of the magnetic
fields lines of the two bodies. In other words, it is impossible for any two
electromagnetically bonding bodies to generate a large number of
bidirectional-flowing particle streams that are exactly balance (or equal in
energy density) in flux.
§2.3.14
The macroscopic-microscopic-unified principle of tunnel-bond duality
The
principle of tunnel-bond duality states that any form of electromagnetic bond
connecting two objects has functional duality, that is, an electromagnetic bond
not only serves as a force-mediating structure through which an electromagnetic
interaction force is mediated between bonding bodies, but also as a mass-energy
exchange channel through which the two electromagnetically bonding bodies are
performing the behavior of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange. In other words,
a gravito-electromagnetic bond functions as a force-mediator and a mass-energy
exchange channel simultaneously.
§2.3.15
The principle of synchronization of the macroscopic astrophysical process and
the microscopic particle transmutation process and the matter particle-energy
jet transformation process
The
principle of synchronization of the macroscopic astrophysical process and the
microscopic particle physical process states that the macroscopic astrophysical
process of the origin and evolution of the planet-bearing single star system is
synchronized with the microscopic particle process of the origin and
transmutation of atomic and subatomic particles. Take the sun-earth system, for
example, the macroscopic process of the mass-losing evolution of the earth is
synchronized with the microscopic process of the mass-decaying-trended particle
transmutation of the earth’s constituent particles. And the macroscopic process
of the mass-gaining evolution of the sun is synchronized with the
sun-core-based microscopic process of the synthesis of heavy metal elements and
the mass-increasing trended elemental transmutation. Essentially, in this
corresponding scenario between macroscopic astrophysical process and
microscopic matter particle→energy jet transformation process, the corresponding relationship
between the macroscopic process of the origin and evolution of the solar system
and the microscopic process of the cyclic mass-energy-mass transformation is
that:
(1)
The earth-based mass-decaying trended particle transmutation process of the
uranium-hydrogen decay chain which occurs in the regions starting from the
earth’s core to its hydrogen shell in the upper atmosphere and the
proton-photon decay chain which occurs in the earth’s Van Allen Radiation Belt
is corresponding to the matter→energy jet transformation process. The regions starting from the
earth’s Van Allen Radiation belt to the inner-transitional layer of the
photosphere and to the sun’s core are the regions in which the earth-sun
double-sourced energy jets are being transformed into atomic and subatomic
particles through the mechanism of the solar magnetic field-confined
solar-planetary double-sourced particle-jet colliding. Equivalently, the
macroscopic astrophysical process of the coevolution of the sun and planets is
corresponding to the reversible microscopic processes of matter-energy-matter
transformation (MEMT).
§2.3.16
The macroscopic-microscopic-unified principle of triple
similarity
The principle of triple
similarity states that any two electromagnetically coupling systems with a
coexistence and co-function relationship must have triple similarity, that is,
compositional similarity, morphological structural similarity, and functional
similarity. This principle implies that the sun and the planets, as two types
of electromagnetically coupling celestial bodies must have three similarities
in basic chemical composition, internal structure and physical function. For
example, both the Sun and the planets have a super-condensed metallic core,
both the solar and planetary cores are composed of highly radioactive ultraheavy
neutron-rich elements (Ultraheavy Mega Nuclei Elements), and both the solar
core and planetary core have strong magnetic fields, both the sun’s surface and
the planets’ surface are composed of similar middle mass elements, such as
iron, calcium, oxygen, etc. Both The sun and the planets must work together to
co-form and co-operate a series of generalized biophysical mechanisms in order
to reproduce their daughter celestial lives—the sun-core-gestated metallic
planetary embryos of the next-generation planets. In the solar system, the
planets that collectively act as male-celestial bodies that are responsible for
providing the Sun with half of the matter-energy required for the sun to synthesize
metallic elements, namely the planetary-ejected sunward-streaming lepton-dominated
wave-energy-carrying particle-energy jets. The sun that acts as a
female-celestial body that is responsible for synthesizing heavy metal elements
necessary for the sun-core-gestated planetary embryos to grow in mass until
they become a clutch of mass-matured pre-ejection planetary embryos that will
evolve into fully-fledged planets. By analogy, the current sun is just like a “giant
pregnant women” who will give birth to the next-generation of planets in about
10 billion years in the future when the sun-core-gestated embryonic metallic
karyospheres grow up into a clutch of mass-matured planetary embryos.
The principle of triple
similarity is a macroscopic-microscopic-unified fundamental principle that is
not only applicable to describing the triple similarity of the sun and planets,
but also useful for describing the triple similarity of many of the functional
coupling biological molecular systems, for example, the two functional coupling
molecules, like the first biochemical messengers that are co-functioning
outside the membrane of the cells, like estrogen and androgen that are
co-functioning in human bodies, and the secondary biochemical messengers that
are co-functioning inside cells, like the cAMP and cGMP, both are physically
coupling molecular systems that have triple similarities, 1) the compositional
similarity—both are composed of same elements; morphological structural
similarity—both are Both are the same kind of steroid compounds; the functional
similarity—both have the similar biochemical function and both must co-work and
coexistence in the bodies of advanced life form.
§2.3.17
The principle of mass-energy inequality of nucleons
The principle of mass-energy
inequality of nucleons states that:
It
is impossible for the same kind of nucleons (protons or neutrons) contained in
the nuclei of different elements to have absolutely or exactly equal masses and
absolutely or exactly equal energies. Generally speaking, the greater the
macroscopic mass density of an element, the greater the average rest mass and
the average gravitational potential energy of the nucleon in the nucleus of
that element, and vice versa.
For example, the macroscopic mass density of gold is 19.32 g/cm ³, while the macroscopic mass density of helium (liquid, -268.9°C) is only 0.126
g/cm ³. Therefore, the average rest mass of the
neutron and the average mass of the proton in the nucleus of gold element are
much greater than those in the nucleus of helium. In the Standard Model, however,
the average mass of the neutron or proton in the nuclei of different elements
is considered to be exactly equal, which is completely wrong. For the
convenience of calculation of atomic mass, the mainstream scientists use the carbon-12
as a standard method of measuring an atomic relative mass of all elements, the
kind of method of measuring the microscopic mass of atoms which can seriously
distort our worldview. According to the theory of star-planet coevolution, the
mechanism by which the nucleons and nuclei are synthesized in the core of
sun-like star is star-planet double magnetic fields co-energized and
star-planet double-sourced particle-energy jets colliding in star core under
the confinement of the star’s magnetic field. Therefore, the average
mass-energy of a nucleon (neutron or proton) or the average mass-energy of a
nucleus of different elements is determined by the average energy density
carried by the particle-energy jets of the star and its planets. And in
different planet-bearing solar like single star system, the mass-energy of
different stars and planets are quite different. The new mechanism of the
synthesis of nucleons and nuclei in star core implies that the average mass
density of the constituent atoms of the same elements occurring on different
planets must be unequal, even though such a difference in mass density between
the same constituent elements occurring on different planets is tiny, but the
difference in mass density exists simply because of the new
particle-astrophysics. And the star-planet coevolution-based new
particle-astrophysics can also explain why the iron element of the lunar rock
sample cannot chemically react with the earth’s constituent oxygen.
In the following chapter 3, the author will use all these putative laws,
principles and mechanisms proposed in chapter 2 to explain all physical
phenomena occurring in the solar system, in particular, the physical phenomena
occurring in the sun-earth system without adding additional assumptions. So,
the evidentially supported and logically consistent explanation provided in the
following chapter 3 may give readers such an impression that the theory of
star-planet coevolution surpasses all the dominant astrophysical theories or
models in simplicity, self-consistency and falsifiability for its startling
explanatory and predictive powers.
Reference:
[2]The Surface Of The Sun, The Photosphere And Electrically
Driven Solar Flares. Michael Mozina, 2008. http://www.thesurfaceofthesun.com/index.html.
E-mail us: michael@thesurfaceofthesun.com
[3] S J Bennett, M Free, B R Fulton, “Symmetrical, And Near-Symmetrical
Fission Of Mg-24, Si-28 and S-32” Nuclear Physics A, 534(2) 445-460.
[3] B R Fulton, S J Bennett, “ Symmetrical Fission Of Mg-24 Following
Inelastic Scattering”, Physics Letters B, Page 233-237, volume 181. 4 Dec 1986
[4] Stephane Coutu, “Positron
Galore”, April 3, 2013. Physics 6, 40
[5] Van Allen Radiation Belt, by
the editors of Encyclopaedia of Britannica, updated Sep 27, 2022.
75
The
Theory of Star-Planet Coevolution
Chapter
3
Explanations
for all physical phenomena that occur in the solar system, especially those
that occur in the sun-earth system
In
this chapter, the author will use the physical laws, principles, and mechanisms
proposed in Chapter 2 to explain all physical phenomena occurring in the solar
system, especially those occurring in the Sun-Earth system without the need to
add additional assumptions. In order to achieve a the highest level of
simplicity, consistency, and falsifiability in these explanations, the author
proposes three basic guiding principles as the basic constraints to all
explanations to make ensure that the core physical ideas of each interpretation
of the physical phenomena do not violate these three guiding principles. The author
even asserts that any explanation of physical phenomena occurring in the solar
system that violates these three guiding principles will eventually be proven
to be fundamentally incorrect.
§.3.1
The three basic guiding principles to constraint the core ideas of the
explanations of the physical phenomena occurring in the solar system
The
first guiding principle states that all physical explanations of the physical
phenomena occurring in the solar system must be based on such a core idea that
the physical relationship between the sun and the planets is a coevolutionary
relationship based on the physical mechanism of non-equivalent mass-energy
exchange and asymmetric mass-energy hybridization. Specifically, the evolution
process of the solar system is governed by the four suggested laws of
non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between the sun and planets.
The
second guiding principle states that all explanations must be based on such a
core idea that all forms of solar physical activity and all kinds of solar physical
phenomena are not caused independently by the sun itself, but are the results
of the physical interaction between the Sun and the planets. This means that all
the physical mechanisms that operate on the surface or even in the core of the
Sun are not independently created and operated by the sun alone, but are
co-created and co-operated by both the Sun and the planets. In the same way,
all physical phenomena occurring on planets must be treated as the results of
the physical interaction between the sun and planets. For example, the
mechanism of sunspot formation is co-created and co-operated by both the sun
and planets, in this physical scenario, a planet-ejected lance-shaped
sunward-steaming particle-energy jets perforate holes on the plasma shell of
the sun, creating sunspots of various sizes. The mechanism by which the 11-year
sunspot cycle is formed is the multi-planetary jet-supposition which is determined
by the orbital period of Jupiter. In this physical scenario, because the
orbital period of Jupiter is 11.8 earth year, therefore, for every 11-year
cycle, when the planet Venus, Earth, and Jupiter are moving into an maximum
orbital alignment, the Venus-ejected, Earth-ejected and the Jupiter-ejected
particle-energy jets will be supposed into a V-E-J-resultant planetary-sourced
particle-energy jet which is strong enough in energy density to perforate many
large plasma holes on the surface of photosphere which manifest as a group of
large sunspots (the detailed relevant explanation is presented in section 3.3).
Similarly, all physical mechanisms that are operated on planets, even though
they are operated in the core, mantle and atmosphere of a planet, must be
treated as the sun-planet co-created and co-operated physical mechanism. For
example, the underlying physical mechanism that causes periodic oscillations in
the decay rate of radioactive elements (especially the short-lived radioactive
elements) in the Earth's mantle and crust is actually co-created and
co-operated by both the sun and the earth through the sun-earth double magnetic
fields co-energizing mechanism (the relevant explanation is presented in 3.2).
The
third guiding principle states that the electromagnetic interaction force is the
only fundamental interaction force that exists in the universe which acts
between macroscopic objects and microscopic particles. The so-called four
fundamental interactions are essentially different forms of electromagnetic
interactions acting between any two or more spinning magnetic field-carrying
spinning bodies of all mass-energy and space-time scales, with the magnitudes
of the magnetic field strengths of all electromagnetically-bonding bodies being
infinite hierarchical gradient. This means that the classification criteria
used by mainstream scientists to classify the types of fundamental
interactions, like force acting range, force strength, and the mass-energy and
space-time scales that involved in the fundamental interactions, are completely
wrong. In the frame of the theory of star-planet coevolution, different forms
of electromagnetic interactions, whether acting between any two or more
macroscopic celestial bodies, or acting between any two or more microscopic
particles, are created by exactly the same basic physical mechanism and share a
common physical essence. For example, in the macroscopic world, the SSPR-dynamo
mechanism which generates the gravito-electromagnetic interaction between the
sun and the planets, with its morphological structure being existing as a pipe-like
giant gravito-electromagnetic bond, is essentially the mechanism of
intercutting-and-entangling of the magnetic fields lines of the sun and
planets; in the microscopic world, the mechanism of the formation of different
types of chemical bond or the generation of an inter-atomic electromagnetic
force, is essentially the mechanism of intercutting-and-entangling of the
micro-magnetic fields lines between any two or more nuclei-carrying magnetic
fields. The medium that mediates electromagnetic force between any two objects
is the bidirectional-flowing quantized electromagnetic wave-energy-carrying
currents that are always in a dynamical state of frequently intercutting and mutually
entanglement on each step of their opposite streaming forward to the moss
points of bonding bodies. The photon, that is thought to be the mediator of
electromagnetic force, is actually a transient byproduct produced by the
mechanism of intercutting-and-entangling of the magnetic fields lines or the
intercutting-and-entangling between large numbers of the bidirectional-flowing electromagnetic
currents that are always in a dynamical process of intercutting, entangling and
braiding on every step of their oppositely streaming forward toward the moss
points of bonding bodies. So, the photon itself cannot be treated as the real
force-mediator of electromagnetic force. Similarly, the hypothetical graviton
cannot also be understood as a potential mediator of gravity, the real mediator
of the gravito-electromagnetic force between the sun and planets are the large
number of bidirectional-flowing electromagnetic wave-energy-carrying particle
streams that are always in a frequently intercutting-and-entangling status on
every single step of their oppositely streaming forward towards the mass points
of the sun and planets. The best description of the common physical nature of
the different forms of electromagnetic interaction between macroscopic objects
and between microscopic particles is the macro-micro-unified principle of
tunnel-bond duality, which states that a microscopic chemical bond connecting
atoms, or a macroscopic giant gravito-electromagnetic bond connecting the sun
and planet, acts not only as a force-mediator of electromagnetically binding
bodies but also a mass-energy exchanging channel through which the
electromagnetically interacting bodies are performing the physical activity of
non-equivalent mass-energy exchange and asymmetric mass-energy hybridization.
When the level of our understanding of the essential nature of electromagnetic
interaction is being revolutionized to the level of deeply understanding the
principle of tunnel-bond duality, our interpretations of all the physical
phenomena occurring in the solar system will be lifted to the level of
understanding the essential nature of physical phenomena.
§.3.2
The new explanations for the mechanism of sunspots formation and the mechanism
of the 11-year sunspot cycle formation
Since
Wolf published his conjecture in 1859 that
"sunspot frequencies vary depending on the influence of Venus, Earth,
Jupiter, and Saturn," ［1］astrophysicists
have gradually realized that the planetary tidal influence on the solar
activity variability may play a key role in the formation of sunspots and the
formation of 11-year sunspot cycles. Inspired by Wolf’s initial suggestion, various
planetary theories or models have been developed on this issue.［2］［3］［4］［5］In addition to the planetary theory
mentioned above, an American scientists, Ackerman,
J. (2003) proposed a different type of non-planetary theory which holds that
sunspot is caused by rigid bodies that fall into the photosphere.［6］However, due to the ignorance of the fact
that the physical relationship of the sun and planets is a coevolutionary
relationship which is maintained by a underlying physical mechanism of
non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between them, and the ignorance of the fact
that the gravitational interaction between the sun and planets is essentially a
special form of electromagnetic interaction that is created by the SSPR-dynamo
mechanism, both the solar (non-planetary) and planetary theories have failed to
reveal the true physical mechanism of creating the sunspot and sunspot cycle
because neither theory is based on the foundation of the central mechanism of non-equivalent
mass-energy exchange mechanism between the sun and planets. According to the
afore-mentioned three guiding principle of the formulation of explanations for
all physical phenomena occurring in the solar system, the author offered a
three-step mind map to explain the mechanisms of creating the sunspot and
sunspot cycle: (1) Sunspot, although it
is a physical phenomenon occurring on the surface of the sun, but it must be
treated as the result of the electromagnetic interaction between the sun and
planets. And logically, the sunspot cycle must be understood as the sun-planet
co-modulated solar activity cycle. (2) The sunspot cycle is essentially a
cyclically varying phases during which the total amount of mass-energy being
exchanged between the sun and planets (via the “import-export-trading port”
located on the sun’s earth-facing side) fluctuated. (3) The mechanism by which
the sunspot is created is the planetary-ejected sunward-streaming
particle-energy jet-perforated whirlpool-like plasma holes occurring on
photosphere of the sun’s earth-facing side—all the sunspot-associated phenomena
are the earth-observer viewed phenomena, and the elongated interlocking-comb
structure of sunspot is caused mainly by the dragging-dominated electromagnetic
force carried by the planet-ejected sun-core-streaming spiraling-forward
particle-energy jets much like an electric drill.
The
mechanism by which the 11-year Schwab cycle is formed is the Jupiter-determined
cyclically triple-planetary jets superposition. In this physical scenario, for
every 11-05-year time interval, when the planetary constellation or the
multi-planetary orbital configuration evolves into a maximum
Venus-Earth-Jupiter alignment phase, the Venus-ejected, Earth-ejected, and the
Jupiter-ejected triple electromagnetic wave-energy-carrying and progressively-condensing
lance-like particle-energy
jets will be well-superposed to form a triple-jets-resultant jet and the energy
density of this resultant jet is exponentially amplified to such a high level
that a greater number of large-aperture whirlpool-like plasma holes will be
perforated on the surface of the plasma-making photosphere of the sun’s
earth-facing side, which manifest as a cluster of large-aperture sunspots
occurring on the photosphere of the sun’s earth-facing side.
The
mechanism by which the sunspot number descending phase is formed is the
progressively breaking of the Venus-Earth-Jupiter’s resultant jet. In this
physical scenario, when the planetary constellation of the maximum
Venus-Earth-Jupiter alignment is in a collapsing phase, the maximum
superposition of the Venus-ejected, Earth-ejected, and the Jupiter-ejected
triple particle-energy jets is in a decoupling phase and the originally
ultra-high energy density of the triple-jets-resultant planetary jet will decrease progressively as the originally maximum Venus-Earth-Jupiter alignment
collapses. As the energy density of the multi-planetary-resultant jet deceases,
the perforating power of the jet is in a progressively weakening phase which
manifests as the phenomenon that the average aperture and the total number of
the sunspots are both in a descending phase.
The
mechanism by which the 11-year cycled sunspot minimum is formed is the maximum
weakening of the energy-density of the planetary jets (with the jet-heads
pointing to the sun’s earth-facing side) deceases to the lowest level due to
the formation of the maximum Earth-Venus-Sun-Jupiter alignment (Max-EVSJ-align for short). In this physical
scenario, for every 11-year cycle, the planet Jupiter moves to the sun’s far
side relative to the sun’s earth-facing side, while on the sun’s earth-facing side,
leaving the earth alone or the earth and Venus—two low-mass planets orbiting on
the sun’s earth-facing side, in this planetary constellation, the energy
density of the earth-ejected particle-energy jet, or of the
Earth-Venus-resultant jet, is way too low to perforate a large number of
large-aperture plasma holes on the photosphere of the sun’s earth-facing side,
which manifests as the sunspot minimum. But, it must be specially emphasized
that when the sun’s earth-facing side shows little or no sunspot, it does not
mean that the sun’s far side is in the same sunspot minimum phase, rather, it
is very likely that there might be a lot of large-aperture sunspots occurring
on the sun’s far side (relative to the earth-observer) due to the high-energy
jet that is ejected by the Jupiter.
The
mechanism by which the prolonged sunspot minimum like the Maunder sunspot minimum
is formed is the prolonged weakening of the energy density of the planetary
particle-energy jet pointing to the sun’s earth-facing side due to the maximum
Earth-Venus-Sun-Jupiter-Saturn-Uranus-Neptune alignment (Max-EVSJSUN-Align for
short). In physical scenario, for every 320 years or so, the four outer giant
planets, the planet Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are all moving to
the sun’s far side relative to the sun’s
earth-facing side, leaving the earth alone or the one or two low-mass inner
terrestrial planets such as the Venus and Mercury moving to the sun’s
earth-facing side, at this time interval, the energy density of the earth-ejected
or the Earth-Venus-resultant planetary jet is way too low to create a large
scale sunspot on the sun’s earth-facing side, while in the sun’s far side, the
energy density of the Jupiter-Saturn-Uranus-Neptune co-produced resultant jet
can reach to such a ultra-high level that a large number of super-large
sunspots may be created on the sun’s far side while the sun’s earth-facing side
is in a prolonged sunspot minimum phase—the sun is busying to do the
non-equivalent mass-energy exchanging business with the four giant planets
while its mass-energy exchanging business with the low-mass earth and other
low-mass planets like the planet Venus and Mercury is largely neglected.
Based
on the above-described core ideas, the author holds that the highest level of
understanding the physical implication of the sunspot cycle is that the sunspot
maximum phase is essentially the period during which the amount of mass-energy
having been exchanged between the sun and planets, via the “mass-energy
exchanging pore” located on the sun’s earth-facing side, reaches the peak
value. On the contrary, the sunspot minimum phase is essentially the period
during which the amount of mass-energy having been exchanged through the solar
mass-energy exchanging port located on the sun’s earth-facing side reaches the
valley value period. Thus, in a given time interval, the value of the product
of total number of the countable sunspots and the average aperture of the
sunspots can be treated as a measure of the amount of mass-energy carried by
the planet-ejected sunward-streaming particle-energy jets being injected into
the sun’s core. When such a value is multiplied by 2, it approximately equals
to the total amount of the mass-energy having been changed between the sun and
planets which is done through the “inter-solar-planetary mass-energy trading port” located on the sun’s earth-facing side. Equivalently, according the third
suggested law of star-planet coevolution or the third suggested law of
non-equivalent inter-solar-planetary mass-energy exchange, we can derive such
as idea that, in given interval of time, the larger the scale of the sunspots,
the greater amount of mass-energy would have been exchanged between the sun and
planets that are involved in the process of the formation of the sunspots. In
this sense, the sunspot maximum phase represents the peak period during which
the amount of mass-energy being exchanged between the sun and planets on the
sun’s earth-facing side reaches the peak value plateau. On the contrary, the
sunspot minimum phase represents the valley period during which the amount of
mass-energy being exchanged between the sun and the planets on the sun’s
earth-facing side reaches the valley value period. In this sense, the scale of
sunspots can be viewed as a reliable indirect measure, as the scale of sunspots
reflects the average mass-energy density and the total amount of mass-energy
that have been transferred into the core of the sun by the planet-ejected
sunward-streaming particle-energy jet within a given time interval.
Generally
speaking, if someone’s understanding of the physical implication of the
fundamental mechanism of causing sunspot phenomenon can reach the highest philosophic
level in terms of the non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between the sun and
planets, then his or her understandings of the causes of all the physical
phenomena occurring in the solar system, in particular, the understanding of
the causes of the sunspot cycle-associated physical phenomena occurring in the
sun-earth system, can reach the highest essence-revealed level. This means that
the ultimate discovery of the fundamental physical mechanism of creating the
cyclically occurring sunspot phenomenon would have laid a solid foundation
based which all the sunspot cycle-associated geophysical phenomena, such as the
fundamental mechanism of causing the sunspot-cycle-correlated El Nino-La
Nina-switching cycle, and the sunspot-cycle-correlated fluctuated changes in
the average rate of radioactive decay of short-lived radioactive isotopes etc,
can be easily explained by using the same set of physical laws and mechanisms
proposed in Chapter 2. As one of the professional physicist who has expressed
his comment on the content of chapter 3, “it is very possible for the future historians
who study the history of human science to comment on this book like this—the
publication of the theory of star-planet coevolution in 2024 marks the new era
of human intelligence explosion because anyone who has a college education can
use this very simple, fully self-consistent and full falsifiable theory to
explain almost all the common physical phenomena occurring the sun-earth system
without the need of adding extra assumptions”.
Here,
the author would like to suggest a method of testing the planetary
jet-perforation theory: Sending a
Jupiter-orbiting satellite to observe the solar activity on the sun’s far side
relative to the sun’s earth-facing side, if there is a large number of large-aperture
sunspots occurring on the sun’s far side while the sun’s earth-facing side is
in a sunspot minimum phase, then the planetary-jet-perforation theory is proved
to be correct.
§.3.3
The explanation of the intrinsic internal physical correlation between the
periodic oscillations of the changes of the average decay rates of radioactive
and non-radioactive elements on Earth and the periodic oscillations of the
changes of the sunspot numbers
It has
been reported that the changes of the decay rates of the some short-lived
isotopes will become slightly faster than the average rate right after an event
of large solar flare or when the sunspots number increases, or the decay rates
of some short-lived isotopes will become a little bit lower when there is no
solar flare to occur or when the sunspot number decreases. This kind of
positive correlation between the macroscopic solar activity variability and the
microscopic decay rates variability can be explained by using the third and
fourth suggested laws of star-planet coevolution （the third
and fourth suggested laws of nonequivalent inter-solar-planetary mass-energy
exchange）。According to the third suggested law of
star-planet coevolution, the process of the non-equivalent mass-energy exchange
between the sun and planets follows the rule of positive feedback, which means
that, in a given time interval, the greater amount of matter-energy is
transferred from a planet to the Sun, the greater amount of matter-energy is
transferred from the Sun to the planet, and vice versa. According to the fourth
suggested law of star-planet coevolution, a planet-based process of elemental
transmutation follows an irreversible mass-energy decaying trend and the sun-core-based
process of elemental transmutation follows an irreversible mass-energy
increasing trend. This means that the solar photothermal-expanding-dominated
energy has an intrinsic physical function of promoting the planet-based process
of mass-energy-decaying trended elemental transmutation （the heavy-to-light trended process of elemental transmutation）. On the contrary, the planetary dark-cold-dominated energy has an
intrinsic function of promoting the sun-core-based process of
mass-energy-increasing trended elemental transmutation. Therefore, in a given
time interval, the more amount of solar-sourced mass-energy is transferred to a
planet, the faster the averaged decay rate of mass-energy decay of the constituent
elements of the planet, and vice versa. On the contrary, in a given time
interval, the greater amount of mass-energy is transferred into the sun’s core,
the faster the synthesize rate of the heavy metal elements, and vice versa. In
this physical scenario, when the sunspot cycle evolves into a sunspot maximum
phase, this means that the maximum amount of mass-energy carried by the
multi-planetary resultant particle-energy jets is transferred into the sun’s
core which causes the average rate of synthesis of heavy metal elements in the
sun’s core to reach the highest level. Meanwhile, the third suggested law of
non-equivalent inter-solar-planetary mass-energy exchange requires that, in the
sunspot maximum phase, the total amount of the solar mass-energy is transferred
to a planet reaches the peak value plateau and consequently, the average decay
rate of the constituent elements of the planet reaches the highest level. This
means that the macroscopic effect of the microscopic process of the
collectively accelerated elemental decay rates of the constituent elements of
the earth will naturally manifest as the mantle expansion which causes the
average width of the gaps between tectonic plates to be wider than the normal
condition, and the average velocity of the collective motions of the tectonic
plates become faster than the normal condition. In this physical scenario,
there will be greater amount of liquid hot magma coming out of the gaps between
the tectonic plates. Based on the explanations formulated in section § 3.2, section § 3.3, it will become
much easier for the author to explain the mechanisms of causing the El Nino
phenomenon and La Nina phenomenon, and the corresponding relationship between
the El Nino-La Nina-switching cycle and the sunspot cycle.
§.3.4
The explanation of the mechanisms of causing El Nino and La Nina phenomena and
the explanation for the corresponding relationship between the evolving process
of El Nino-La Nina-switching cycle and the evolving process of sunspot cycle.
The current prevailing explanation about
the mechanisms of causing El Nino and La Nina phenomena are basically
attributed to the oceanic-atmospheric interactions due to the periodically
presence of the abnormally higher or lower sea surface temperature in the
equatorial pacific region. But when someone asking what is the exact underlying
mechanism of causing the periodically abnormal warming or cooling of the sea
surface water in the tropical pacific region and the shifting of the abnormally
warming water pool from the west tropical pacific to the central-eastern
tropical pacific, no one can give an exact answer in terms of the fundamental
mechanisms due to our limited understanding of the cause of El Nino and La Nina
as the result of oceanic-atmospheric interaction. The new theory that has
attributed the cause of El Nino-La Nina-switching cycle to the governance of
the solar activity cycle based on the statistical study on the
phase-corresponding comparative analysis. This can be regarded as a great
progress that has ever been achieved so far in the study of the cause of El
Nino and La Nina.［8］［9］［10］ In
this physical scenario, the ascending and maximum phases of sunspot cycle
corresponds to the strengthening phase and maximum strengthening phase of El
Nino years。 In contrast, the descending phase and minimum phase of the sunspot
cycle corresponds to the strengthening phase and maximum strengthening phase of
La Nina years. The neutral condition between El Nino and La Nina corresponds to
the transitional phase between sunspot maximum phase and sunspot minimum phase.
However, due to ignorance of the mechanism of non-equivalent mass-energy
exchange between the sun and the planets, the mainstream scientists have not
yet discovered the fundamental physical mechanism of El Nino and La Nina
formation. According to the three
afore-mentioned guiding principles, although El Niño and La Niña phenomena
occur on Earth, they must firstly be considered as the result of
gravito-electromagnetic interaction between the Sun and Earth. This is the
basic premise for explaining the causes of El Niño and La Niña. Otherwise, the
relevant explanations are either shallow, or non-essence-revealing, or even
fundamentally incorrect. Now, the author will give his new explanations for the
fundamental mechanisms of causing El Nino and La Nina by following the three
guiding principles. The entire mind map to the formulation of the relevant
explanations is presented as following four steps:
(1) El Nino and La Nina phenomena must be
treated as the results of the solar-terrestrial interaction.
(2) The mechanism by which the El Nino-La
Nina-switching cycle is formed is the mechanism that is co-created and
co-operated by both the sun and earth. Of course, the planet Venus and Jupiter
are also indirectly involved in the process of creating the El Nino-La
Nina-switching cycle simply because of their important roles played in the
formation of 11-year sunspot cycle, with the Jupiter being the determining role
played in the formation of the 11-year sunspot cycle.
(3) Because the physical process of the
coevolution of the sun and planets is thought to be governed by the four
suggested laws of star-planet coevolution, therefore, the third and fourth
suggested laws of star-planet coevolution are of particularly important in
constructing a theoretical framework for explaining the causes of El Niño and
La Niña phenomena and the mechanisms of El Nino-La Nina-switching cycle.
(4) The mechanism by which the El Nino
phenomenon is formed is double-sourced irradiation-magma heating mechanism.
Here, the concept of the double-sourced irradiation-magma heating mechanism
refers to the two heat sources that come directly from the solar irradiation
and indirectly from the solar wave energy being absorbed by the earth at its
north and south bipolar regions through the earth’s magnetic field lines. The
solar wave energy absorbed by the earth can act as the key promotion factor
that promotes the microscopic process of the collectively decay of the earth’s
constituent radioactive elements consisting the earth’s core, mantle and magma,
creating the magma-heating mechanism which constantly add heat energy to the
deep sea water, particularly the local sea water along the lines of the
mid-ocean ridge. With the four-step mind map, one can easily explain the
fundamental mechanism of causing the El Nino and La Nina phenomena and also the
mechanism of creating the El Nino-La Nina-switching cycle by using the third
and fourth laws of star-planet coevolution as well as the mechanism of mutually
promoting each other’s microscopic processes of the elemental synthesis and
elemental transmutation between the sun and earth.
Based on the above-described mind map, the
author proposes that the direct cause of El Nino is the periodically
strengthening of the sun-earth co-created double-sourced irradiation-magma-heat
mechanism. In contrast, the direct cause of La Nina is the periodically
weakening of the sun-earth co-created double-sourced irradiation-magma-heating
mechanism. In this physical scenario, the evolving process of El Nino-La
Nina-switching cycle is naturally corresponds to the evolving process of
sunspot cycle, with only approximately 1 year difference in time sequence,
either ahead or behind with each other. The detailed explanations are presented
as follows.
When sunspot cycle evolves into a sunspot
number (sunspot index) increasing or a maximum phase, it indicates that the
amount of mass-energy carried by the planet-ejected sunward-streaming
electromagnetic particle-energy jets is also in an increasing or a maximum
phase, which means that the sun will receive a greater amount of
planetary-sourced matter-energy from the planets (Venus and Jupiter) that move
into the sun’s earth-facing side or even in line with the earth. According to
the third suggested law of star-planet coevolution, the process of
non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between the sun and planets is governed by
the law of positive feedback, which means that the more amount of matter-energy
is being transferred from the planets to the sun’s core, the greater amount of
the solar-sourced matter-energy will be transferred into the planets, and vice
versa. This means that the sun will release a more-than-average amount of
matter-energy to the earth during the sunspot number ascending and maximum
phases which manifests as an increasingly stronger solar wind blowing on earth
and an increasingly stronger ultraviolet ray carried by the sun light during
the sunspot number ascending and maximum phases. According to the fourth
suggested law of star-planet coevolution, the planet-ejected sunward-streaming
particle-energy jet has a basic function of promoting the microscopic process
of the sun-core-based elemental synthesis while the solar-sourced
wave-energy-carrying particle-energy jet has a basic function of promoting the
microscopic process of planet-based mass-energy decaying trended elemental
transmutation which manifests as the various modes of radioactive or
non-radioactive decay of the earth’s constituent elements—the process of the
earth-based elemental transmutation follows a mass-energy-decaying trend (or
heavy-to-light trend). This means that the average rate of the radioactive
decay of the earth’s constituent radioactive elements will become increasingly
higher during the sunspot number ascending and maximum phases. This theoretical
prediction has been partially experimentally confirmed by many recent published
papers. Logically, a tiny temporarily increase in the average decay rate of the
earth’s constituent radioactive elements contained in earth’s mantle will
inevitably increase the mantle-magma temperature and cause a significant
mantle-magma expansion, which in turn makes the averaged width of the gap of
the mid-ocean ridge wider and a greater-than-average amount of magma with a hotter-than-average
temperature will be ejected out from the mid-ocean ridge. This means that the
constantly-operated mechanism of magma-heating the deep sea water will be
strengthened during the sunspot number ascending and maximum phases. This means
that, during the sunspot number ascending and maximum phases, the average
temperature of the deep sea water in the regions along the lines of mid-ocean
ridge will be higher than that of the deep sea water in neutral condition. In
the same time while the magma-heating mechanism of the mid-ocean ridge is in a
strengthening status, the solar irradiation-heating mechanism operated in the
atmosphere is also strengthened, creating the irradiation-magma dual-heating
mechanism. In this physical scenario, both the average ocean temperature and
the total volume of warm water pool with hotter-than-average temperature will
be increased during the sunspot number ascending and maximum phases, which
causes the sea water-cooling-air mechanism to become weaker during this period.
The significantly increased average ocean temperature and the increased total
volume of the pool of the warm surface sea water around the equatorial pacific
due to the periodically strengthening of the magma-heating mechanism of the
mid-ocean ridge (which manifests as the weakening of the heat-absorbing ability
of sea water) will significantly weaken the mechanisms of global atmospheric
circulations including Walker circulation, thus creating the
cyclically-occurring El Nino phenomenon. In contrast, during the sunspot number
descending and minimum phases, the total amount of the solar wave-energy
transferring to the earth decreases significantly which makes the
irradiation-magma dual-heating mechanism weaker than it does in neutral
condition, thus creating the La Nina phenomenon. Essentially, the El Nino and
La Nina phenomena are caused by the cyclically strengthening and weakening of
the irradiation-magma dual-heating mechanism.
Because all phases of the El Nino-La
Nina-switching cycle are approximately positively correlated with the phases of
the sunspot cycle, with one or two years delayed. Because the mechanism of
forming the sunspot and sunspot cycle is essentially the mechanism that is
co-created by both the sun and planets (mainly the Earth, Venus and Jupiter),
therefore, the mechanism by which the El Nino and La Nina phenomena are formed
is essentially the sun-earth co-created and co-operated mechanism. Since the
process of the coevolution of the sun and earth is governed by the four
suggested laws of star-planet coevolution and a central mechanism of
nonequivalent mass-energy exchange between the sun and planets, therefore, like
the sunspot and sunspot cycle phenomena, the El Nino and La Nina phenomena and
the El Nino-La Nina-switching cycle can also be well-understood as the results
of the four suggested laws of star-planet coevolution and of the central
mechanism of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between the sun and planets.
It turns out that the new explanations about the mechanisms of causing the El
Nino and La Nina phenomena and the internal positive correlation between the
phases of El Nino-La Nina-switching cycle and the phases of sunspot cycle is
perfectly consistent with the core ideas expressed by the three basic guiding
principles that are described in the beginning of the chapter 3.
It must be specially emphasized that the
idea that the process of the El Nina-La Nina-switching cycle is controlled by
the four suggested laws of star-planet coevolution does not contradict the idea
that the human activities play a non-dominant but also important role in making
related disasters worse and worse, for example, for the same magnitude of El
Nino and La Nina phenomena-related indices, the human activity-resulted
non-repairable mass destruction of the forests can make the disasters like
floods, droughts, landslides even worse. And the over-volume release of
greenhouse gases (including increasingly release of rocket-released greenhouse
gas) can add extra negative factors that would likely weaken the earth’s
natural mechanism of self-cooling of the atmospheric air. So, even one day we
could have achieved the ultimate revelation of the causes of El Niño and La
Niña phenomena, we should not take it as an excuse for politicians to oppose
the international cooperation aimed at promoting greenhouse gas reduction.
Another note that is important for
formulating an accurate explanation for the cause of El Nino and La Nina
phenomena is to correct the misconception that warm sea surface water can add
extra heat to the atmospheric air above the warm water pool. In fact, the
earth’s sea water acts as the biggest natural heat-absorber that constantly
absorbs the heat from the atmospheric air both directly and indirectly because
the average sea surface temperature of all regions around the equatorial
pacific is always far lower than that of the atmospheric air above it, even in
the warmest region near the western side of the tropical pacific, the local sea
surface temperature can be 10 ℃ lower than that of local atmospheric
temperature. According to the laws of thermodynamics, the heat can only be
transformed from the hotter area to the cooler area, therefore, to speak of the
warm sea water adding extra heat to the atmospheric air above it is the
violation of the laws of thermodynamics which creates a misconception of the
ocean-atmosphere interaction. The correct description should be like this, the
law of ocean-atmosphere thermodynamic interaction states that the stronger the
magma-heating mechanism is, the higher the temperature of average ocean
temperature and the also higher the temperature of the local surface sea water,
thus, the weaker its ability to absorb heat from the atmosphere, and vice
versa. Therefore, the direct cause of the El Niño phenomenon is due to the periodically
enhanced magma-heating mechanism operating in regions around the mid-ocean
ridges, which increases overall seawater temperature which in turn weakens the
ability of seawater to absorb heat from the atmosphere above it. In contrast,
the direct cause of La Nina phenomenon is the periodically weakened mechanism
of magma-heating mechanism operating around the regions around the mid-ocean
ridge, which enhances the mechanism of upwelling of the cold water from the
deep sea and it also enhances the seawater’s heat-absorbing ability (or
seawater’s heat-absorbing potential). Thus, the direct cause of the El Nino-La
Nina-switching cycle is the cyclically strengthening and weakening of the
magma-heating mechanism operating in regions around the mid-ocean ridge.
Extra
notes: The author has suggested a method of testing the theory:
Sending
the a large number of unmanned autonomous underwater vehicles (UUVs) bearing
sophisticated cutting-edge scientific instruments that can measure the
time-dependent varying width of mid-ocean ridge and the time-dependent varying
volume of magma coming out of mid-ocean
ridge and deep sea temperature around the mid-ocean ridge at different
locations around the ridges and different times that correspond to the
different phases of El Nino-La Nina-switching cycle and the different phases of
sunspot cycle. If the average width of the gaps of mid-ocean ridge become wider
during the sunspot maximum phase and El Nino strengthening phase while it
becoming narrower during the sunspot minimum phase and La Nina strengthening
phase, and the volume of the freshly ejected magma becomes greater during the
sunspot maximum phase and El Nino strengthening phase while it becoming smaller
during the sunspot minimum phase and La Nina strengthening phase, then the
theory is proven to be correct. In the following section, the author will use
the same set of the suggested laws and mechanisms that are used to explain the
fundamental causes of El Nino and La Nina phenomena to explain the
statistically negative correlation between the count of sunspots and the great
volcanic eruptions (VEI ≥5 ) and
major earthquakes (M ≥ 7
).
§.3.5
The explanation of the statistically negative correlation between the count of sunspots and the
frequencies of the occurrence of great volcanic eruptions (VEI ≥5) and
major earthquakes (M ≥ 7)
In 1998, A Chinese
scientist, Gui-Qing
Zhang was able to show in her 1998 research
paper that "The Relationship between Global
Earthquake Activity and Solar Activity" based
historical statistical data of 100 years (1900-1998) showed that super
earthquake (M ≥ 9 ) occurs only in sunspot minimum
phase. ［11］ And later, a more reliable statistic study
conducted by the Italian scientist, Michele Casati based on a much bigger historic data set of 400 years
(1610-2014) enhanced Gui-Qing Zhang’s result.［12］ Michele
Casati’s data covers not
only a much longer time scale and a larger number of sunspot cycles but also a
great combination of historic earthquake and volcanic records. Michele Casati’s study showed that there is a clear statistically negative correlation
between the count of sunspots and the frequencies of the occurrence of great
volcanic eruptions (VEI ≥5 ) and
major earthquakes (M ≥ 7 ). This means that, although major earthquakes and great volcanic eruptions can
also occur during the sunspot number ascending and maximum phase, but, from a
long-term statistical perspective, the probability of occurrences of the major
earthquakes and great volcanic eruptions occurring during the sunspot number
descending and minimum phases is much greater than that of occurrences of the
major earthquakes and great volcanic eruptions occurring during the sunspot
number ascending and maximum phases. Most surprisingly, in the past 400 years,
90% of the super earthquakes (M ≥ 8) and
super-large volcanic eruptions (VEI ≥6) occurred in the sunspot minimum phase.
For example, the Chile super earthquake (occurred on May 22, 1960) occurred in
the sunspot minimum phase, and the most recent Tonga super volcanic eruption (occurred
on Jan 15, 2022) also occurred in the sunspot minimum phase (2019-2022). So
far, there is no conclusive explanation to this statistically negative
correlation between the count of sunspots and the frequencies of the occurrence
of great volcanic eruptions (VEI ≥5 ) and
major earthquakes (M ≥ 7 ). Again,
by following the three guiding principles, the author will use the same set of
physical laws and mechanisms having been used to explain the causes of El Nino
and La Nina phenomena and the cause of the positive correlation between the
sunspot cycle and the El Niño-La Niña-switching cycle to explain the negative
correlation between the counts of sunspot and the frequencies of the occurrence
of great volcanic eruptions (VEI≥5) and major earthquakes
(M≥7).
Before formulating the explanation, let
us review the basic ideas of the third and fourth laws of star-planet
coevolution, the third suggested law of star-planet coevolution tells us that
the process of the bilateral and non-equivalent mass-energy exchange obeys the
rule of positive feedback, which means that the greater amount of planetary
mass-energy transferred from the planets to the sun’s core, the greater amount
of solar mass-energy will be returned to the planets, and vice versa. The
fourth suggested law of star-planet coevolution tells us that the planet-based
microscopic process of the origin and transmutation of the planet’s constituent
elements (including the subatomic particles) follows the mass-energy-decaying
trend (or the heavy-to-light trend) while the sun-core-based microscopic process
of the origin and transmutation of the sun’s constituent elements (including
subatomic particles) follows the mass-energy-increasing trend (or the
light-to-heavy trend). The fourth low of star-planet coevolution suggests that
there exists a fundamental mechanism of mutually promoting each other’s
microscopic processes of the origin and transmutation of atomic and subatomic
particles consisting the sun and planets, which means that, the planet-ejected
sunward-streaming particle-energy jet has a basic function of promoting the
sun-core-based mass-energy-increase trended process of the synthesis and
transmutation of the sun’s constituent elements including the element-making
subatomic particles, on the contrary, the solar matter-energy being absorbed by
a planet has a basic function of promoting the planet-based
mass-energy-decaying process of the origin and transmutation of the planet’s constituent
elements and the element-making subatomic particles. As is explained earlier,
in the sunspot number ascending and maximum phases, the progressively increased
amount of the mass-energy carried by the planetary particle-energy jets being
transferred to the sun will result in an increasingly greater amount of
solar-sourced matter-energy being transferred to the planets. This means that,
in the sunspot number ascending and maximum phases, the earth will receive
increasingly greater amount solar energy which has a basic function of
promoting the earth-based microscopic processes of the mass-energy-decaying
process of elemental transmutation and and the mass-energy-decaying process of
proton-to-muon-trended subatomic particle decay. Among the various modes of the
earth-based mass-energy-decay trended process of elemental transmutation, the
most easily observed process of which is radioactive decay, as is explained
earlier in chapter 2, from the earth’s core to its hydrogen shell in the upper
atmosphere, there exists an urnaoum-hydrogen decay chain. And from the earth’s
hydrogen shell to its protonosphere, and to the upper belt of the earth’s Van
Allen radiation belt, there exists a potential mechanism of the
solar-terrestrial double sourced proton/antiproton
conversion-collision-transmutation, which manifests as a transient process of
proton/antiproton pair→meson/antimeson→muon/antimuon→electron/positron pair cascade
decay chain. In this physical scenario,
when a greater amount of the solar-sourced particle-energy jets is being
transferred to the earth, the earth will absorb the solar energy from basically
two paths, the first path is called the front face defined
shallow-energy-absorbing path, through which, the solar energy will be absorbed
by the earth on its front face that covers the whole equatorial and
high-latitude regions wherever the sun light can cover. The second path is the
two polar regions where the sun’s electromagnetic wave energy can be
well-absorbed by the earth along the paths of the earth’s magnetic field lines
which manifests as the aurora polaris due to electromagnetic interaction
between the solar wind and the gases in polar regions. Since the earth’s
magnetic field originates from its core, therefore, the solar energy can be
largely absorbed by the earth’s core via the path of the flux-concentrated
magnetic field lines originated from earth’s polar regions where the earth’s
magnetic field lines act as a good conductor through which the strongest
portion of the solar electromagnetic wave energy carried the solar wind can be
conducted by the earth’s magnetic field lines all the way to the earth’s core along
the earth’s magnetic field lines which enable the solar energy to activate and
promote the earth-core-based quantum-physical process of neutron-scattering
(note that: the earth’s core-making elements should be the ultra-heavy mega
nuclei elements) and the mantle-based process of cluster decay. In this
physical scenario, the average rate of the radioactive decay of the earth’s
core-making ultra-heavy mega nuclei elements and the earth’s mantle-making
super-super heavy radioactive elements will be temporarily increased. A tiny
increase of the average rate of radioactive decay of the earth’s core-making
and mantle-making elements will inevitably cause a temporarily significant
core-mantle-magma expansion which causes both the average width of the gaps of the
mid-ocean ridge and the average width of all other gaps between
continental-making tectonic plates to become wider and the average velocity of
the plates tectonic movements are also accelerated. So, in the sunspot number
ascending and maximum phases, due to the temporarily earth’s core-mantle-magma
expansion-caused temporarily intensified plate tectonic activity, a certain
amount of events of high-magnitude major earthquakes and great volcanic
eruptions can occur. But, in the sunspot number descending and minimum phases,
due to the decease of the amount of the solar energy being absorbed through the
above-mentioned two paths, the average rate of the radioactive decay of the
earth’s core-making ultra-heavy mega nuclei elements and of the mantle-making
super-heavy elements decreases temporarily which causes a temporarily
core-mantle-magma shrinking which in turn causes the average width of the
mid-ocean ridge and the average width of the gaps between continental plates to
become narrower, which in turn significantly increases the average probability
of the collisions, shear force- and friction force-caused impacts between
tectonic plates. Thus, increases the average probability of the occurrences of
major and super earthquakes. The mechanism by which the average probability of
the occurrences of the great and super-great volcanic eruptions is
significantly increased is the differential cooling between the cooling rate of
the earth’s crust and the cooling rate of the earth’s mantle-magma regions. In
this physical scenario, when the sunspot cycle evolves into a sunspot number
descending and minimum phases, amount of the solar energy absorbed by the earth
through the two paths deceases and the whole body of the earth is in a cooling
phase. However, the cooling rate of the earth’s crust is higher than that of
the earth’s mantle-magma, therefore, the rate of shrinking or contraction of
the earth’s crust is higher than that of the earth’s mantle-magma, the
mechanism of which is called differential cooling-caused differential
shrinking. In this physical scenario, when the temperature of the earth’s crust
cools faster than that of its mantle-magma region, it causes a differential
shrinking between crust and mantle-magma which will significantly increase the
pressure of the magma chambers that locate underneath the volcanic mountains. Thus,
the average probability of the occurrences of great and super-great volcanic
eruptions increases in the sunspot number descending and maximum phases.
Because the author simply uses the same
set of laws and mechanisms proposed in chapter 2 to explain all the sunspot
cycle-correlated physical phenomena occurring the sun-earth system, therefore,
one can easily understanding the internal relationships between them.
§.3.6
Several alternative explanations of the latest results of AMS-02 using the same
set of laws, principles and mechanisms proposed in chapter 2 in the book of the
Theory of Star-Planet Coevolution (beyond the traditional cosmic ray theory, and
the Dark Matter annihilation model and the pulsar model)
As of
July 30, 2015, AMS-02 has recorded over 68 billion events, out of which 10.6
million were identified as leptons. The positron flux of up to 500 GeV was
detected; electrons flux up to 750 GeV, electron plus positron up to 1 TeV and
positron fraction up to 500 GeV. [13] [14] Because of the preconceived
ideas of the Dark Matter theory and the classical cosmic ray theory, so far
there has been two competitive models, the dark matter annihilation model and
the pulsar (and/or supernova) model, were proposed to explain the mechanisms of
creating the excess positron fraction measured by AMS-02. [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20]
So far the dark matter model seems to fit the AMS-02 data better than the
pulsar model. Except for the latest results from AMS-02 that are unfavorable
for pulsar model, another latest result from the NASA’s twin Van Allen probes (launched
on August 30, 2013) which showed that the particle accelerator by which the
electrons (and positrons) are accelerated to such a ultra-high energies is
located in the heart between the inner and outer Van Allen radiation belts
(more near the inner belt), which means that the accelerating energy comes from
the Van Allen belts themselves. [23] In
other words, the dominant accelerating energy of the high-energy electrons and
positrons (in even the protons and antiprotons) cannot come from the astrophysical
sources outside the solar system. Otherwise, the Van Allen probes will detect
the particle accelerator from the outer Van Allen belt, rather than the inner
belt. Thus, pulsar and supernova models can be both rued out in terms of the
explanation of the AMS-02 results. However, this does not mean that the dark
matter model is the only candidate to explain the excess positron fraction. On
the contrary, when global theorists and the experimental physicists of AMS-02
collaboration eagerly anticipate that the excess positron fraction detected by
AMS-02 may be the smoking gun signal of the existence of dark matter
annihilation model in terms of the most likely candidate—WIMPs, the author of
the theory of star-planet coevolution argues that both the Big-Bang-based theory of
baryogensis and the Big-Bang-based dark matter theory are fundamentally
incorrect simply because the Big Bang theory itself is a false proposition and
all the evidence in support of the big bang hypothesis have better alternative
explanation (please see the relevant arguments to refute the Big Bang theory in
Chapter 4). The author proposed that the material universe is made up of liquid-like
magnetic fluids with infinite hierachical gradients of mass density in
different regions of space. The dark regions of cosmic space are the regions of
magnetic fluids with extremely low mass densities and the actions of
intercutting and entangling of the magnetic fields lines between different
rotating body-carrying magnetic fields are extremely weak to such a level that
the human-made electromagnetic wave-detectors cannot detect. The author further
proposed that all kinds of atomic and subatomic particles as we know of are
essentially the condensed high-density cosmic magneto-vortices with different
mass densities and their corresponding magnetic fields strengths. Thus, the
idea of absolutely dividing matter particles into dark matter particles and
conventional matter particles is fundamentally incorrect in terms of the wrong
worldview. Rather than using dark matter annihilation model to explain the
excess positron fraction detected by AMS-02, one can use the same set of laws,
principles and mechanisms proposed in Chapter 2 to self-consistently explain
all the AMS-02 data without adding any additional assumptions, let alone
invoking the traditional cosmic-ray theory and the classical dark matter
theory. According to the afore-mentioned three guiding principles, all kind of
astroparticle phenomena occurring within the solar system must first be
regarded as the results of gravito-electromagnetic interaction between the sun
and planets based on such a revolutionary physical thought of new physics that
the gravito-electromagnetic interaction (theorized to be created by SSPR-dynamo
mechanism) is merely an apparent physical effect, behind which the essential
nature of the gravito-electromagnetic interaction between the sun and planets
is the underlying mechanism of the bilateral and non-equivalent mass-energy
exchange between the sun and planets. This means that all the astroparticle phenomena
occurring within the Earth's magnetosphere (the sun-earth system), must first be
interpreted as the results of gravito-electromagnetic interaction between the
sun and earth, logically, the dominant high-energy particles detected by AMS-02
must first be interpreted as the results of the mechanism of the bilateral and
non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between the Sun and the Earth (of course,
Venus and Jupiter also involved). Such a preliminary interpretation is not only
based on theoretical principles but also the following basic facts and their
associated evidence: (1) the time for AMS-02 to be mounted on ISS is May 19,
2011, this is the right time that the counts of sunspot number is in its
increasing phase since the end of sunspot minimum phase in 2008 and the 24th sunspot cycle evolves into its maximum
phase in 2014 with its dual peaks at 2012 (66) and 2014 (80) respectively. (2)
Even in2016, asuper sunspot with its diameter being three times as the earth was recorded by
the Chinese astronomers of Purple Mountain Observatory. (3) The time interval,
starting from May 19, 2011 to May 15, 2015, is the time interval that is
corresponding to the first four years of the AMS-02 records. (4) On August 30,
2012, When NASA’S Van Allen twin probes were launched into space on August 30,
2012, and a massive solar prominence emerged from the surface of the Sun on
August 31, 2012, creating a coronal mass ejection that caused an interplanetary
shockwave stroke the earth’s magnetosphere. (5) On September 2, 2012, NASA
scientists discovered a third new temporarily existing belt emerging between
inner and outer belts, which is thought to be caused by CMEs. In the same time
when an unexpected third new belt is discovered, the entire Van Allen Radiation
belts were swollen dramatically with its inner belt being swollen so much that
the lower boundary of the inner belt being expanded to completely cover the
orbital altitude of the ISS-mounted AMS-02. (6) New results from NASA’s Van
Allen Probes show that the accelerator by which the electrons were accelerated
to a ultra-high energy level is in the heart of the Van Allen Radiation Belts
themselves, rather than any other accelerating energy source from outside the
solar system such as pulsar or supernova source. So, the discovery of a local
particle accelerator in the heart of Van Allen belts is a compelling evidence
to disprove all the models that attribute the high-energy cosmic ray-carrying
particles to the astrophysical sources from outside the solar system including
the pulsar or supernova model. and it. Considering the two basic facts that,
(1) the sunspot minimum phase had completed in the end of 2008 and the solar
activity had become more and more active since 2009, and the relative sunspot
index peaks in 2014 (with double peaks in 2012 with index above 66 and 2014
with index above 80 respectively). This also means that, from 2011 to 2015,
AMS-02 must have experienced many events of the geomagnetic storm-associated
Van Allen belts swollen events, considering the facts that the orbital altitude
of ISS is 414-450 km and the 2012’s Van Allen belts swollen event (occurred on
September 2, 2012) had caused the ISS-mounted AMS-02 to be totally submerged
within the inner belt, we have enough reason to believe that the ISS-mounted
AMS-02 have been submerged within the heavily swollen inner belt for many times
when the solar flare- and CMEs-caused geomagnetic storms occurred during the
period of year 2011-2015. If the scientists of AMS-02 collaboration can do the
phase-overlapping analysis between the time of high-energy particle events
registration and the corresponding time of the variations of the solar activity
cycle which covers the entire period of the working time of AMS-02, they may
discover that the time for AMS-02 to have recorded a significantly greater
number of high-energy particles and the time for the events of the solar flare-
and CME-resulted geomagnetic storms and the storm-associated Van Allen belts swollen
events can be highly consistent with each other, then the alternative explanation
for the puzzling source of the excess positron fraction and the physical
mechanism by the excess of positron fraction is created are naturally proved.
Based
on both above-described theoretical and evidential reasons, the author asserts
that the dominant sources of high-energy leptons (including electrons and
positrons) and baryons (including protons and antiprotons), as well as the
various nuclei detected by AMS-02, can only possibly come from the Sun and
Earth. Of these energetic particles detected by AMS-02, the dominant source of
the various nuclei, including helium nuclei (or alpha particles), lithium
nuclei, beryllium nuclei, boron nuclei, carbon nuclei, oxygen nuclei，calcium nuclei, neon
nuclei, and the iron nuclei, should come mainly from the solar wind, rather
than any other astrophysical sources from outside the solar system such as
pulsar or supernova source. There two extra evidence to strengthen the author’s
conclusion: (A) a combined cosmic ray-shielding effect of the heliosheath and
the steady streams of the out-streaming solar wind would have a strong ability
to block galactic cosmic rays. Remember, Voyager-1 had only encountered a
sudden increased galactic cosmic ray flux after it had already traveled to the
outer boundary of the solar system. [21] (B) The recent spectral observations
of the material structure of the multilayer solar photosphere from SOHO, Yohkoh,
Trace, RHESSI, Hinode, Stereo, Geos Satellite programs demonstrate that the
most of the species of the nuclei measured by AMS-02 in its first four working
years have their corresponding sources from the material structures present in
the multilayer solar photosphere, including the sub-transitional neon layer,
calcium layer, and the inner most iron layer sitting beneath the photosphere—which
means the entire photosphere acts like a solar-planetary dual magnetic fields
co-energized but the solar magnetic field dominated “electric-arc-heating
steel-making furnace” which is filled with red-hot high-density heavy metallic
plasma of metal elements—the dominant elements are not hydrogen and helium (by
mass). [22] Unlike all the single-sourced cosmic ray nuclei from the sun, the
author proposed that, the electrons, positrons, protons, and antiprotons measured
by AMS-02, both high-energy and low-energy, come from dual sources of the Sun
and Earth. In this physical picture, the solar-terrestrial dual-sourced the electrons
and positrons occurring within the earth’s magnetosphere, or within the regions
of Van Allen radiation belts, can be divided into two sources produced by two
distinct mechanisms: the primary electron-positron propagating source and the
secondary proton-antiproton pair formation-and-annihilation source. The latter
(secondary) mechanism means that, the solar-sourced protons (S-proton) can be
converted into the antiprotons of the terrestrial protons (T-proton) that
originated from the photodisintegration of the highly ionized hydrogen atoms in
earth’s hydrogen shell. In this new physical picture, with the newly proposed
putative mechanism of the geomagnetic field-caused charge-conversion of the
solar protons—the spin direction of the solar protons are forced to be changed
when entering the earth’s magnetic field which causes the solar protons to be
converted into antiproton relative to the terrestrial protons (T-proton)—which
create proton-antiproton pairs in the heart of the Van Allen radiation belts
and then, the solar-terrestrial dual-sourced proton-antiproton pair will
inevitably annihilate each other to decay into pion-antipion pair through a
transient cascade decay chain by which the a pion-antipion pair will decay into
a muon-antimuon pair, and ultimately, a muon-antimuon pair will decay into a
high-energy electron-positron pair, by which a large population of high-energy
electrons and positrons will be created and accelerated within the Van Allen
radiation belts. The symbolic expression of this new mechanism:
The
positive charged S-proton (Ps﹢) is
converted into a negative charged antiproton (Ps﹣),
forming the solar-terrestrial dual-sourced proton-antiproton pair (Pt﹢Ps﹣) in
the inner-zone of Van Allen radiation belts, the process of the
proton-antiproton pair annihilation will trigger the baryon-lepton cascade
decay chain:
(P﹢P﹣) → (k﹢k﹣) → (π﹢π﹣) →(μ﹢μ﹣) →(e﹢e﹣) →(γγ).
This
means that the entire region starting from the earth’s protonosphere to the
outer zone of Van Allen Belts is essentially a charge-converter of the
solar-sourced proton—the solar-terrestrial dual-sourced proton-antiproton pair
formation zone, and proton-antiproton acceleration-and-annihilation zone. In
other words, the earth’s Van Allen radiation belts acts as a solar-sourced
particle charge-converter, particle accelerator, and proton-antiproton collider
(or baryon crusher) simultaneously—which means that the entire Van Allen
radiation belts has an intrinsic functional trinity. This means that the proton
decay phenomenon that is difficult to be observed in the ground-based
laboratories is a commonly occurring astroparticle phenomenon that occurs
constantly in the heart of Van Allen radiation belts because of the existence
of the mechanism of the solar-earth dual-sourced and dual magnetic fields
co-energized proton-antiproton pair formation and proton-antiproton
annihilation—which is a proton-meson-muon-electron cascade decay chain or (P﹢P﹣) → (k﹢k﹣) → (π﹢π﹣) →(μ﹢μ﹣) →(e﹢e﹣) →(γγ) for symbolic expression. In other
words, the Van Allen radiation belts is a solar-terrestrial dual magnetic
fields co-energized particle acceleration, solar-terrestrial dual-sourced
particle charge-conversion, particle-antiparticle pair formation and
annihilation zone in which the three processes, solar-sourced particle charge
conversion, particle-antiparticle pair formation, acceleration and
annihilation, are synchronized into a cascade baryon-lepton decaying process.
To provide
a clear the physical picture of how the solar-terrestrial dual-sourced protons
can formation proton-antiproton pairs in the heart of the earth’s Van Allen
radiation belts which leads to the cascade baryon → lepton decaying chain,
the author would like to give a brief review of the new physical picture in
which the mechanism of uranium-hydrogen decay chain operating in regions
starting from the earth’s core to its hydrogen shell in the upper atmosphere
and the mechanism of proton-meson-muon-electron cascade decay chain which
operates in regions starting from the earth’s protonosphere to the outer zone
of Van Allen radiation belts. In other words, the author will help reader
understand how the entire earth’s VAN Allen radiation belts can act as a solar-terrestrial
dual-sourced proton-antiproton pair transformer, particle accelerator, and
proton-antiproton collider simultaneously which ultimately leads to the
generation of the earth-ejected sunward-streaming and ever-condensing
electromagnetic wave-energy-carrying lepton jets being injected into the sun’s
core.
As is
proposed in Chapter 2, the author asserts that, there exists an earth-based
process of uranium→hydrogen decay chain which starts from the earth’s core and ends at
the earth’s hydrogen shell, with the uranium being considered the “representative
precursor element” or “ancestor element” and the hydrogen being considered the
terminal decay product on the uranium-hydrogen decay chain. Although the
mechanism of this mass-energy-decaying trended (heavy-to-light trend) process
is operating on earth, but it is essentially co-energized by both the solar
electromagnetic wave energy and the earth’s intrinsic internal magnetic energy,
the solar electromagnetic wave energy can be absorbed by earth from mainly two
channels, (A) the horizontal-shallow absorbing channel through which the
photothermal energy is absorbed by the earth’s entire dayside face; and (B),
the bipolar-deep absorbing channel through which the solar wave energy can be
absorbed by earth’s core along the paths of the earth’s magnetic field lines
since the earth’s magnetic field originates from its dense core. In this
physical scenario, the solar electromagnetic wave energy can be directly
transformed into the earth’s core to activate the chain process of uranium-hydrogen
decay chain while the solar photothermal quantum-evaporation energy absorbed by
the earth’s dayside will also act as a promoting factor which jointly promotes
the mass-decaying-trended process of the crust-atmosphere based hydrogen-oriented
elemental transmutation which manifests as the atmosphere- and the
protonosphere-based processes, such as the photodissociation, photoionization,
and photodisintegration. Generally speaking, the various heavy metal elements
that constitute earth’s crust originated from the superheavy transuranium
elements through various modes of radioactive decay, including cluster decay
and symmetric and asymmetric nuclear fission. And all these heavy metal
elements will decay into light gaseous elements through various known and unknown,
radioactive and non-radioactive decay modes, including the newly proposed “chemical-bond-enabled
beta plus/minus-alternate decay chain”. And all kinds of light gaseous elements
will ultimately transmute into hydrogen that will move up into the earth’s
hydrogen shell through the mechanism of photoevaporation. In different planets,
the dominant source of hydrogen evaporating process can originate from
different major elemental sources, for example, for an oxygen-poor planet, its
dominant source of generating hydrogen atoms can be nitrogen nuclei fission or
carbon nuclei fission. But for an oxygen-rich planet like earth, the dominant
source of hydrogen evaporation come from the evaporation of sea water through
photothermal evaporation. In traditional theory, the quantity of the global
water evaporating into atmosphere is approximately equal to that of the water
falling back down to terrestrial surface in the form of global precipitation in
a dynamical equilibrium status, however, in the frame of the theory of
star-planet coevolution, this is not the case because a large percentage of the
water molecules that evaporate into the atmosphere can never return to the terrestrial
surface due to the continuous actions of the photodissociation, photodisintegration
and photonucleofission. In this new physical scenario described by the theory
of star-planet coevolution, a large amount of water molecules are dissociated
into highly ionized hydrogen atoms and ionized oxygen atoms, in which process
the hydrogen atoms will move up into earth’s hydrogen shell while the oxygen
atoms will move up into earth’s oxygen shell. The oxygen atoms in oxygen shell
(that sits above the earth’s nitrogen shell and below the helium shell) will be
further disintegrated into deuterium and tritium by photonucleofission and the
latter two isotopes of hydrogen will also move up into earth’s hydrogen shell
where the deuterium and tritium will be further disintegrated into hydrogen-1
by high-energy photonucleofission. So, the hydrogen shell marks the end of the
uranium-hydrogen decay chain or the end of the earth-based mass-decaying
trended process of particle transmutation at atomic level. After the hydrogen
shell, the earth-based mass-decay-trended process of particle transmutation
progresses continuously into the subatomic level by which all the highly
ionized hydrogen atoms sit in the hydrogen shell will be totally disintegrated
into protons and electrons and the protons derived from the hydrogen atoms will
move up into the earth’s protonosphere which sit between the earth’s hydrogen
shell and the inner Van Allen belt. While the high-energy electrons move up
into outer Van Allen belt. For this reason, all these protons that originated
from the photodisintegration of the terrestrial hydrogen atoms in hydrogen
shell are then called terrestrial protons (or T-proton form short form) in
comparing with the solar-sourced protons (S-proton). The so named T-protons are
different from the solar-sourced protons (S-proton) in the property of electric
charge because of the suggested mechanism of geomagnetic field
charge-conversion which converts the solar protons into the antiproton of the
terrestrial proton. By the same intrinsic charge-conversion function of the
earth’s magnetic field, the electrons of the terrestrial origin through photodisintegration
of hydrogen atoms from hydrogen shell are then called terrestrial electrons (or
T-electrons). So the electrons of terrestrial origin are different from the
electrons of solar origin (or S-electron).
Because
the entire Van Allen radiation belts is actually functioning as a
charge-converter, matter-antimatter pair creator, and particle accelerator, and
a proton-antiproton pair annihilizer or baryon crusher, both the terrestrial
protons that come from the earth’s protonosphere and the solar protons that
come from the solar winds will naturally electromagnetically coupled to form
proton-antiproton pairs in the mid-zone between the inner and outer Van Allen
radiation belts through the new 3-step astroparticle mechanisms, called the
mechanism of the solar-proton-charge-conversion (SPCC) and the mechanism of the
solar-terrestrial dual-sourced transient proton-antoproton pair formation
(STDS- P﹢P﹣), and the mechanism of the solar-terrestrial
dual-sourced proton-antiproton pair acceleration-to-annihilation (STDS- P﹢P﹣→A＆A). In this new physical picture, when the
solar-sourced protons (S-proton) penetrated through the geomagnetosphere and
captured by geomagnetic field, the spin direction of the solar protons will be
forced to be changed to the spin direction in which the spin axes of the solar
protons will be collectively adjusted to be perpendicular to the spin axes of
the terrestrial protons (T-proton) that sit in the lower-zone of the inner Van
Allen belt, thus, forming the proton-antiproton pairs. This means that for each
solar-terrestrial dual-sourced proton-antiproton pair, the spin axes of both
proton and antiproton are always stay perpendicular to one another when both
side approaching each other before they annihilate with each other. This
mechanism is then called the solar-terrestrial dual magnetic fields
co-energized solar-proton-charge-conversion (STDMF-CE-SPCC), the process allows
for the formation of the solar-terrestrial dual-sourced proton-antiproton pair
(STDS-P﹢P﹣). The proton-antiproton pairs are
transient particle/antiparticle pairs that will immediately annihilate with
each other to decay into pion-antipion pairs which in turn the pion-antipion
pairs will quickly decay into muon-antimuon pairs and the muon-antimuon pairs
decay into electron-positron pair by the process of cascade baryon-lepton decay
chain. So the 3-step mechanisms can be expressed in a short form like this:
(STDMF-CE-SPCC) →(STDS- P﹢P﹣) →(STDS- P﹢P﹣→A＆A). The symbolic form:
(STDMF-CE-SPCC)→(P﹢P﹣)→(k﹢k﹣)→(π﹢π﹣)→(μ﹢μ﹣) →(e﹢e﹣)→
(γγ)
This
3-step mechanisms contain two acceleration mechanisms which include: (a) the
primary geomagnetic field acceleration mechanism and (b) the secondary
collision-to-annihilation acceleration mechanism, which means that the cascade
process of proton-antiproton pair formation-and-annihilation itself creates an
accelerator by which the electrons and positrons are accelerated to a
ultra-high energies in the heart of the Van Allen radiation belts. Such a
lepton acceleration mechanism is essentially the solar-terrestrial dual
magnetic fields co-energizing mechanism even though the acceleration mechanism
is operating in the heart of the earth’s Van Allen radiation belts. This kind
of new astrophysical mechanism—the solar-proton-charge-conversion created
solar-terrestrial dual-sourced transient proton-antiproton pair in the Van
Allen belts and its associated cascade proton-antiproton annihilation mechanism
can successfully explain not only the underlying mechanism behind the lingering
mysteries of the emergence of an excess positron fraction detected by ASM-02,
but also the existence of an solar wind trigged acceleration mechanism which
operated temporarily in the heart of Van Allen belts and created a new third
high-energy electron storage ring that temporarily existed in between the inner
and outer belts. Thus, the excess positron fraction detected by AMS-02 and the
local temporarily existed particle accelerating mechanism and its associated
temporarily existed third high-energy electron storage ring can all be
consistently explained without using the dark matter model. Generally speaking,
in the frame of the theory of star-planet coevolution, the earth’s Van Allen
radiation belts actually acts as a solar-proton-charge-converter,
solar-terrestrial dual magnetic fields co-energized and solar-terrestrial
dual-sourced proton-antiproton pair creator, and the dual-sourced
proton-antiproton accelerator and collider and annihilator. Or simply speaking,
the Van Allen belts-operated baryon crusher. Ultimately, the mass majority of
the leptons created in the Van Allen radiation belts will be used by the earth
to form the earth-ejected sunward-streaming ever-condensing electromagnetic
wave energy-carrying lepton jets that will be injected into the sun’s core to
become parts of the precursor materials to directly synthesize the heavy metal
elements in the sun’s core—which means that all kinds of baryons are made up of
lepton-energy jets through the solar-planetary co-energized and the
solar-planetary dual-sourced particle-energy jets colliding in the sun’s core
under the confinement of the solar magnetic field force. Now, in the following
section-3.7, the author will use the above-described 3-step mechanism to
explain the lingering mystery of how and why the high-energy electrons
contained in the third high-energy electron storage ring temporarily existed in
between the inner and outer belts and the high-energy electrons in the outer
belt suddenly disappeared after October 1, 2012.
§.3.7
A new explanation for the dominant mechanisms of the geomagnetic storm-induced
rapid losses of the outer radiation belt high-energy electrons and the gradual
depletion of the third new temporary belt high-energy electrons
One of
the main as-yet unexplained new phenomena discovered by the NASA’s twin Van
Allen probes is the enigma of the geomagnetic storm-triggered rapid loss of the
relativistic and ultra-relativistic electrons populated in the normal
outer-zone and the third temporary mid-zone of the Van Allen radiation belts. [24]
The current prevailing explanation for the dominant mechanisms of the sudden
losses of relativistic and ultra-relativistic electrons from the outer-zone and
the third temporary mid-zone of the Van Allen radiation belts is that
Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron (EMIC) waves may play a crucial role in the loss
of radiation belt electrons since Thorne and Kennel first proposed EMIC waves
mechanism in 1971. [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] However,
the recent study showed that EMIC waves mainly contribute to the loss
ultra-relativistic electrons while the relativistic electron population seems
to be unaffected. [35] The author believes that the above-mentioned explanations
for the dominant mechanisms of the storm-triggered rapid losses of the outer
belt high-energy electrons are superficial and do not reveal the true
underlying mechanisms and the essential nature behind the outer belt electron loss
phenomenon. Here the author proposed that the simplest explanation for the
phenomenon of the storm-triggered sudden losses of the outer belt high energy
electrons is the mechanism of nonequivalent mass-energy exchange between the
Sun and Earth. In this physical scenario, the vast majority of the lost outer
belt electrons are ultimately transported into the sun’s core through an
invisible pipe-like sun-earth connected giant electromagnetic bond that
contains a large number of bidirectional-flowing electromagnetic particle
streams that are always in a dynamic process of frequently intercutting and
mutually entangling status on every step of their oppositely moving forward. Therefore,
the electrons that disappeared from the outer Van Allen radiation belt are
transmitted to the sun’s core in the form of the earth-ejected
sunward-streaming lepton-energy jets and these terrestrial-sourced electrons
will be used by the sun as a part of the precursor materials for the sun to
synthesize various baryonic particles and various heavy nuclei in its core by
using the so-called new physical mechanism of the solar magnetic field-confined
and the solar-planetary dual magnetic fields co-energized and the
solar-planetary dual-sourced particles colliding—this is the correct particle-astrophysical
mechanism for the sun to produce its energy while synthesizing various heavy
and even superheavy metal elements in its core, rather than the traditionally
believed hydrogen-fueled nuclear fusion reaction mechanism. Meanwhile, only a small
fraction of the low, medium and high-energy electrons contained in the inner
belt and the short-lived temporary electron storage ring lost to the earth’s
atmosphere in the form of electron precipitation which can manifest as the
gamma-ray triggered upper atmospheric lightening. However, such a simple
explanation about the losses of the outer belt electrons cannot help scientists
to comprehensively and deeply understand the dominant mechanisms involving the
storm-triggered outer-belt electron loss, to do so, we must radically
revolutionize our understandings about the processes, mechanisms and the
channel paths involving the generation, acceleration, transmutation, and
transportation of the Van Allen belts-storage protons, antiprotons, electrons,
and positrons that have been detected by both the NASA’s twin Van Allen probes
in high altitude orbits and the ISS-mounted AMS-02 in low altitude orbit. According
to the author’s new model, the different species of the leptonic and baryonic
particles occurring in the Van Allen radiation belts should have different
sources of origin as described as the following:
(1). There
are basically three sources of the belts-populated electrons and the two
sources of the belt-populated positrons. (a) The first source of the belt
electrons is produced by the mechanism of the photodisintegration of the
hydrogen atoms in the earth’s hydrogen shell. (b) The second source of the belt
electrons is produced by the mechanism of the creation and annihilation of
proton-antiproton pair in the heart of Van Allen radiation belts. (c) The third
source of the belt electrons is produced by the mechanism of the solar
electrons being trapped by the earth’s magnetic field. In comparison, (a) The
first source of the belt positron is produced by the mechanism of the
above-mentioned creation and annihilation of proton-antiproton pair in the
heart of Van Allen radiation belts. (b) The second source of the belt positrons
is produced by the mechanism of particle charge-conversion of the earth’s
magnetic field.
(2). There
are basically two sources of the belt-populated protons and the one source of
the belt-populated antiprotons.
To achieve a comprehensive understand of
the processes and their associated physical mechanisms involving the generation
of these leptonic and baryonic particles, the author will provide the brief
descriptions as follows:
(1)
The three dominant sources of the Van Allen radiation belt-contained electrons
and their corresponding generation mechanisms: (a) the source-1 is the terrestrial
source, which is also the largest source. The dominant mechanism to create the
terrestrial-sourced electrons is photodisintegration of hydrogen atoms
contained in earth’s hydrogen shell nestled above the earth’s helium shell. As
is explained earlier in chapter 2, the earth’s hydrogen shell marks the last
step of the uranium-hydrogen decay chain which operated in regions starting
from the earth’s core to its hydrogen shell in upper atmosphere, with the
hydrogen-1 isotope being the terminal product produced in the uranium-hydrogen
decay chain. Above hydrogen shell, the earth-based quantum evaporation process
geos from atomic scale to subatomic scale, at which the hydrogen isotope of
hydrogen-1 in the hydrogen shell will be further disintegrated into protons and
electrons by photodisintegration. In this physical scenario, the solar
gamma-rays of ultra-high energy will cause the highly ionized hydrogen atoms in
hydrogen shell to be completely disintegrated into energetic protons and
electrons. Because the hydrogen atoms contained in the earth’s hydrogen shell
come from the earth’s constituent hydrogen atoms, therefore, the protons and
electrons originated from the photodisintegration of the terrestrial-originated
hydrogen atoms are then called the terrestrial protons (T-proton) and
terrestrial electrons (T-electron), in comparing with the solar-sourced protons
(S-proton) and solar-sourced electrons (S-electron). In this physical scenario,
the most of the terrestrial protons will unstoppably move up into the regions
of earth’s protonosphere and/or the regions of the entire inner-zone of Van
Allen radiation belts, while the mass majority of the terrestrial electrons
will move up into the earth’s electronosphere, or the entire region of both the
inner and outer Van Allen belts (most the outer belt). However, the mechanism
by which the terrestrial protons and terrestrial electrons are energized and
accelerated is operated in heart of the inner and outer Van Allen belts since
the magnitude of the strength of the geomagnetic field is much stronger in the
inner-zone of the geomagnetosphere than the outer-zone of the geomagnetosphere.
This is the reason why the NASA’s twin Van Allen probes helped scientists find
the local acceleration mechanism operating in the heart of the inner and outer
belts. This mechanisms can naturally explain the storm-induced formation of the
third new temporary electron storage ring. In this physical scenario, when the
solar flares or CMEs events occur, the solar energy input will increase sharply
and dramatically, according to the third and fourth suggested laws of
star-planet coevolution, the amount of the hydrogen atoms nestled in hydrogen
shell that are photodisintegrated disintegrated into protons and electrons by
photodisintegration will be sharply increased to many orders of magnitude
during the geomagnetic storm than in the nonstrom time, the process of which
will significantly increase the combined populations of terrestrial protons and
terrestrial electrons in the inner belt. Since total the populations of
terrestrial protons and terrestrial electrons increase dramatically during the
storm time, it will naturally create the third new temporary high-energy
electron-storage ring emerged in mid-zone between the inner and outer belts.
Meanwhile, combined effects of the abruptly increased total amount of
terrestrial protons and terrestrial electrons, and also the dramatically
increased total amount of the solar-sourced protons and solar-sourced electrons
and the intensified process of the creation of proton-antiproton pair in the
heart of Van Allen radiation belts, it will cause the total volume of the
entire region of the Van Allen belts to swell to many times bigger than its
normal volume in nonstorm time. For this reason, the author concluded that the
largely increased populations of protons and electrons nestled in the inner
belt and the third new temporary belt should be the so-called terrestrial
electrons and the terrestrial protons respectively, rather than the
solar-sourced protons and the solar-sourced electrons. The largely increased
solar-sourced protons and solar-sourced electrons only account for the swollen
of the outer belt, while the highly increased fluxes of the
bidirectional-flowing earth-sun dual-sourced protons and electrons and the
highly intensified process of proton-antiproton pair formation and annihilation
can successfully explain the mechanism of the temporal fusion of the inner and
outer belts. (b) The source-2 belt-contained electrons, the second source of the
belt-contained electrons is the solar source, this solar electron source is
created by two dominant mechanisms, the first mechanism is called the direct
solar wind-carrying electron penetration or the primary solar electron source
by which the solar wind-carrying electrons can penetrate the geomagnetosphere
and enter the outer and inner Van Allen belts. The second mechanism is called
the indirect secondary solar hot neutron decay source, in the second physical
scenario, the solar-sourced hot neutrons ejected from the highly energized
nuclei of various heavy atoms in the sub-transitional layers of photosphere,
including the heavy nuclei of radioactive iron isotopes, neon isotopes, calcium
isotopes, oxygen isotopes, etc., can rapidly decay into protons and electrons
(may be in few seconds) through the as-yet known new mode of the so-called “rapid
solar hot neutron beta decay” or the inter-solar-planetary space-operated rapid
hot solar neutron beta decay process (R-β-decay). (c) the electron source-3, the third source of the
belt-contained electrons is created by the local mechanism, called the
solar-terrestrial dual-sourced and solar-terrestrial dual magnetic fields
co-energized proton-antiproton pair creation and annihilation. This mechanism
is based on an assumption of a new particle-astrophysical mechanism—which is
termed as the geomagnetic field-enabled charge-converting mechanism. In this
new physical scenario, the solar proton can be plausibly converted into the “antiproton
of the terrestrial proton” when the axial spin direction of the solar protons
are forced to be changed to the opposite direction when captured by the earth’s
magnetic field, this so-called intrinsic charge-conversion mechanism of the
earth (every planetary magnetic field has the charge-conversion function) is
the root cause that leads to the creation of short-lived proton-antiproton pair
in the heart of Van Allen radiation belts—which is also the dominant mechanism
of creating the positron population in the inner belt that are first detected
by the ISS-mounted AMS-02.
(2)
For the source of the positrons detected by AMS-02, there should be two
dominant sources and their associated mechanisms involving in the creation of
the positron population in Van Allen radiation belts, the first source is solar
positron transporting process and the second source is the cascade
proton-antiproton pair decaying process or the follow cascade symbolic
expression:
(P﹢P﹣) → (k﹢k﹣) → (π﹢π﹣) →(μ﹢μ﹣) →(e﹢e﹣) →(γγ)
(3) For the various belt-contained nuclei heavier
than the isotope of hydrogen-1, there should be only one source—the solar
source. This means that all kinds of nuclei, including the helium, lithium,
beryllium, boron, carbon, calcium, neon, and iron, that were detected in the
Van Allen belts by AMS-02 or the NASA’s twin Van Allen probes can only come
from the solar winds. The reason for why the belt-contained heavy nuclei cannot
originate from Earth is that all atomic nuclei of terrestrial origin would have
already decayed into hydrogen-1 isotope below the altitude of hydrogen shell.
This is also the same reason why the inner Van Allen belt contains virtually no
helium nuclei or alpha particles. For this reason, the author concluded that
the general moving direction of all kinds of nuclei heavier-than-helium in the
Van Allen radiation belts is the earth, while the main moving direction of the
mass majority of relativistic and ultra-relativistic electrons in the belts is
the sun while only a much smaller percentage of high-energy electrons in the belts
move down to the earth in the forms of electron precipitation, gamma-ray, X-ray
that act as an triggering force to induce the formation of upper atmospheric
lightening.
In the
normal nonstorm time, the rate of the generation of the high-energy electrons
in both inner and outer belts and the rate of loss these electrons are in
dynamically equilibrium state, however, during the storm period, such an
equilibrium can be broken, when the first sudden increase in the solar input,
the rate of the generation of the high-energy electrons by the dominant
mechanism of the creation and annihilation of the proton-antiproton pairs in
the heart of the Van Allen radiation belts get intensified, which leads to a
sudden increasing in the population of high energy electrons and also leads to
a sudden increase in the radiation pressure in the heart of the Van Allen
radiation belts. The combined effects of the sudden increased electron
population and radiation pressure will not only cause the formation of the new
third temporary high-energy electron storage ring but also cause the entire Van
Allen radiation belts to expand to many times bigger than its normal size
during the nonstorm time. When the secondary interplanetary shock wave striking
on the outer edge of the earth’s magnetosphere, it will increase the average
aperture of the electron-jet-ejection gate that distributed on the surface of
the earth’s magnetosheath much wider, which will effectively result in the
increases in both the flux of the outer-streaming electron jets and the energy
density of the earth-ejected sunward-streaming electromagnetic
wave-energy-carrying lepton-energy jet, thus the sudden losses of the outer
belt electrons. The reason for the new third temporary high-energy storage ring
disappear first and then followed by the outer belt electrons depletion is that
the vast majority of the high-energy electrons contained in the inner belt and
the third new electron storage ring are always moving outward into the outer
belt to refill the pool of outer belt electrons while the outer belt electrons
are constantly moving outward towards the direction of the sun’s core, this is
the reason why the source of the third new electron storage ring gets exhausted
first, and then the depletion of the outer belt electrons took place a little
bit later because no more electron of the third electron storage ring available
to refill the pool of the outer belt electrons. In this sense, understanding
the mechanism of nonequivalent mass-energy exchange between the sun and the earth
is the basic premise in the understanding of the dominant mechanisms of the
geomagnetic storm-triggered rapid losses of the outer belt electrons and the
gradual depletion of the electrons contained in both inner belt and the third
new electron storage ring.
Generally speaking, the deep understanding
of the underlying mechanisms and essential nature behind the phenomenon of the
belt electrons loss requires a comprehensive understanding the core ideas of
the theory of star-planet coevolution (see contents of chapter 2). In
particular, we must understand how and why the entire region of the Van Allen
radiation belts can function as a baryonic particle crusher and accelerator,
proton-antiproton pair creator and annihilator, and the generator of the
earth-ejected sunward-streaming electromagnetic wave-energy-carrying
lepton-energy jets that will be injected into the sun’s core to be used by the
sun as a part of precursor materials to directly synthesize the various
next-generation heavy and superheavy metal elements as the constituent elements
of the sun-core-gestated mass-growing embryonic metallic karyospheres—the
sun-core-gestated mass-growing next-generation planetary embryos.
§3.8 Explanation for the mechanism of how a
huge energy can be pre-stored in the nucleus of the today’s constituent atoms
Why is there so much energy stored in
the atomic nucleus? Different mechanisms of elemental origin give us different
answers. The classical explanations offered three major mechanisms of how a
huge amount of energy is being generated and pre-stored in the nuclei of atoms.
The big-bang nucleosynthesis (primordial nucleosynthesis) supposedly
synthesized nucleons and the lightest three elements, hydrogen, helium and
lithium, so the generation and precharge of the nuclear energy in the atomic
nuclei of hydrogen, helium and lithium were supposedly done by big bang
nucleosynthesis; the following two mechanisms of stellar nucleosynthesis and
supernova explosion altogether supposedly synthesized all the natural chemical
elements heavier than lithium and lighter than uranium. The common point of
these three types of the mechanisms of the generation and precharge of the
nuclear energy in atomic nuclei is that planets do not participate in the
star-core-based processes of synthesizing various elements, so the process of
the precharge of nuclear energy of atoms has nothing to do with planets. Therefore,
the three classical mechanisms involving in the origin of elements and the
precharge of nuclear energy can be collectively referred to as
non-coevolutionary mechanism of the nuclear energy precharge. The theory of
star-planet coevolution, however, holds that the masses and energies contained
within the atomic nuclei of the earth’s constituent atoms are given by the
parent planets and the parent star of
last generation through the universal mechanism of star-planet co-energized and
the stellar magnetic field-confined dual-sourced particle colliding, just like
the current sun-core-operated elemental synthesizing mechanism that is essentially
the sun-planet co-energized and the solar magnetic field-confined dual-sourced
particle colliding—the mechanism by which the constituent elements of
next-generation terrestrial planets are now synthesized in the sun’s core. Therefore,
the author named this stellar magnetic field-confined but star-planet
co-energized and star-planet dual-sourced particle colliding mechanism as “the
cyclically repeated two-generation star-planet co-operated elemental synthesis
and nuclear energy pre-charging mechanism”. In order to better understand how
the above-suggested new physical mechanism works, we’d better use the current
earth-sun system, as a verifiable or falsifiable example, to explain how the
earth (as well as all other planets in the solar system) and the sun are
working together to co-synthesize the nest-generation elements of forming the
sun-core-gestated embryonic metallic karyospheres—the highly-condensed
actinides-dominant metallic planetary embryos of the next-generation planets.
In this physical scenario, there exists a flux of lance-shaped earth-ejected
sunward-streaming highly-magnetized hadron-lepton-mixed matter jets that are
constantly being injected into the sun’s core where the earth-ejected energetic
hadron-lepton-mixed jets (together with other planet-ejected subnucleonic
particle jets) collide with the plasmatic matter particles of the sun under the
magnetic confinement of the solar magnetic field force, which could directly
synthesize various heavy and superheavy elements in the sun’s core. As the
sun-core-gestated embryonic metallic karyospheres are always in all-directional
spin-flip-synchronized motion, the freshly synthesized elemental atoms can be
evenly condensed on the bodies of the sun-core-gestated metallic karyospheres
which shapes the planetary embryos into round ball-like body, the mechanism of
which is therefore called the even mass-coating mechanism (EMCM). So, the
sun-core-based process of synthesizing the next-generation heavy elements does
not mean that the sun can independently use its own matter and energy to
synthesize the next-generation heavy elements of forming next-generation
planets, but rather, the sun-core-operated mechanism of synthesizing heavy
elements is co-created and co-energized by both the sun and its orbiting
planets and the raw materials (in the form of pre-nucleonic matter jets) for
synthesizing next-generation elements actually come from both the sun’s
interior and its orbiting planets. In other words, the component matters and
component energies of the nuclei of the elemental atoms of the current earth
come from both the parent stars and planets of the earth by following the rule
of double-sourced matter-energy hybridization and double-sourced celestial
matter-gene inheritance.
When the energy density of the
earth-ejected spirally sunward-streaming hadron-lepton-mixed matter jets reach
a critical level, the jet head(s) can perforate a cluster of vortex-like holes
on the surface of the sun’s photoshere which emerge as sunspots, so, even
though the sunspots occur right on the sun’s photosphere, but the spirally
called photosphere During the 11-year solar cycle, when the orbital
configuration of the Earth, Venus and Jupiter reach the maximum alignment, the
earth-ejected sunward-streaming lance-shaped subnucleonic matter jets would be
supposed with the Venus-ejected and Jupiter-ejected matter jets which form an
energy-amplified resultant planetary matter-energy jets which could perforate
more numbers of vortex holes on the surface of the sun’s photoshere emerging as
more numbers of sunspots with averagely bigger diameter size. So, when the
magnetic fields’ energies of macroscopic celestial bodies (star and planet) are
being confined within the microscopic bodies of the nuclei of atoms through the
coevolutionary mechanism of stellar magnetic confined but star-planet’s double
magnetic fields co-energized and the star-planet’s double-sourced subnucleonic
matter jets colliding, so, imagine, when the celestial-leveled
gravity-electromagnetic energy-carrying matter jets are being condensed into
such a corpuscular nuclei of atoms, the energy density of the nuclei of atoms
would be inevitably increased up to billions of billions fold as that of the
energy density of the magnetic field energy of the celestial bodies, this why,
the intensity of the gravito-electromagnetic binding/unbinding energy of the
nucleus of an atom can be billions of billions of times stronger than that of
the electromagnetic energy of a celestial body. And the intensity of the strong
nuclear force produced by the corresponding high-density nuclear binding energy
can be billions of billions of times higher than that of the electromagnetic
force of its corresponding celestial body.
In the chapter 5, I will use the core
ideas and some of my suggested suggested laws, principles and mechanisms as
well as my invented notions, including the concepts of the
Double-Holes-Structured Dual-Energies Conversion System in which it runs the
unified physical mechanism of the conversion of the dualistic energies (the photo-thermal
quantum-evaporation and bond-breaking energy and the dark-cold
quantum-condensation and bond-forming energy) and the cosmic subquantum
etheric-leveled electromagnetic streams-intercutting and entangling web, to
develop a potentially omnipotent theory of new astro-particle physics.
§3.9 A new explanation of the origin and
retention of the earth’s water
The
various current prevailing theories concerning the origin of the terrestrial
water are based on the foundations of the solar nebular theory and the Big Bang
cosmology-based theory of the origin of elements. However, if the solar nebular
theory and the big bang cosmology were proved wrong, then all the theories
concerning the origin of the terrestrial water that were developed on the bases
of the two theories would be naturally proved wrong. Here, the author would
like to proposed a totally new explanation about the origin of the terrestrial
water based on the foundation of the new theory of the origin and evolution of
the solar system—the theory of star-planet coevolution—which holds that the
earth, as a daughter product or a originally highly condensed and highly
radioactive metallic karyosphere, originated from a stellar merger event that
must happened at least 10 billion years ago. In this physical scenario, when
two component stars of a parent binary system began to merge, one of the
component star, called the female-mother-natured component would eject all its
core-gestated massively matured metallic karyospheres into the circumstellar
space, giving birth to a clutch of new generation planets, while in the same
time, the collapsing plasma shell of the female component star would merge with
the male component star to form the young sun. This means that the young earth
was originally made up of mainly superheavy radioactive elements and covered by
a thin layer of iron-nickel alloy, with so little oxygen and hydrogen that are
no enough to form a large amount of liquid water in today’s ocean volume. The
large amount of the earth’s constituent oxygen and hydrogen atoms occurring on
today’s earth are the results of the fourth suggested law of star-planet coevolution,
which says that the planet-based process of elemental transmutation follows a
mass-energy decay law or heavy-to-light trend. This means that the oxygen and
hydrogen largely occurring on earth should be the results of the decay of the
heavy and superheavy metal elements through various known and yet-known models
of radioactive decay and the various modes of nonradioactive gradual elemental
transmutations. In other words, the oxygen and hydrogen atoms were created in
situ on earth by the sun-earth interaction-enabled mass-decaying trended
process of elemental transmutation, and in the same time when the terrestrial
oxygen and terrestrial hydrogen atoms are created on earth in the macroscopic
evolutionary process of the earth, the water molecules can be naturally created
by the various ways of chemical reaction. So, to understand the process of the
origin of the terrestrial water, one must understand the process of how the
terrestrial oxygen and terrestrial hydrogen atoms can be created in situ on
earth (see relative contents in chapter 2). The following two tips can be
helpful for someone to understand the mechanisms of the creation of both the
terrestrial oxygen and terrestrial hydrogen while understanding the core ideas
of the fourth suggested law of star-planet coevolution.
Tip-1:
One of the biggest flaws in current ozone cycle theory is that the ozonesphere
is understood as a closed oxygen cycle system which has no constant supplement
of fresh oxygen atoms coming from the photodissocation of water molecules and
no constant loss of decaying oxygen atoms that are being fragmented into
lighter nuclei of the isotopes of helium and hydrogen that are believed to
stream upward into regions of helium shell and hydrogen shell.
Tip-2,
One of the biggest flaws in the current theories concerning the origin of terrestrial
water is their erroneous assumption that the two components elements of the
water molecules, oxygen and hydrogen atoms had already been existed in the
solar nebular before the initial formation of the proto-earth, in this physical
scenario, the terrestrial oxygen and terrestrial hydrogen atoms are
misunderstood as either being the parts of the precursor raw materials forming
the proto-earth by the mechanism of so-called gravitational accretion or the
out-sourced water-delivering mechanism via comet and meteor impacts, instead of
being considereded as the results of the earth-based mass-decay-trended
elemental transmutation—the daughter products of the uranium-hydrogen chained
elemental transmutation.
Tip-3, based on core idea of the fourth
suggested law of star-planet coevolution, the author here proposed an experimental
test to test his new theory of so-called “the bond-promoting hydration effect or
the bond-promoting oxygenation effect”. The method is like this, in the environment
of the liquid water, the some of the light gaseous elements like nitrogen, and
carbon, can gradually transmute into oxygen through the putative mechanism of
chemical bond-promoted beta-minus/plus-alternated decay chain, the process of
which is called the bond-promoting hydration effect or the bond-promoting
oxygenation effect. In this hypothetical physical scenario, if experimentalists
put certain amount of amino acids in pure water with a large enough fine-sealed
water tank and bury this water tank in deep ground for at least ten years or
longer (just like the ancient Chinese doctor did), then the results may show
that the amino acid molecules may disappear and a certain portions of the
nitrogen and carbon atoms that originally existed in the form of amino acids
may be very likely to have transmuted into oxygen atoms and the whole tank of
amino acid contained solution may magically become a tank of pure water.
To
reveal the mystery of the origin of the terrestrial water we must first
understand the exact mechanisms and processes of how the two constituent
elements of a water molecule, the terrestrial oxygen and terrestrial hydrogen, occur
abundantly on the earth, if the mechanism of the creation and transmutation of
the terrestrial oxygen and terrestrial hydrogen atoms were discovered, then the
mystery of the origin of the terrestrial water will be naturally solved.
Logically, the premise to understand the mechanism of the origin and retention
of the earth’s water is to discover the correct theory concerning the formation
and evolution of the Solar System. In other words, if the current-accepted
theory about the origin of the solar system and the current cosmological theory—the
Big Bang hypothesis were proved wrong, then all the hypothetical models and
theories about the origin of the terrestrial water would be fundamentally
incorrect.
There
are two currently accepted hypothetical ideas about the origin of the earth’s
water, the first one is the outer-sourced water-delivering hypothesis and the
second is the in-situ chemical reaction and degassing hypothesis. The
out-source water-delivering hypothesis holds that much of the water on earth
was delivered by comet and meteor impacts; while the in-situ degassing
hypothesis holds that most of earth’s water came from chemical reactions within
the planet’s interior and escape to the earth’s surface by degassing. Both two
ideas were developed on a same basic assumption that water molecules and its
constituent elements (oxygen and hydrogen) had already existed in the cloud of
the solar nebular before the formation of the sun and the planets. Of the two
components of the water molecules, the hydrogen is said to be synthesized
mainly by synthesized by Big Bang nucleosynthesis and the oxygen is said to be
synthesized in the cores of the second-generation stars by stellar
nucleosynthesis of the so-called CNO-cycle. The Big Bang cosmology holds that
after the big bang event happened, the universe only has three minutes to
synthesize elements, therefore, the process of the primordial big bang
nucleosynthesis could only produce the lightest three elements, hydrogen,
helium and lithium. Oxygen is said to be created much later in massive
second-generation stars by stellar-nucleosynthesis. So, the big bang cosmology
and the solar nebular theory generally present us with such a picture that
before the initial formation of the solar system, the two elements of water
molecules together with all other necessary elements forming the sun and the
planets had already been there in the cloud of gas and dust, with which the
most abundant two elements—hydrogen and helium were used by our universe to
form the sun while much of the less heavy metal elements and some volatiles
were used to create inner terrestrial planets while the most of hydrogen,
helium and volatiles left by the sun were used to create the outer Jovian
planets. The theory of star-planet coevolution rejects all the fundamental
ideas given by the big bang cosmology and the solar nebular theory and holds
that the microscopic quantum-physical processes of the creation and
transmutation various known and yet-known elements that form various celestial
bodies are totally synchronized with the macroscopic astrophysical processes of
the formation and evolution of the planet-bearing stellar systems. If we use
the uranium occurring on earth to represent all other transuranic elements as
the starting element of the uranium-hydrogen transmutation chain and the
isotope of the hydrogen-1 as the end product or terminal product produced on
the uranium-hydrogen chain, then, the planet-based processes of elemental
transmutation is governed by the mass-decay law or following the
uranium-to-hydrogen trend with the hydrogen being the end product while the
star-core-based processes of elemental transmutation is governed by the
mass-increasing law (mass-gaining law) or follows the proton-to-uranium trend,
with the uranium being the end product. In other words, the two constituent
elements—oxygen and hydrogen—occurring on the earth must be generally
considered to be the daughter or grand-daughter products that are produced on
the uranium-to-hydrogen directed elemental transmutation chain by the suggested
law of the earth-based mass-decay-trended elemental transmutation. This means
that the creation and transmutation of oxygen and hydrogen atoms must first be
considered as the results of the sun-earth-interaction-based quantum-physical
processes summarized as the suggested law of planet-based mass-decay-trended
elemental transmutation.
From
the points of the theory of star-planet, there are two fundamental flaws
contained the big bang cosmology and the solar nebular theory that are
philosophically absurd and physically impossible, the first one is that the
macroscopic astrophysical process of the evolution of the solar system is not
considered to be synchronized with the quantum-physical processes of the
creation and transmutation of the constituent elements of the earth and the
sun, which is referred to as the problem of non-macro-microscopic
incorporation. This means that the macroscopic process of the formation and
evolution of the earth is not being incorporated with the microscopic
quantum-physical processes of the creation and transmutation of the earth’s
constituent elements, after all, the macroscopic process of the formation and
evolution of the earth should be considered to be the integrative results of
the collective creations and transmutation of the earth’s constituent elements.
The second flaw is that the process of the evolution of the sun and of the
earth are misunderstood as two separate and independent processes which yield
such a ridiculous picture in which the planet earth and other outer jovian planets
can still exist after the sun would have died down, the problem of which is
here referred to as the problem of non-coevolution of star and planet. After
all, according to the theory of star-planet coevolution, the solar system as a
whole is essentially a holistic coevolutionary system in which the sun and its
orbiting planets must coevolve by performing the physical activities of the
bilateral and non-equivalent matter-energy exchange between them. Here we found
that the origin of the terrestrial water can be readily explained within the
frame of the theory of star-planet coevolution by invoking the least
assumptions and few suggested fundamental laws, principles, and mechanisms that
can also be used to explain all other solar cycle-related natural phenomena.
The
theory of star-planet coevolution holds that the earth, like every other solar
system’s planets, was originally a star-core-gestated embryonic metallic
karyosphere that grows in mass in the core of its mother star (the female
planetary embryonic karyosphere-gestated component of the parent binary system)
by a potential mechanism of even-mass coating, and was later being ejected out
to become a juvenile planet as a daughter product produced by the mechanism of
stellar-merger-caused ejection of embryonic metallic karyospheres, the elements
that are being electromagnetically coated on the bodies of star-core-gestated
embryonic metallic karyosphere are various heavy and superheavy metal elements
than can be directly synthesized in cores of all sun-like stars by a potential “coevolutionary”
mechanism of what I called the star-planet’s double magnetic fields
co-energized and the stellar magnetic field-confined double-sourced subatomic
matter jets (hadron-lepton-mixed jets) colliding. This newly suggested physical
mechanisms for synthesizing heavy metal elements and forming high density
metallic planetary embryos in star core imply that the newborn juvenile earth
was once a fast-spinning compact metallic ball with a strong magnetic field.
And the initial chemical structure of the newborn baby earth is very different
from that of today’s geochemically evolved earth, the core of the early
juvenile earth should be made predominately of some yet-known ultraheavy
meganuclear elements (UMEs) that the nucleonic number of such hypothetical
core-forming UMEs may reach up to ten thousands or even millions and their
dominant decay mode should be neutron scattering and their radioactivity must
be extremely high and their spectroscopic color should silver-white much like
mercury. The mantle of the juvenile earth should be made mainly of
super-superheavy transuranic elements that their nucleonic number may reach up
to thousands and their dominant decay modes must be heavy-cluster emission and
asymmetric nuclear fission. The crust of the baby earth should be made of
iron-nickel alloy topped with a thin layer of iron oxides, and there was no
silicate and no water in the crust of the baby earth simply because that the
most of the less heavy metal elements occurring on today’s earth, like
magnesium, sulfur, iron, and silicon etc, were created originally from the
heavy-cluster emission or super-asymmetric nuclear fission of the
mantle-forming super-superheavy transuranic elements as a series of daughter or
grand-daughter products. And of course, the newborn juvenile earth should not
have its atmosphere simply because that all the gaseous elements like nitrogen,
oxygen, helium, and hydrogen, were originally produced as daughter or
grand-daughter products on the uranium-to-hydrogen chained elemental
transmutation. This means that the space between the solid surface and the
magnetosphere of the juvenile earth was once a vacuum space which was filled
with energetic subatomic particles that were co-energized by the double magnetic
energies of the magnetic fields of the sun and earth (the principle of
star-planet co-energizing). As the geochemical evolution of the juvenile earth
is progressing, much of the heavy, less heavy metal elements and light gaseous
elements (Z number from 82 to1) were created by process of mass-decay-trended
element transmutation, the process of which is said to be governed by the
fourth suggested law of star-planet coevolution, which says that for any given
planet-bearing single star system like our solar system, the quantum-physical
process of planet-based elemental transmutation obeys the mass-decay law or
follow a heavy-to-light trend. In this quantum-physical scenario, all the
superheavy transuranic elements .would ultimately transmute into the lightest hydrogen
by various known and unknown modes of radioactive and non-radioactive decay
(the classical uranium-lead chain has been extended all the way to the hydrogen
in the theory of star-planet coevolution), with the isotope of hydrogen-1 being
the terminal product produced on the uranium-hydrogen chain. After hydrogen—the
free energetic hydrogen atoms in the hydrogen shell in earth’s upper
atmosphere, the earth’s particle transmutation goes into subatomic level to
subatomic level, the process of which is then called the proton decay phase in
which the terrestrial protons that derived from the highly ionized hydrogen
atoms in hydrogen shell caused by cosmic ray-caused photodisintegration would
be electromagnetically pulled upward into the inner zone of Van Allen radiation
belt where the succeeding processes of proton decaying to mesons and then
mesons decay to muons begins.
The
general dynamical picture of the earth-based mass-decay-trended elemental transmutation
can be roughly classified into three succeeding phases in which the
core-forming ultraheavy meganuclear elements (UMEs) would transmute into
less-heavier mantle-forming super-superheavy transuranic elements by a dominant
mode of all-directional neutron scattering, which in turn, the super-superheavy
mantle-forming elements would continuously transmute into super-heavy or
ordinary heavy metal elements by two dominant modes of superheavy nuclei
emission and nuclear fission, and the superheavy mantle-forming elements would
transmute into ordinary heavy crust-forming metal elements by the two dominant
modes of alpha and beta plus/minus-alternated decay and ultimately, the
crust-forming heavy and less-heavy metal and non-metal elements would transmute
into light gaseous atmospheric elements by three dominant modes, of which the
bond-caused mass-decay-trended nuclear transmutation which include bond-caused
nuclear fission and the bond-caused beta minus/plus alternated decay series,
and the cosmic ray spallation. Note that the bond-caused mass-decay nuclear transmutation is a
hypothetical mechanism introduced on the base of the principle of tunnel-bond
duality or channel-bond duality, in this physical scenario, take iron oxide for
example, a molecule of an iron oxide is a molecular-scaled coevolutionary system
in which the oxygen atoms and an the iron atoms must co-transmute by the
mechanism of bilateral and non-equivalent matter-energy exchange, an oxygen
with a higher electronegativity while an iron atom with a lower
electronegativity, such a difference in electronegativity enable an oxygen atom
to gradually absorb more amount of matter-energy from its bonding iron atom
than that of the matter-energy it
transferred to the iron atom, which implies that the oxygen atom will gain
mass-energy while the iron atom will decrease in mass-energy, so an iron atom
that experienced a long-term of losing its matter-energy to its bonding oxygen
atom will inevitably lose its nuclear binding energy which will cause the
nucleus of an iron atom to transmute into different elements either by nuclear
fission or by beta decay, the mechanism of such a mineral ore formation is then
called in-situ elemental transmutation-caused mineral formation. This in-situ
occurred bond-caused elemental transmutation-resulted mineral formation
mechanism explains why in a piece of iron-dominant mineral, the metal element
that their atomic mass number near the iron are always piled together, for
example, in a piece of vanadium-iron mineral ore, iron oxide, nickel, cobalt
oxide, nickel oxide, manganese oxide, chromium oxide, vanadium oxide and
titanium oxide, always occur in an aggregation accumulation style
mineralization.
Inspired
by the fourth suggested law of star-planet coevolution and evidently supported
by the well-understood classical modes of radioactive decay and the intensive
studies on the heavy particle radioactivity (cluster radioactivity of
superheavy nuclei) in recent years, I came up with a conclusion that the most
of terrestrial elements that are lighter than uranium are actually the daughter
or granddaughter elements of the terrestrial uranium and superheavy transuranic
elements. And the uranium element itself must be the daughter originally
derived from its parent super-superheavy nuclei occurring in lower mantle by
the mode of uranium-cluster radioactivity or super-asymmetric nuclear fission,
in this physical scenario, the uranium-238 must be created as the heaviest
cluster emitted from its parent super-superheavy nuclei, or as the biggest
fragment created by super-asymmetric nuclear fission of super-superheavy
nuclei. The magnesium, iron, silicon must be less-heavier clusters or fragments
created either by heavy-cluster radioactivity or super-asymmetric nuclear
fission.
So,
the general picture of the earth-based succeeding processes of
mass-decay-trended elemental transmutation is that the core-forming ultraheavy
meganuclear elements (UMEs) decay into mantle-forming super-superheavy
transcopernicium elements by the dominant mode of neutron-scattering, and the
lower-mantle-forming super-superheavy transcopernicium would decay into
upper-mantle-forming super-heavy transuranic elements by dominant mode of
super-asymmetric nuclear fission, which in turn, the upper-mantle-forming
superheavy transuranic elements would decay into various crust-forming
elements, like actinide, sub-actinide, trans-lead, iron-family elements by two
dominant modes of heavy cluster emission and super-asymmetric nuclear fission.
In this quantum-physical scenario, the naturally occurring uranium-238 could be
considered to be the heaviest cluster emitted by super-superheavy
transcopernicium parent nuclei and, the process of which may be called
uranium-like heavy cluster radioactivity of supper-superheavy parent nuclei.
Or, uranium-238 can also be considered as the biggest fragment produced by
super-asymmetric fission of super-superheavy transuranic parent nuclei. And it
is also possible that uranium-238 was produced as a daughter of some superheavy
transuranic parent nuclei. In the follow-up succeeding process of heavy
particle radioactivity, the less-heavy isotopes like magnesium and silicon, and
the heavy isotopes like iron and nickel, would be the two most common groups of
clusters emitted from superheavy transuranic nuclei, with the Pb-208 being
daughter. And followed by the heavy cluster radioactivity, the
mass-decay-trended elemental transmutation goes to less-heavy cluster
radioactivity, in which process, the less heavy clusters like carbon, oxygen,
nitrogen, can be emitted from the trans-lead parent nuclei. The recent
intensive theoretical and experimental studies on heavy particle radioactive
and super-asymmetric fission of superheavy nuclei have provided a ever-stronger
evidence in support of my idea that most of the earth’s constituent elements
that are lighter than uranium should be derived originally from the uranium or
superheavy transuranium elements through short-cut one-step process and
long-term gradational multi-step processes, while uranium-238 itself must a
daughter product produced originally by two dominant decay modes of
uranic-cluster radioactivity and super-asymmetric fission of supper-superheavy
transcopernicium parent nuclei. This ideas has be supported by recent intensive
studies on heavy cluster radioactivity and super-asymmetric fission of
superheavy parent nuclei. [Sandulescu et al, 1980. Rose and Jones
1984. D.N. Poenaru, et al, 2011. K.P. Santhos, et al, 2014 and 2016. Han-Kui
Wang, et al, 2014. Zhang Y. L and Wang Y. Z, 2018. M Warda and A Zedeb 2018.]
However,
the modes of both heavy-cluster radioactivity and asymmetric fission of
superheavy parent nuclei in most cases can only produce unstable isotopes of
elements, rather than stable one. So, we need more systematic “energy-adjusting”
and “nucleon number-adjusting” modes of nuclear transmutation to help explain
how the various stable isotopes of the corresponding clusters are being created.
The five classical modes— neutron emission, alpha, beta minus/plus, gamma
decay, and internal transition, can be invoked as the known “energy-adjusting”
or “nucleon number-adjusting” processes to explain how a few kinds (not all
kinds) of unstable isotopes can transform into stable one. However, there is no
known mechanism or decay mode in current particle physics can be invoked to
explain how a stable isotope of an element X can transform into another stable
isotope of different element Y.
While
the current known modes of radioactive and non-radioactively decay can explain
the processes of radioactive decay operating on the uranium-lead chain, and
also, the mechanism of the formation of terrestrial hydrogen atoms in deep
crust can be explained by invoking neutron-emission from uranium-238 followed
by a beta-plus decay and a free electron capture while the mechanism of the
formation of helium atoms in deep crust can also be explained by invoking alpha
emission followed by double-electron-capture. But, unfortunately, all these
known mechanisms of nuclear transmutation can not systematically explain the
succeeding processes of how the most of the stable isotopes of the terrestrial
elements with Z＝82-1 can be created in-situ by some potential mechanisms based on
the earth-sun interaction, for example, how could the atoms of stable oxygen-16
and hydrogen-1 could be created here in-situ on earth by some unknown earth-sun
interaction-based new physics, this is essential to the understanding of the
origin of the terrestrial water and the origin of terrestrial life.
So,
it is obviously that we are lack of a more detailed systematically
micro-macro-unifying descriptions about the processes of how the sun-earth’s
gravito-electromagnetic interaction (or coevolutionary mechanism) could cause
the earth’s mantle-forming super-superheavy transcopernicium and transuranium
elements to gradually transmute into various medium heavy crust-forming metal
and non-metal elements and how the earth’s crust-forming metal elements could
gradually transmute into the light gaseous atmospheric elements. In the frame
of the theory of star-planet coevolution, the explanation about the mechanism
of the origin and transmutation of the solar and terrestrial elements become
much easier and simpler, the forth suggested-law of star-planet coevolution
implies that the various isotopes of uranium and transuranium elements
occurring on earth will ultimately transform to the isotope of hydrogen-1
through various known and yet-known modes of radioactive and non-radioactive
decay which is generally characterized by a mass-decay-trended elemental
transmutation. The lightest isotope of hydrogen-1 is being considered to be the
terminal or end product produced on the uranium-hydrogen chain.
Here,
I proposed a new mode of elemental transmutation which is called the
bond-enabled (bond-caused) beta minus/plus-alternated coupling decay series
based on my early suggested principle of tunnel-bond duality, which may help
explain the process of how a heavier stable element could transmutation into
another stable less-heavier element through the bond-mediated inter-atomic
matter-energy exchange between two chemically-bonded atoms (the suggested
mechanism of inter-atomic non-equivalent matter-energy exchange), we take a
molecular system of an iron oxide for example, the suggested quantum-physical
mechanism of the so-called bond-mediated non-equivalent matter-energy exchange
between two iron and three oxygen atoms would cause the oxygen-bonded iron
atoms to gradually lose their nuclear binding energy (or weakening in the
magnitude of the strong nuclear force) due to the mass-energy decay of the iron
nuclei, this is because that all oxygen atoms that generally have a higher
electro-negativity than that of iron atoms can always absorb more amount of
matter-energy from the nuclei of the oxygen-bound iron atoms than that of the
matter-energy that the oxygen atoms transferred from their nuclei to iron
nuclei. Thus, in any of an iron oxide molecule, an iron atom who loses keep
losing its matter-energy to its binding oxygen atoms would inevitably undergo a
nuclear mass-energy decay which, according to the Einstein’s principle of
mass-energy equivalence, the long-lasting mass-energy decay of an iron nucleus
would inevitably leads to the decay of its nuclear binding energy which leads
to the gradual weakening of its nuclear strong forces, the consequence of a
long-lasting decay of the nuclear binding energy or a long-lasting weakening of
the strong nuclear force of iron atom would inevitably leads to a beta decay or
nuclear fission of an aging iron atom, in this physical scenario, if the strong
nuclear force of an oxygen-bonded atom of iron-56 would decay to such a
critical level that its nuclear binding energy is not strong enough for an
iron-56 atom to exist for any further, and thus, such an “aging” iron atom will
inevitably undergo a beta-plus decay by which an atom of iron-56 would
transform into an atom of magnesium-56, which in turn, through the succeeding
processes of the bond-caused beta-minus/plus alternated decay, an atom of
magnesium that bonded with an oxygen atom could continually decay into an
different atom of chromium, and then an oxygen-bonded atom of chromium element
would continually decay into an atom of vanadium and so on. Or, through the
same mechanism of the bond-mediated non-equivalent matter-energy exchange
between oxygen atoms and iron atoms, in which the nuclear binding energy of
iron-56 atom may directly fission into two lighter atoms of silicon-28 if its
nuclear binding energy or nuclear strong force decays to a fission-required
critical level.
This
idea that every two-body or many-body consisted molecular system is essentially
a holistic coevolutionary system within which the bond-state elemental atoms
must coevolve by performing the bond-mediating bilateral (or multilateral) and
non-equivalent matter-energy exchange was derived originally from the suggested
universal macro-micro-unifying mechanism of the formation of the macroscopic
giant inter-celestial gravito-electromagnetic bond (gavtromagnetic
force-mediating bond) and microscopic inter-atomic electromagnetic bond
(chemical bond), and the idea of which was later be summarized as the
macro-micro-unifying fundamental principle of tunnel-bond duality (or the
principle of channel-bond duality).
Based
on the macro-micro-unifying principle of tunnel-bond duality, I further
proposed two supplement mechanisms to explain the quantum-physical processes of
how the unstable isotopes of various elements can gradually transform into
stable one, they are called the bond-caused (bond-enabled) beta
minus/plus-alternated coupling-decay and the bond-enabled
inter-isomeric-isotopic elemental transmutation respectively.
The
newly suggested mechanism of the formation of chemical bond holds that the physical
principle for a chemical bond to be formed between any two atoms is the
principle of orthogonal axial inter-sectional intercutting and entangling of
their magnetic field lines, in this physical scenario, the spin axes of two
atoms must be perpendicular to one another in order to maximize the physical
effect of the intercutting-and-entangling of their magnetic fields lines which
creates the most-balanced bidirectional-flowing electromagnetic particle
streams and then creates the highest magnitude of the electromagnetic-bonding
force possible and, because there are large number of bidirectional-flowing and
frequently intercutting-and-entangling electromagnetically-energized particle
streams, therefore, the bonding-force effect is just a superficial apparent physical
effect, under which the underlying physical nature of any inter-atomic
electromagnetic bond is the bilateral and non-equivalent matter-energy exchange
between the two bonding atoms and the matter-energy exchanging activity is then
realized through the bidirectional-flowing and frequently
intercutting-and-entangling electromagnetic particle streams. So, the physical implication of the
fundamental mechanism of the formation of chemical bond naturally yield
above-explained principle of tunnel-bond duality (or channel-bond duality),
which states that, every two-body or many-body contained molecular system is
essentially a holistic coevolutionary system that is operating in microscopic
world, within which any two bound-state atoms are coevolving by following the
principle of the bilateral and non-equivalent matter-energy exchange through
the bidirectional-flowing and frequently intercutting and entangling
electromagnetic particle streams that are moving back and forth between the two
nuclei of the bound atoms, the consequence of such an inter-atomic
non-equivalent matter-energy exchange is that an atom with relatively higher
electro-negativity will absorb more amount of matter-energy from the nucleus of
its bonding atom that has a relatively lower electro-negativity than that of
the matter-energy the atom with a higher electronegativity transferred to its
bonding atom with lower electronegativity and vice versa. Therefore, in any of
a molecular system of a metal oxide, an oxygen atom will always gain mass-energy
while the oxygen-bonded metal atom will always decrease in its mass-energy
scale which leads to the long-lasting loss of the nuclear binding energy of the
oxygen-bonded metal elemental atom, which the ultimately cause the metal atom
to undergo a nuclear transmutation either by bond-caused beta-minus/plus
alternated decay series or the bond-caused symmetric or asymmetric nuclear
fission.
In
other words, the suggested principle of tunnel-bond duality codifies an idea
that a chemical bond is not only an electromagnetic force-mediator, but also a
matter-energy exchanging channel through which the two chemically bonding atoms
are performing the bilateral and non-equivalent matter-energy exchange.
Sometimes, I the principle of tunnel-bond duality can be understood as a
suggested law of inter-atomic
matter-energy exchange, which states that for any two-body molecular system, an
elemental atom with higher electro-negativity will always absorb more amount
matter-energy from its bonding atom that has a relatively lower
electro-negativity and vice versa. In other words, the principle of tunnel-bond
duality or channel-bond duality regards a chemical bond as both an inter-atomic
electromagnetic force-mediator and an inter-atomic matter-energy exchange
channel simultaneously. So, the principle of tunnel-bond duality would
profoundly change our classical understanding about the concept of chemical
bond in which the chemical bond is misunderstood as only a (electromagnetic)
force-mediating structure by which the inter-atomic electromagnetic interaction
force is being mediated by a chemical bond. The principle of tunnel-bond
duality can explain why an atom of heavy metal element in a metal oxide would
eventually transform into a lighter metal element with its atomic number
reduced by one, or fission into two fragments of much lighter element. For
example, in a molecular system of an iron oxide, the oxygen atoms generally
have a higher electro-negativity relative to its bonding iron atoms, therefore,
an oxygen atom will always absorb more amount of matter-energy from its bonding
iron atom, over time, an oxygen atom keeps gaining its mass-energy scale while
an iron atom keeps losing its mass-energy scale, the physical consequence of
this non-equivalent matter-energy exchange between the oxygen atom and the iron
atom is that an iron atom who has experienced a long-term period of mass-energy
reduction would decrease in its mass-energy scale which manifests as a
continuous weakening of its nuclear binding energy or of weakening in its
nuclear strong force, the result is that an iron atom of long-term losing its
matter-energy to its bonding oxygen atom would ultimately undergo a beta-plus
decay to transform into a lighter atom of magnesium, which in turn, the
iron-derived magnesium atom who keep losing its matter-energy to its chemically
bonding oxygen atom would undergo beta-plus decay to transform into a even
lighter atom of vanadium and so on. This explains why in vanadium-titanium
mineral ore, the iron, magnesium, chromium, vanadium, titanium and other
lighter elements are always coalesced together. The mechanism of describing the
process of the formation mineral ores is then called the mechanism of in-situ
mineralization, in which process the bond-caused beta minus/plus alternated
decay series. This mechanism would enable an iron atom gradually transform into
magnesium, and magnesium gradually transform into chromium, and chromium
gradually transform into vanadium, and which in turn vanadium transform into
titanium and so on, the daughter and grand-daughter products produced on the
iron-titanium chain are essentially the results of the principle of tunnel-bond
duality (or channel-bond duality) and also the results of the mechanism of
bond-caused (bond-enabled) beta minus/plus alternated decay series. This
mechanism can also explain why an atom of magnesium-24 that is bonded with
oxygen for a long time would naturally fission into two carbon-12, or an atom
of silicon who has been bonded with oxygen for long time would ultimately fission
into carbon-14.
The
origin of the terrestrial oxygen and terrestrial hydrogen
The
reason I put a word “terrestrial” in front of oxygen and hydrogen is because
that the oxygen and hydrogen occurring on earth are different in chemical
property from that of oxygen and hydrogen occurring on the earth’s moon (called
lunar oxygen and lunar hydrogen) and other planets in the solar system based on
a radical idea of so-called the principle of atomic matter-gene inheritance,
which holds that the terrestrial oxygen and terrestrial hydrogen derived
originally from the terrestrial transuranium and terrestrial trans-lead
elements by various known and yet-known modes of the earth-sun’s
interaction-caused nuclear transmutation, the process of which is essentially
activated and energized by both the solar-sourced neutrino-carrying electromagnetic
waves (also called the mechanism of neutrino-wave-caused nuclear activation or
neutrino-wave vibration of nucleonic bond) and the solar cosmic ray striking.
While the lunar oxygen and lunar hydrogen derived originally from the lunar
transuranium and lunar trans-lead elements by lunar-solar interaction-caused
nuclear transmutation. This means that the terrestrial oxygen and terrestrial hydrogen
have different atomic matter-gene from that of the lunar oxygen and lunar hydrogen,
which explains why the lunar iron can not chemically react with terrestrial
oxygen to form a lunar-iron and terrestrial-oxygen hybridized chemical
compound.
Based
on ideas expressed by the suggested laws, mechanisms and principles in
chapter-3, we can readily explain how the constituent elements of water
molecule—the terrestrial oxygen and terrestrial hydrogen atoms were created. Like
all other lighter-than-uranium elements occurring on earth, the terrestrial
oxygen and terrestrial hydrogen atoms can be produced by both one-step
short-cut channel and multi-steps long-term gradual-transmutation channel in
continuously succeeding processes of the uranium-hydrogen-chained elemental
transmutation, in this physical scenario, the oxygen element can be considered
as the intermediate product and the hydrogen can be considered as the end
product produced on the uranium-hydrogen chain respectively.
In
the short-cut channel scenario, the isotope of hydrogen-1 can be directly
produced by mode of neutron emission followed by two processes of beta-minus
decay and electron capture. In this physical scenario, if not be captured by
other heavy nuclei, a free neutron ejected by any of a radioactive element
would undergo a beta-minus decay to turn itself into a free protons, which in
turn the free proton can capture a free electron to become a neutral hydrogen
atom. Thus, much of hydrogen atoms are being produced in deep crust of the
earth. Similarly, the helium atoms can be largely produced in the same way as
the hydrogen atoms by alpha decay and electron capture. In the long-term
gradual multi-step nuclear transmutation, the hydrogen atom can produced in the
uranium-hydrogen transmutation chain as a terminal product, the dominant mode
of creation hydrogen atoms of hydrogen-1 is cosmic ray spallation, in which
process, the collision between high-energy cosmic rays and the gas elements in
the earth’s upper atmosphere can crush the nuclei of oxygen and helium atoms
into fragments of hydrogen nuclei to create hydrogen atoms. Oxygen, which is
essentially a daughter product of superheavy parent transuranium or of medium
heavy trans-lead elements, can be largely created in earth’s mantle and crust
by various modes of mass-decay-trended elemental transmutation and it is simply
an intermediate product produce on uranium-hydrogen chain (with the hydrogen being
the terminal or end product on this chain). Of the many processes involved in
the creation of oxygen element, the most important are the short-cut one-step
pathway and the long-term gradational multi-step mass-decay-trended elemental transmutation.
The short-cut pathway does not directly produce stable oxygen-16, but instead,
it creates unstable isotopes of oxygen mainly by two dominant modes: the
oxygen-isotopic cluster emission from form both the superheavy parent nuclei of
the mantle-forming transuranium elements and the less heavy crust-contained
trans-lead parent nuclei, as well as the asymmetric nuclear fission. And later,
all these unstable isotopes of oxygen would gradually transform into stable
isotopes of oxygen via various modes of mass-energy decay-trended nuclear transmutation,
including neutron-emission and beta-minus/plus-alternate decay. Of many
processes involved in the creation of oxygen-16, the bond-caused
beta-minus/plus-alternated coupling decay series should be the dominant mode of
creating stable isotopes of oxygen, the mode of which should be operated in
earth’s crust as result of the suggested principle of channel-bond duality (or
tunnel-bond duality).
Generally
speaking, the terrestrial oxygen and terrestrial hydrogen occurring on earth
are the two products produced in the mass-decay-trended uranium-hydrogen chain,
with oxygen being the intermediate daughter product and hydrogen being the
terminal grand-granddaughter product. After hydrogen, the earth-based
mass-decay-trended particle transmutation goes from atom level to subatomic
level, the demarcation line between atomic-leveled particle transmutation and
subatomic-leveled particle transmutation is marked by the earth’s hydrogen
shell which lies below the inner zone of Van Allen radiation belt.
However,
while the above-described processes and mechanisms about the formation of water
molecules on earth can also be used to explain how can the water molecules be
produced on all other planets in the solar system, but that is not enough to
explain why earth is the only planet in the solar system capable of producing
and hosting so much liquid water. So, we provide extra explanations as follows.
Currently,
there are three much accepted popular reasons for explaining why the earth is capable
of hosting so much liquid water: The just-right earth-sun distance which
prevents the terrestrial water from being eternally frozen or over evaporated。 Enough mass which
produces strong enough gravity to hold water mass, and the strong enough geomagnetic
field which acts as a giant magneto-sheath which is strong enough to shield the
earth from being over-bombarded by solar and extra-solar cosmic rays. Beside these
physical factors, we believe one of the most important key physical factor
which enable earth to host a large amount of liquid water is that the
earth-moon system has an uniquely big moon/planet mass ratio (M/P mass ratio)
or satellite/planet mass ratio (S/P mass ratio) and, such a big moon-planet
(M/P mass ratio) is even rare in our galaxy system. Since the earth has the
biggest moon among all planets in the solar system, it means that the planet
has the biggest “bodyguard” to protect its safe, in fact, the earth’s big moon,
which acting as the best bodyguard, has successfully defended the planet from
most of the disastrous bombardments caused by massive asteroids and comets in
its ten-billion year history (not 4.6 billion years), which could, otherwise,
evaporated the most of the earth’s water by giant impacts. So, the uniquely big
moon/planet mass ratio is one of the most important key factors which make the
earth unique in hosting its abundant liquid water.
However,
the classical astrophysical theory cannot utilize a correct physical mechanism
to explicitly explain how the moon can successfully protect the earth from most
of the asteroid impacts, because the classical mechanism of the initial
formation of the earth-moon system and the working principle of the
lunar-shielding effect are completely wrong.
As explained in chapter 1 and 2, the earth and its big were originally
two compact embryonic metallic karyospheres that were once gestated in the core
of their parent star—the giant-core-gestated mother star or the female
component star of a merge-phased parent binary-star system, during the merging
process, as two compact metallic planetary embryos, the earth-sized and the
moon-sized metallic karyospheres were ejected out into the surrounding space of
the merge-forming new generation single star (the newborn sun) by their mother
star, it was so luck that the earth-sized metallic karyosphere (the newborn
earth) and the moon-sized metallic karyosphere (the newborn moon) were approaching
each other and their spin axes were adjusted to be perpendicular to each other
(an orthogonal axial intersectional status) which enable the magnetic fields
lines of the earth and the moon to stay in a deep intercutting and entangling
status, the mechanism of which generates a large number of
bidirectional-flowing electromagnetic streams that are collectively frequently
intercutting and entangle with each other on every step of their moving forward
in opposite directions, thus, these bidirectional-flowing and frequently
intercutting and entangling electromagnetic streams automatically would form a
giant invisible cylindrical bond-like system which acts as a gravitational
force-mediator, because the mechanism of
generating a gravitational force involves the principle of orthogonal axial
intersectional intercutting and entangling of the magnetic fields lines of any
two spinning bodies, therefore, the gravitational force are actually mediated
by a large number of collective and frequently intercutting and entangling
electromagnetic streams with low flux-density, therefore, the gravitational
force is essentially a special form of low-intensity but large scale
electromagnetic force acting between macro-celestial bodies, so I called it
gravito-electromagnetic interaction force or gravitro-magnetic force and this
viewpoint is based on a basic assumption that all macro-celestial systems of
various mass-energy scale and all micro-quantum systems of various mass-energy
scales are essentially electromagnetically connected to each other with an invisible
giant four-dimensional electromagnetic web (called cosmic gravitro-magnetic
web--CGMB) in multiple scales and the mechanism by which the CGMB is formed is
simply the collectively and frequently intercutting and entangling of the
magnetic fields lines of all magnetized spinning bodies with different
mass-energy scales. Some nonmainstream theorists, like Paulo and Alexandra
Correa who developed a model called aetherometry, argue that gravity is
essentially an electrodynamic force.
The
initial picture of the earth-moon system is that the distance between the baby
earth and the baby moon is extremely narrow and the rigid bodies of the earth
and its moon are in body-to-body touching and mutually friction status because
they are tightly bonded with each other with their spin axes being
perpendicular to each other, so, the early earth-moon system makes no chance
for asteroid to impact on earth, almost all asteroids or comets approaching the
earth-moon system would impact on the back side of the moon with the mostly
intensive impact region being the moon’s polar region. In this physical
scenario, when the various asteroids or comets that move toward the earth are
always coming from the two polar-pointed directions due to the existence of
polar-centered gravitro-magnetic field vortexes, in many astronomic pictures
presented by NASA, ESA and CNSA, one can easily observe that the two earth
pole-pointed spatial regions, there always exist multiple streams of symmetric
clusters of near-earth asteroids that are spirally moving toward the earth’s
north and south poles, but in most cases, they can hardly land on the earth’s
polar regions simply because that the superposed repulsive forces caused by the
sweeping effect of the solar wind and the earth’s equatorial-strengthened
sling-shot effect would push away these earth-approaching asteroids clusters to
the regions far behind the back side of the moon, and the mechanism of the
recombination of the earth’s broken magnetic field lines combined with the
mechanism of orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting and entangling of the
magnetic fields lines of the earth and the moon would create a giant invisible
funnel-like magneto-vortex which generates a gravitro-magnetic force with the
force-intensified center pointing to the polar region at the moon’s back side,
to which the clusters of asteroids and comets that spirally move toward the
moon’s back side would finally impact on the moon’s back side with the moon’s
polar region being the most the intensively impact regions, because of the
spirally moving style of the moon-approaching asteroid, the pictures presented
by Wikimedia (credit by NASA) show that the historical asteroid impact points
presented on the back side of the moon have formed an apparent image with a multiple
spiraling circles much like a tropical hurricane. This implies that vast majority of asteroid
bombarded the earth-moon system were finally impacted on the back side of the
moon due to lunar-shielding mechanism, so, comparing with all other planets in
the solar system, our earth had suffered the least number of major historical
asteroid impacts because of the most effective lunar-shielding mechanism of the
earth-moon system. In other words, the earth’s big moon plays a crucial role in
protecting the earth’s water from being evaporated into space by the potential
massive asteroid impacts on the earth’s polar region.
By
the way, as mentioned earlier, the universal mechanism of the orthogonal axial
intersectional intercutting and entangle between the solar magnetic field lines
and the geomagnetic field lines for every planet would creates a two
gravito-electromegnetic polar vortexes centered at the earth’s north and south
poles while creating a gravitational sling-shot effect at the earth’s
equatorial regions, therefore, the gravitational sling-shot effect is
relatively stronger at its equatorial regions while the gravitational
attraction force becomes more prominent at its polar regions. This explains why
the vast majority of historical asteroid impacts events occurring on early
earth had occurred at the earth’s polar region and the high-latitude regions,
instead of low-latitude region. The typical evidences of confirming this theory
is the Tunguska explosion event occurred on June 30, 1908 and the Chelyabinsk
meteorite event occurred on Feb 15, 2013. And this idea has also been confirmed
by the facts that the vast majority of massive meteorites that were found in
China are the high-latitude regions located in the Xin Jiang autonomous region
and the Gan-Su province. So, for money wise issue, if the meteorite-lovers
could deeply understand this mechanism, they should focus their meteorite
hunting activities on the polar and high-latitude region, instead of the
low-latitude region or equatorial region.
§4.0 Why
Is the Same Hemisphere of the Moon (The moon’s Near Side) Always Faces the
Earth while earth-observer cannot see the moon far side?
As
we all know that the terrestrial observers cannot see the far side of the moon
because the same hemisphere of the moon’s near side always faces the earth.
What causes this astronomical phenomenon? The current-accepted explanation to
this question is synchronous rotation (captured rotation), which means that the
rotation of a natural satellite about its primary in which the period of
rotation of the satellite is equal to its orbital period. This explanation
implies an existence of such a physical scenario in which the earth’s
rotational axis is approximately parallel to the rotational axis of its big
moon. However, after a carefully observation and my thought experiment, I found
that such a geometric spatial conformation cannot exist in any planet-satellite
system, or a binary-star, or a binary-galaxy system at all. So, my explanation
to the question of why the moon’s same hemisphere of its near earth side always
faces the earth is my suggested principle of orthogonal axial intersection,
which holds that, for any relatively stabled two-body or many-body system, a stable
gravito-electromagnetic interaction relationship (gravitro-magnetic
interaction) between two spinning bond-state bodies can only be maintained when
the axes of the two spinning bodies are perpendicular to one another. This is
what I called the mechanism of orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting and
entangling of the magnetic fields lines of two spinning bodies. Because the
suggested principle of orthogonal axial intersectional fields lines
intercutting could enable the physical behavior of the frequently intercutting
and entangling of the magnetic fields lines of any two bond-state spinning
bodies to produce the super-symmetrically balanced bidirectional-flowing
electromagnetic streams, therefore, it will maximize the stress among those
frequently-entangling magnetic fields lines. Hence, the force effect of
gravitro-magnetic interaction gets maximized.
Because
the principle of orthogonal axial intersection is the universally fundamental
principle of creating gravito-electromagnetic interaction of all scales,
therefore, we can the principle works well in both microscopic quantum-physical
world and macroscopic astrophysical world. For example, in the micro-quantum
world, for a binary-lepton system, the spin axis of an electron is always
perpendicular to the axis of its positron companion; in the macro-astrophysical
world, for a planet-satellite system like the earth-moon system, the rotational
axis of the earth is always perpendicular to the rotational axis of its big
moon. For a binary-star system, the rotational axes of two spinning component
stars are always perpendicular to one another. For a binary-galaxy system, the
spin axis of our Milky Way Galaxy is always perpendicular to the spin axis of
the Andromeda Galaxy. This is why we see the Andromeda Galaxy like a
spindle-shapes structure due to our edge-on viewpoint. There are two reasons
for the plausibility of my explanation to the question of why the moon’s same
hemisphere always faces the earth by using the suggested mechanism of
orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting and entangling of the magnetic
fields lines of the earth and its moon is more plausible than the
current-accepted explanation by using the principle of synchronous rotation.
The first reason is that my idea that the earth’s rotational axis is always perpendicular
to the rotational axis of its big moon can easily be confirmed by both the
modern astronomic observation and experimental observation. The second reason
is because the mechanism of orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting of
magnetic fields lines can explain not only the cause of gravity acting between
celestial bodies of all mass-energy scales but also the cause of
electromagnetic interaction acting between particles of all mass-energy scales
also. So, the principle of orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting and
entangling of magnetic fields lines of any two bond-state spinning bodies is
one of the important physical elements for the development of a
macro-macro-unified theory. It turns out that the cause of gravity as an enigma
that had once baffled the Newton for decades and has also baffled the modern
ToE theoriests for decades may easily be solved by my suggested simple
mechanism of orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting and entangling of
magnetic fields lines of any two bond-state spinning bodies—the principle of
causing gravitromagnetic interaction. The second reason is that my idea that
the earth’s rotational axis is always perpendicular to the rotational axis of
its big moon can easily be confirmed by both the modern astronomic observation
and experimental observation.
Building on this novel idea that the
rotational axes of the earth and its big moon are always perpendicular to one
another, my explanation to the question of why terrestrial observer can see
more than half the area of the same hemisphere of moon’s near side is the
periodically up-and-down inclination of the moon’s rotational axis.
§4.1 Explaining the atomic and molecular
mechanisms of the cancer cell formation using a new theory
of quantum short-circuit of the DNA-scaled molecular microcircuit (QSCT)
based the new quantum-physical mechanism of chemical bond formation and the new
physical principle of tunnel-bond duality
It
has long been a consensus of the mainstream scientific community that all
chemical, biochemical, or biogenetic mechanisms are ultimately governed by the
most fundamental physical laws, principles, and mechanisms. This means that revealing
the fundamental physical mechanisms underlying the complex biochemical process
of how a normal cell DNA mutations to a cancer cell DNA can profoundly improve
our understanding of the physical essence hidden behind the pathological
mechanisms of cancer cell formation, which in turn may help us improve our
knowledge in the cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Here, based on
the new understanding about the fundamental mechanism of chemical bond
formation and the tunnel-bond duality nature of chemical bond, the author
proposed a novel theory, called the theory of quantum short-circuit of
DNA-scaled molecular microcircuit or molecular grid (QSCT), to explain the
formation of cancer cell at the fundamental quantum-physical level in order to
make new insights into the internal relationship between the malignancy of various
types of cancer cells and the fundamental physical law governing the process of
cancer cell formation. According to the new physics, a DNA-scaled molecular
system can be essentially understood as a fine-structured sophisticate microscopic
electric power grid in which the bidirectional-flowing electromagnetic energy
currents are mediated among all chemically bonding atoms while each nucleus of
these bonding atoms would act as both an electric power generator and a transformer
substation, and a DNA-scaled molecular system can also be considered to be a
coevolution system in which all atoms incorporated in DNA are coevolving by
means of performing the physical activity of non-equivalent mass-energy
exchange. In this sense, the quantum short circuit theory holds that one of
fundamental mechanisms that cause a normal cell DNA to mutation to a cancer
cell DNA is essentially the physical mechanism of quantum short circuit events
occurring in the molecular microcircuit system at DNA scale, in this physical
scenario, the entire double-stranded DNA molecule can be understood as a
fine-structured sophisticated microcircuit or a microgrid system in which all
types of chemical bonds can be understood as bundle of electric
current-conducting wires of different diameters through which the
bidirectional-flowing electromagnetic currents are mediated between the
chemically bonding atoms in DNA, the two phosphodiester bonds can be treated as
two main “high-voltage” electric wires while all the hydrogen bonds connecting
bases in the center of a DNA would act as an array of resistant wires (or
fuses) because of its “just-right strength”. When two or three hydrogen bonds
undergo abnormally breaking (which is completely different from the normal DNA
replication process of unwinding) that are caused by various hydrogen
bond-breaking factors, whether physical, chemical, or biophysical, if the two
hydrogen bonds connecting adenine and thymine or the three hydrogen bonds
connecting guanine and cytosine were breaking, the two adjacent pyrimidine
bases will inevitably be covalently bonded to form a pyrimidine dimer by two covalent
carbon bonds. Thus, the covalent carbon bonds of a pyrimidine dimer can be understood
as a "quantum short circuit point", much like an everyday short
circuit point that always occurs nearby the resistant wire-breaking point. The
more pyrimidine dimers formed in the double-stranded DNA molecule means a
greater amount of quantum short-circuiting events occurring in the DNA-scaled
molecular circuit and the higher level of DNA energy excite state, which in
turn will inevitably cause abruptly increasing in energy-transmitting level
within a DNA molecular system. Such a pyrimidine dimer-caused (quantum short
circuit effect-caused) sudden increase in energy metabolic level will manifest
at DNA level as an energy excite state of a pyrimidine dimer-containing DNA.
When the unrepaired pyrimidine dimers accumulate to a large number (or a
critical cancer-forming pyrimidine dimers’ number) in the DNA of the daughter
cells, a normal cell DNA will inevitably mutate to a cancer cell DNA. In this
biophysical scenario, a large number of pyrimidine dimers accumulated in the
cancerous cells will manifest as the cancer cells’ characteristics of
uncontrolled cell proliferation and non-apoptotic lifetime. So the physical
essence of the biochemical process of cancer cell formation is the
physical-chemical process of the large scale breaking of base-connecting
hydrogen bonds and the large scale formation of pyrimidine dimers occurring in
the cancer-forming process, in which process, the process of a large scale
breakings of hydrogen bonds is like an electromagnetic process of a large scale
breakings of resistant wires and the physical-chemical process of the formation
of a large scale pyrimidine dimers adjacent to the hydrogen bond-breaking
points is like a process of the occurrence of a large scale short-circuiting
events. So, underlying mechanism governing the molecular biogenetic process of
the formation of cancer cells characterized by the uncontrolled cell
proliferation and aggressively invasion and apoptotic-refusing nature.
Based
on above-mentioned ideas, the author proposed that the fundamental mechanism
that operates in the process by which a proto-oncogene mutates to oncogene is
the mechanism of forming a large number of unrepaired pyrimidine dimers on the
strands of DNA and the process of the formation accumulation of a large number
of unrepaired pyrimidine dimers on inheritable DNA can be caused by various
carcinogens, including chemical and physical carcinogens, and also by some
cancer-causing microorganisms like the cancer-causing DNA viruses. The author
also proposed that the
more fundamental underlying mechanism dictating the processes of the inactivation
of the p53 gene occurring through mutation of one allele, and loss of the other,
is very likely the formation and accumulation of a large numbers of unrepaired
pyrimidine dimers on the strands of DNA of daughter cells. The author also
postulated that the formation and accumulation of a large number of unrepaired
pyrimidine dimers can also serve as an effective inhibitor that deactivates the
tumor-suppressor genes, which in turn indirectly promotes the cancer-forming
process.
The
processes of the formation pyrimidine dimer can be divided into two categories
in terms of their formation time: (1) the pre-DNA-repair pyrimidine dimer
formation and (2) the post-DNA-repair pyrimidine dimer formation. The
pre-DNA-repair pyrimidine dimer formation refers to the process of a pyrimidine
dimer formation in which the event of the hydrogen bond breaking and pyrimidine
dimer formation occurring in a normal cell DNA before the initiation of
DNA-damage-repairing process, the typical example of this process is the UV
light caused hydrogen bond breaking and the pyrimidine dimer formation. In
contrast, the post-DNA-repair pyrimidine dimer formation is the process by
which a pyrimidine dimer forms after the process of DNA-repairing, in this
scenario, the process of DNA repairing itself would create a favorable
condition for pyrimidine dimers to form preferentially at the sites of two same
types of base pairs such as a T-A, T-A sequence that is originally a T-A, C-G
sequence. A typical example of this process is the benzo[a]pyrene caused
DNA-damage repair process, which in turn creates a new base pair sequence that
is preferentially for the formation of a thymine-thymine cyclobutane pyrimidine
dimer. In this physical-chemical scenario, an originally genome with a G-C …A-T
sequence could be changed to an abnormal pyrimidine dimer-prone (or
cancer-prone) T-A…T-A sequence, the author will use the mutagen/carcinogen,
benzo[a]pyrene, as an example, as a procarcinogen that
needs to be biologically activated by metabolism before it forms a reactive
metabolite that helps to form a bulky adduct to a guanine. The brief picture of
this process is that: when a certain amount of benzo[a]pyrenes
are absorbed into our body, they will first be converted into benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-epoxide
by the works of a series of enzymes, and then to a benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol,
and ultimately to a benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide,
the latter, as a bulky adduct, will form a bulky adduct preferentially with
guanine residues in DNA, a dG-BPDE adduct. If unrepaired, during DNA
replication an adenine will usually be placed across from the lesion in the daughter
molecule. Subsequently repair of this dG-BPDE adduct will result in the
replacement of the damaged guanine base with a thymine, causing a G –> T
transversion mutation. Since the precondition for a T-T cyclobutane pyrimidine
dimer to form is the formation of a local sequence of two adjacent T-A…T-A,
where the original local DNA sequence is G-C, A-T. Since the C-T pyrimidine
dimer is not easily to form because cytosine is connected with guanine with
three hydrogen bonds which makes the G-C base pair more stable than the A-T
pair because there are only two hydrogen bonds connecting adenine with thymine—less
hydrogen bond means a weaker bonding strength between adenine and thymine. This
is the main reason why the probability of forming a thymine-thymine pyrimidine
dimer is 10 times higher than that of the C-T pyrimidine dimer. So, the process
by which a T-T pyrimidine dimer is formed occurs only after the process of a
DNA-damage repair which resulted from a dG-BPDE adduct-triggerred G –> T transversion mutation, therefore, the
process of benzo[a]pyrene
initiated bulky adduct DNA damage which causes a transversion mutation which in
turn creates a new DNA-mutated T-A, T-A sequence—the site where a T < >T pyrimidine
dimer forms preferentially after the process of DNA repair, therefore this
process is termed as a post-DNA-repair formation of pyrimidine dimer. Based on
this idea, the author hypothesized that one of fundamental mechanism for a benzo[a]pyrene
to cause a normal cell DNA to mutate to a cancer cell DNA is the mechanism of
the post-DNA-damage repair caused transversion mutation, which in turn creates
an abnormal T-A, T-A sequence (which is different from the original local G-C,
A-T sequence) serves as a precondition for a T-T cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer
to form.
According to the
above-described quantum short circuit theory, the author derived a putative law
of malignancy of cancer cells, aiming to reveal the possible internal
relationship between the absolute value of the number of pyrimidine dimers
formed in the DNA of the cancer cells and the degree of the malignancy of the
cancer cells, which states that, the more a population of cancer cells of the
same tissue type, the higher the average number of pyrimidine dimers contained
in the DNA of that cancer cells, the higher the malignancy of that cancer cell.
A more precisely mathematical expression is that: the quantifiable malignancy
of a cancer cell is proportional to the sum of the absolute value of an averaged
number of pyrimidine dimers contained in the DNA of the cancer cell of the same
type multiplied by the number of the species of pyrimidine dimers. For example,
if a cancer patient has suffered from an adeninocarcinoma of the lung, then the
estimated malignant index of his or her lung adeninocarcinoma would be a value
of MI (malignant index) that is equal to the sum of the average number of the
population of pyrimidine dimers measured in the DNA of a cancer cell which is
denoted as “X”, and the number of tissue types of the pyrimidine dimers
contained in the population of pyrimidine dimers, say, the number of types of
the pyrimidine dimers contained in the measured population of pyrimidine
dimers, which is denoted as “S”, is 3, say, T-T, C-T, and C-C, thus, we get an
equation:
MI＝g . SX
Where, the “g” is
a constant derived from a generally estimated malignant index of given type of
cancer cell, the bigger the number of g, the higher malignancy of the cancer
cell, for example, the malignant index of pancreatic cancer should be much
bigger than that of the thyroid cancer. The above-suggested law of malignancy
of cancer cells should be easily verified or falsified using the cutting-edge
scientific instruments.
To better
understanding the quantum-physical mechanism of cancer cell formation and the
physical nature of the biochemical process of cancer cell formation, we must
deeply understand the concept of “just-right strength” of hydrogen bond. The
reason for the nature to choose hydrogen bonding as the only chemical bonding
to connect the bases in the heart of normal molecular configuration of the
double-stranded DNA is that the hydrogen bonding has a “just-right”
bond strength—which means that the strength of hydrogen bond is weaker than an
ionic bond or covalent bond but stronger than van der Waals force—which makes
the base-pairing hydrogen bond easy to be unzipped or reformed by various
enzymes involving in the normal process of DNA replication. If the two complementary
bases were connected by ionic or covalent bonds, then the helicase would be unable
to unzip the two strands at the beginning of DNA replication and also, the
polymerases could not be able to reconnect two complementary bases or ligase
would not be able to recombine the two strands (a parent strand and a daughter
strand) to form a new double-stranded DNA configuration of a daughter cell. In
this sense, the basic functions of various enzymes involving in the processes
of DNA replication are essentially the physical-chemical functions of either
breaking or reforming the hydrogen bonding between two complementary bases.
Thus the fundamental physical mechanisms
operated in the process of the replication of DNA are essentially the
mechanisms of either helping to break or reform hydrogen bonds between two
complementary bases. The “just-right strength” of hydrogen bonding is the only
reason for nature to choose the hydrogen bond to connect bases in the heart of
DNA. This is because the stronger-than-van der Waals force of hydrogen bonding
makes the molecular structure of DNA relatively stable while its much
weaker-than-covalent bond allows the double-stranded DNA easy to be unzipped at
the beginning of the replication. So, the hydrogen bonding plays a pivotal role
in the cause of evolution of all life forms on earth for its “just-right
strength”. However, everything has double sides of "goodness" and
"badness", the "just right strength” of the hydrogen bond is
good for the process of DNA replication, it also makes the hydrogen bond
between the bases easy to be broken by various physical, chemical or
biochemical factors. Therefore, according to quantum short circuit theory, a
hydrogen bond breaking between pairing bases would inevitably results in a formation
of pyrimidine dimer between adjacent two bases by covalent bonds, most likely
forming T-T pyrimidine dimer because there are only two hydrogen bonds
connecting adenine and thymine while guanine and cytosine are bonded with three
hydrogen bonds which makes a less probability for a pair of C-C or C-T
pyrimidine dimers to form. In addition to the fact that cyclobutin pyrimidine
dimer is a direct cause of skin cancer,
In
addition to the fact that unrepaired cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers are a direct
cause of cancer in mammalian skin, [36] an
accumulation of unrepaired pyrimidine dimers in DNA can also have a
catastrophic immunosuppressive effect, which in turn serves as an indirect
promoting factor of the process of cancer cell formation. [37] Based
above-described ideas, the author concluded that all physical or chemical
carcinogens must have a common chemical or physical property to break the
hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases in nucleotides on the two strands of
DNA and promote the formation of pyrimidine dimers between adjacent two
pyrimidines. This is why all chemical carcinogens generally have much more
hydrogen bonds receptors than hydrogen bond donor, or even have little or virtually
no hydrogen bond donors.
Based
on the above viewpoint, the author further proposes a bold hypothesis that the
ultimate mechanism by which DNA viruses cause normal host cells’ DNA to mutate
to cancer cells’ DNA is likely the mechanism by which the DNA viruses serve as
an initiator, promoter, and enhancer to directly or indirectly promote the processes
of the formation of a large number of irreparable pyrimidine dimers on the
double-stranded DNA of host cells. The DNA viruses’ putative ability to promote
the process of forming large number of pyrimidine dimers in the host cell DNA,
though the detailed processes are complicated, makes the various DNA viruses a
group of lethal biological carcinogens.
Based
on the above ideas, the author proposes a hypothetical inflammatory
carcinogenic mechanism, that is, the inflammatory carcinogenic mechanism for
certain tissues in the body that are in a long-term and severe inflammatory
state to give rise to cancer is because that a long-term severe inflammation occurring
in some body tissues can produce a quantum biophysical effect affecting the
cells in the inflammatory lesions and such a quantum biophysical effect serves
as a hydrogen bond breaker and a carbon-carbon bond builder—which leads to the
formation of a large number of unrepaired pyrimidine dimers in the DNA of the
cells of inflammatory tissue, which in turn cause the normal cell DNA to mutate
into cancer cell DNA. A understandable and confirmable example is that, when an
experimentalist using a plastic (or wood, or metal) stick to perform a repeated
rubbing on an area of hairless skin of a mammal for a long time it will
inevitably cause the rubbed skin to become inflamed, the process of which would
very likely produce a large amounts of pyrimidine dimers (most pyrimidine
dimers are thymine dimers) in the DNA of the skin cells in the lesion. When a
large amount of unrepaired pyrimidine dimer accumulates to a certain critical amount,
a large number of cancer cells of the skin tissue will be physically produced
on the site of the friction-caused inflammatory lesion simply due to the
quantum-physical mechanism of the breaking of hydrogen bonds between bases and
the formation of carbon-carbon bond-connected pyrimidine dimers.
§4.2 A
hypothetical explanation for the main cause and molecular mechanisms of the
genesis of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma (ICC)
Intrahepatic
cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is an adenocarcinoma that arises from the epithelial
cells of the secondary intrahepatic bile duct and its branching epithelium with
a very poor prognosis. The global epidemiologic studies showed that the
incidence of ICC varies significantly from 0.2 per 100,000 in Australia to 96
per 100,000 in northeastern Thailand. [38] Even
within the same country, the incidence varies from region to region. An overall
incidence rate of ICC in United States is 0.98 cases per 100,000 adults, suggested
by the National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results
(SEER) program database. [39] China's ICC patients account for
55% of the total number of ICC patients worldwide. [40] Unfortunately, the
literature on epidemiological studies of ICC patients in China is lacking. The
above-mentioned worldwide epidemiologic data od ICC clearly show that the overall
incidence rate of ICC in Thailand is about 480 times higher than in Australia
and 98 times higher than in United States respectively.
The
author claims that in his 30-year clinical career in treating cancer patients,
he has treated 53 patients (10 women and 40 men, with an average age of about
70 years) with advanced ICC, and the average survival time of these 53 ICC
patients from the date of first visit to the date of death was only five
months. After a carefully conducted statistical analysis of the epidemiology of
these 53 ICC patients, the authors found some surprising facts: (1) All of the 53
cases of ICC patients were elderly farmers with an average age of 71 (in other
words, none of the ICC patients were urban non-agricultural people who were not
exposed to pesticides). (2) All of the 53 ICC patients claimed to have a
history of long-term occupational exposure to pesticides, and the main
pesticide varieties they used were Dimethoate, Dichlorvos, and Trichlorphon.
(3) In the personal history of their prolonged occupational exposure to
pesticides, none of them had taken any self-protection measure, such as wearing
a mask, washing face, or taking a shower immediately after pesticide-spraying
work—which means that all of 53 ICC patients had a history of long-term and
relatively high doses of inhaling of the pesticides—which could have caused
them to have suffered a severe chronic pesticide poisoning.
Based
on above mentioned occupational-related epidemiological study, the author
reached following conclusions regarding the causes and molecular mechanisms of
dictating the process of the genesis of ICC:
(1)-The main cause of ICC is the
accumulation of uneliminated pesticide metabolites
in the human liver due to long-term occupational exposure to pesticides without
taking any personal protection measure during and after the pesticide spraying
work.
(2)-The fact that ICC incidence in
Thailand is nearly one hundred times higher than in the United States and
nearly 480 times higher than in Australia can be plausibly explained by the
fact that farmers in the United States and Australia use automated machines or the
agricultural aircraft to do the pesticide-spraying jobs which greatly reduced
the risks of occupational exposure to pesticides and thus significantly reduced
the incidence rate of ICC in these two highly advanced countries. In contrast,
in the past 30-50 years, farmers in northeast Thailand and the most parts of
China have mainly used man-bearing pesticide spraying box to do the job which had
caused farmers in both Thailand and China to have suffered a long-term
occupational exposure to the cancer-causing pesticides that led farmers in both
developing countries to have suffered suffering from a decades-long history of
occupational chronic pesticide poisoning. This is the fundamental reason why
the incidence of ICC in Thailand (and China) is much higher than that of ICC
occurred in both United States and Australia (and all other developed countries).
(3)-the fundamental reason for the
above-mentioned three types of pesticides (Dimethoate,
Dichlorvos and Trichlorphon), that have been widely used in Thailand and China
in past decades, to became the high-potential carcinogens specifically causing
ICC is that, the long-term accumulation of
(4)-the
common chemical property shared by the three types of pesticides is that they
have a greater number of hydrogen bond receptors and less or even zero hydrogen
bond donor, which makes them a high potential to break the hydrogen bonds
connecting bases in DNA and promote the adjacent two pyrimidines (mostly
thymines) to form a pyrimidine dimer and a large number of unrepaired
pyrimidine dimers accumulated in the DNA of parent cells to become the inheritable pyrimidine dimers passed down
to the daughter cells, the pyrimidine dimer-rich DNA molecular system will
become energetically exciting, which means that the energy level of the
internal energy of the pyrimidine dimer-rich DNA can increase to many times
higher than the normal cells, which in turn manifests as the cells’ proliferative
energy (or cell-division energy) of the cells containing pyrimidine dimer-rich
DNA state in a permanent energetic status according to the principles of the
quantum short-circuiting theory described briefly in the section-41.
(5)-the
mechanism by which the pesticides serve as a group of high-potential
carcinogens is their ability to promote the process of breaking the hydrogen
bonds between bases and the process of forming pyrimidine dimers. At the
genomic level, their ability to promote the formation of pyrimidine dimers on
DNA manifests as their ability to act as both the activator of oncogenes and
the inhibitor of tumor suppressor genes which in turn function as the
cancer-causing agents. In particular, their ability to promote the formation of
pyrimidine dimers would be expressed as their intrinsic ability to cause the
inactivation of p53 protein.
(6)-the
author proposed a hypothetical molecular mechanism by which ICC can be caused
by the chronic accumulation of the most commonly used three types of organophosphorus
pesticides (Dimethoate, Dichlorvos, and Trichlorphon) in liver is that, when entering
the liver, these organophosphorus pesticides can be easily dissolve in bile and
actively react with bile acid to produce carcinogenic metabolites—the so-called
secondary carcinogens, such as epoxy compounds, the reason these secondary
carcinogens have a high cancer-causing potential is because they can easily form
bulk adducts with guanine residues on the double-stranded DNA, the process of
which would induce DNA repair mechanism—the bulk adduct excision repair to removal
the entire bulky adduct-guanine residue segment. Such a repair mechanism itself
would create a transversion mutation on the DNA double-stranded structure, the
latter process actually create more abnormal T-A,T-A sequence sites on the DNA where
the formation of Thymine-Thymine pirimidine dimer becomes easier. This is
so-called "the post-DNA-repair-enabled formation of pyrimidine dimer
formation” which function as a precancerous mechanism because the transversion
mutation would create a large number of Thymine-Thymine pirimidine dimer prone
sites on the organophosphorus pesticides-originated epoxides -bonded strands of
DNA. Since the DNA of the epithelium cells of the secondary bile ducts are
closely exposed to the metabolites of the three widely used organophosphorus pesticides due to the long-term accumulation of the pesticide
metabolites, therefore, the above-mentioned three types of organophosphorus pesticides
can be considered as the ICC-prone carcinogens. The more detailed description
of the exact molecular mechanisms involving the genesis of ICC caused by the
long-term inhalation and accumulation of the traditional organophosphorus
pesticides in human liver will be provided in the next edition of the
content-refined book.
Here the author would like to give his
the suggestions for the experimentlists to test the pesticide-pirimidine dimer
theory of ICC (PPD Theory of ICC). And the author has suggested few practical
easily conducting experimental methods to test the above-described cause and
molecular mechanism of ICC as follows:
Method-1,
Using the above-mentioned three types of organophosphorus pesticides directly
to mix with the foods directly that are used to be the daily food to feed the
experimental mice, or frequently spray the traditinal organophosphorus pesticides
to the environment nearing the mice cage to mimic the environment in which
humans inhale organophosphorus pesticides.
Method-2,
Using the pesticide metabolites acquired from the chemical reaction of the
three organophosphorus pesticides with the bile acid acquired from the
experimental mice and then mixes the pesticides metabolites with the mice food.
Method-3,
if the precancerous or cancer cells are found in the epithelium cells of the
secondary bile ducts in the liver of the mice after a period of conducting the
above experimental procedure, the experimentalists can measure the number of pyrimidine
dimers and the DNA-bulky adducts combined materials extracted from the damaged
DNA of the epithelium cells of the secondary bile ducts of the mice to see if
the pesticide-pyrimidine dimer theory is true or false.
Method-4,
re-conduct the epidemiologic investigation of ICC globally by focusing on data
related to the occupational exposure to carcinogens. In particular, re-conduct
the epidemiologic investigation of ICC in Thailand and China where the
incidence rates of ICC can be several hundred times higher than the incidence
rates occurring in United States and Australia.
§4.3 Are neutrons really electrically neutral
?
According
to the Stander Model (SM), neutrons are thought to be electrically neutral,
which means that the electronegativity and the electropositivity neutrons are
zero. This idea is somehow problematic because the SM-based atomic model can
not overcome the difficulty that the combined magnetic moments of the valence
shell electrons are too weak to account for the strength of chemical bonding
without considering the contributions of the internuclear attractive
interaction—the internuclear binding energy that is directly produced by the
proposed alternative mechanism of the orthogonally axial intercutting of the
magnetic fields lines of any two approaching nuclei. So, the newly proposed
mechanism of the formation of chemical bond can explain the high-strength of
both metallic bond and covalent bond because the new bond-forming mechanism
requires that the neutron must have an extremely high level of
electronegativity, rather than electrically neutral. This is because that if
neutrons were electrically neutral, then there is no way for protons to be
tightly bonded together. But if we consider a neutrons as a special type of
supper high electrically charged nucleon that the supper strong
electronegatively charge which manifests as a super strong negatively
attraction to proton is actually a residual nuclear binding force, in this
physical scenario, a neutron can be treated as a
superhigh-electronegatively-charged nucleon with its electronegative-attraction
force being approximately equal to the sum of the proton-electron-antineutrino
binding force plus the neutron-proton-binding force and hence, the attractive
force between protons and electrons is
actually the residual electronegative attraction force acting between
negatively-charged nuclei as a whole—the neutron-proton-bonding status and the
electrons. This means that if neutrons
were electrically neutral, then it would be impossible for any neutron-bearing
nucleus to survive. Only when neutrons carry a super high electrically charged
binding energy, can protons be tightly bonded together to form a stable
nucleus. The reason why people think that a neutron particle is electrically
neutral is simply because the classical way of testing the property of
electrical charge of neutrons has a fatal flaw. The classical way of testing
the property of electric charge of a particle is to see their flying paths in
the two opposite electrodes confined space that has an extremely limited
spatial length. In this physical scenario, if a particle is observed to fly out
of an atom, no matter how much mass they bear, either a lepton or a nucleon, if
this particle approaches the direction of an positively charged electrode, then
this particle is thought to be negatively charged, or if a particle coming out
of an atom that approaches the direction of an electro-negatively charged
electrode, then this particle is believed to have certain amount of positive
charge. If a particle’s flying path is a straight line lies right between two
oppositely charged electrodes, then this particle is thought to be electrically
neutral. The reason why a neutron particle, as its name indicated, is believed
to be electrically neutral is simply because the flying path of a neutron
particle is usually a straight line that lies right in the middle between two
oppositely charged electrode, however, the length of the flying path of the
tested neutron is extremely limited, but if we increase the voltages of both
the positive and negative electrodes and extend the length of the spatial
distance by largely increasing the width of the electrodes, then we may see
that the originally straight-lined neutron flying path would begin to curve
with the neutron jet-head approaching the direction of the negatively-charged
electrode, which indicates that a neutron is an extremely negatively charged
massive particle and the its original straight-lined flying path along the
mid-line between the positive and negative electrodes will ultimately curve to
the direction of the negative electrode and the originally straight-lined
flying path has a finite length and the correct interpretation of such a
neutron’s length-limited straight-lined flying path along the middle line
between negative and positive electrodes can only indicates a high momentum of
a free neutron flying in a localized internuclear space, which can not be
interpreted as an indication of determining the neutron’s property of electric
charge. So I assert that a neutron is actually a supper-high negatively charged
nucleonic particle with a high momentum, rather than electrically neutral.
Based on this new insight into the electromagnetic property of neutron, I would
like to propose an alternative name for neutron, called “nucleonic negatron” or
“ultranegative charged nucleon”.
§4.4 Several proposed new laws of planetary
motion
I believe that the Kepler’s laws of
planetary motion might have some imperfections, or the potential incorrectness,
one of the flaws in Kepler’s second law of planetary motion is that the law
presumed that the orbital radii of all planets in Solar System remain no
change, in other words, Kepler’s law expressed a viewpoint that all planets
orbit about the Sun permanently in the same orbit without any orbital
evolution, nothing changes in length of their orbital radii. However, modern
study show that the time-span of Earth’s orbital period displayed a long-term
decreasing trend, according to the study of paleontological clock, scientists
found that, in late Ordovician of 440 million years ago, the Earth’s orbital
period is 412 days; in the mid-Silurian of 420 million years ago, there were
400 days per year; in mid-Devonian period, about 370 million years ago, there
were 398 days per year; in late Carboniferous period, which was over 1 billion
years ago, it was about 385 days per year; In Cretaceous period, about 65
million years ago, it was about 376 days per year; Now it’s only 365.25 days
per years. [citation needed] Beside the factor of slowing down of the linear
speed of Earth’s orbital motion, the best explanation for this long-term
trended decreasing of the Earth’s orbital period is that the Earth’s orbital
radius is shrinking over time, it means that the Earth is getting closer and
closer to the Sun. Considering the combined factors of the long-term slowing
down of the linear speed of the Earth’s orbital motion and the factor of the
long-term decreased orbital radius of evolving Earth, we have reached a
conclusion that Kepler’s second law of planetary motion is not hold to be true
over a long period of time, because the Kepler’s second law states that: a line
segment joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas during the equal
intervals of time, this statement can only be approximately correct, but when
put the law in a
long period of time, say in billions of
years, it will encounter is a serious problem due to the law of planetary
orbital decay, that is, if we use the first equal time interval “T1” to
represent a given “said equal time interval” of the late Ordovician epoch (440
million years ago), and use the second equal time interval “T2” to represent a
given “said equal time interval” of 21st century, say in some time
in 2017, then get a mathematical result, that is: the orbital radius of current
Earth (R2) is way shorter than that of Ordovician’s Earth (R1), the
mathematical expression is R2＜R1. Because of the
significantly slowing down of the linear speed of the Earth’s orbital motion,
then in a equal time interval, the distance that the fast-moving Ordovician
Earth had passed its orbital rings will far greater than the distance that the
slow-moving current Earth had passed (as opposed to the notion of closer to the
Sun the planet moving faster), it means that the length of the perimeter of the
current Earth orbital ring that current Earth had covered (L2) is way shorter
than that of the Ordovician’s Earth (L1), this means that, the length of Kepler’s
law described “a line segment joining the ancient Earth of Ordovician epoch and
the ancient Sun is unequal to the length of a line segment joining the current Earth
and current Sun, the mathematical display style is : L1＜L2, the result is （A1＝R1·L1）≠(A2＝R2·L2)，i.e., in
Kepler’s language, a line segment Joining the Ordovician’s Earth and the
ancient Sun sweeped a far greater area (A1),for comparison, a line segment
joining the current Earth and the current Sun sweeped a far smaller area (A2),
the result is A1≠A 2. Therefore, the Kepler’s second
law of planetary motion is fundamentally incorrect. or the Kepler’s second law of planetary motion
can only approximately describe the situation of planetary motion in a
time-limited short period of evolution history of all planets, say, within time
range of one hundred years, the Kepler’s second law of planetary motion is “ok”.
when we the time scale to billions of years, Kepler’s law of planetary motion
is not work, or we may conclude that, Ultimately, the Kepler’s second law of
planetary is not hold to be true. Because this does not reflect the real
dynamically decaying status of planets’ orbital radii. In other words, the
kepler’s second law of planet motion does not incorporate the suggested law of
planetary evolution at all. the Indeed, the word “motion” means something
dynamically change, and the notion of planetary evolution shall automatically
including the orbital evolution. the nature of “natural law” is stable over a
long period of time, and it’s universally applicable to any planetary objects
within any scope of space-time. but the Kepler’s second law does not
qualify this criteria of natural law,
simply because that Kepler trying to use a time-limited observation to fit the
non-time-limited law. It turns out to be a axiom, that any natural law
summarized by man that is endeavor to mathematically describe a group of
co-changing physical quantities might proved fundamentally incorrect, if such a
law does not incorporate with the physical law that correctly described a
dynamically changing process of evolving objects.
The
second flaw of the Kepler’s laws of planetary motion is that the three laws
altogether implies a wrong viewpoint, that is, the orbits of all planets are in
the same 2-D plane, this is impossible, in fact, modern observations indicate
that, over a long period of time, the orbital rings of a given planet form a
3-D rubber-band-like spherical dynamical structure, rather than a disc-like 2-D
structure. And the orbital rings of all planets in our Solar System jointly
form a 3-D rubber-band-like spherical dynamical structure, rather than 2-D
plane. the reason for scientists to believe that the orbits of all planets are
in the same plane is that, due to the relatively slow linear speed of planetary
revolution, in any given time, it is always possible for scientists to see spot
some planet at the viewpoint above the north pole of the Earth, plus the
preconceived notion derived from the incorrect Nebular Hypothesis, the highly
misleading physical concept about the planetary motion is deeply rooted in the
2-D-minded brains. The 3-D ovary-shaped heliosheath also implies a fact that
the hypothetical orbital rings of all planets in our Solar System form a 3-D
rubber-band-like spherical dynamical structure.
To
make the theory of star-planet co-evolution a high-level of self-consistence
and to erase all possible observational contradictions, we have suggested five
new laws of planetary motion to incorporate the suggested law of planetary
evolution, which is the suggested law of the exponentially synchronous decay of
seven fundamental planetary parameters:
(1) The first law of planetary motion
states that: all planet orbit about the Sun with their orbital radii in dynamically
changing by following the rule of long-term decay. the orbital decay will lead
to the result of solar thermal-magnetic-spallation or ripping to the sun-approaching
core of life-ending planet, which becomes the astrophysical mechanism of
asteroid and comet formation. So, the first suggested law of planetary motion
is also referred to as the law of long-term exponential planetary orbital
decay.
(2) The second law of planetary motion
states that: the orbits of all Solar System’s planets are not in the same 2-D
plane, but instead, over a long period of time, the multiple orbital rings of
any given planet form a 3-D rubber-band-like spherical dynamical structure. for
the planetary system as a whole, the orbital rings of all planets in Solar
System jointly form a 3-D multilayer rubber-band-like spherical structure in a
dynamically changing status with diameters of orbital rings in a long-term
shrinking status due to the suggested law of synchronous decay of seven
fundamental planetary parameters. the second law is also referred to as the law
of 3-D rubber-band-like spherical-ring-crossed structure, as opposed
(3) to the traditional notion which states
that the orbits of all planets are in the same 2-D plane.
(4) The third suggested law of planetary
motion states that: for any given
planet, the hypothetical axis of its orbital ring stays in dynamically
perpendicular to its rotational axis, in other words, for a given planet, the
hypothetical axis of the its orbital ring and its rotational axis always stay
in an dynamical orthogonal axial intersection status. this law is equivalent to
the second law and leads to the same result of the orbital ring-crossed
rubber-band-like structure, but it revealed the principle of dynamical change
of the hypothetical axis of planet’s orbital rings and mechanistically
explained why the sun-rise and sun-set appear to be following the motion
direction of nearly 45 degree of angle, that is, the direction of the Sun-rise
is from the direction of North-East, rather than the direction East. while the
direction of the Sunset is from the direction of north-west. Rather than the
direction of West.
(5) The forth law of planetary motion
states that: the hypothetical axes of orbital rings of adjacent planets stays
dynamically perpendicular to each other, or following the rule of orthogonal
axial intersection, in 180 degree straight line with the Sun at the mid-point
of the line, the orbital rings of two adjacent planets undergoes an
in-out-switching phenomenon due to overlapped gravitational interactions between
Sun and planet, planet and planet, and gravitational interactions between the
Solar System as whole and the super-massive black hole that lies in the galactic
center of Milky Way. This is law also referred to as the law of planetary
orbital-switching and orthogonal axial intersection. this could a potential
mechanism to explain the light-cross phenomenon of star widely seen in from a
far distant star to Earth-based observer.
(6) The fifth law of planetary motion
states that: in the case of Earth-moon system, or in any other
single-moon-formed two-body system, the rotational axis of the planet stays
dynamically perpendicular to the rotational axis of its moon, in other words,
the rotational axes of both the Earth and the moon stays in a dynamically
orthogonal axial intersection status or the dynamically orthogonal axial
geometrical relationship. This law is also referred to as the principle of
dynamical orthogonal axial intersection, which is equivalent to the principle
of the
(7) gravitational interaction force
production, the mechanism of the gravity force production or the principle of
stable gravitational interaction relationship formation is that, only when the
spin axes of two objects forms a orthogonal axial intersection relationship, or
the spin axes of two physically interacted objects is perpendicular to each
other, the entangling and intercutting effect of the magnetic force lines will
be maximized and the biggest output of the gravitational pulling force will be
produced, or the best gravitational interactional pull effect will be achieved.
Because this principle of gravitational force production is universal,
therefore, we call it the universal law of gravitational force production,
which is applicable to any paired spinning systems with any mass-energy scales
ranging from microscopic particle systems to macroscopic celestial systems, that
is why we in two components coupled binary star system, the spin axes of two
components are dynamically perpendicular to each other, the twisting effect of
the dynamically orthogonal axial intersection will leads to the result of
flipping over of their hypothetical baryon axis, creating a synchronized
spin-flip motion style. In large scale space, we see the spin axis of the Milky
Way Galaxy is always dynamically perpendicular to the spin axis of the
Andromeda Galaxy, and the hypothetical baryon axis of the Milky Way-Andromeda
Binary Galaxy system is always stay in a 360 degree flipping over status.
forming a spherical shaped halo. In the case of the microscopic particle
system, the spin axes of paired electron and positron stays in a dynamically
orthogonal axial intersection status.
In
general, the 3-D rubber-band-like spherical structure produced by the orbital
rings of all system’s planets with the orbital switching structure produces the
stability of the Solar System and make it possible for Solar System to produce
the Great Radius Magnetic Vortex Systems which is the mechanism to
gravitationally suck the comets toward the Sun for secondary material recycling.
And such a 3-D rubber-band-like spherical structure also
make
it possible for Solar System to form a 3-D ovary-shaped heliosheath and to form
the Sun-diameter-sized heliosheath-pore that evenly distributed on the surface
of the heliosheath, that makes the entire Solar System an open system yet
isolated system to exchange its information and mass-energy with nearby stellar
systems and the surrounding environments. enable the Solar System to do the
normal inhale-exhale respiratory function like a life system.
Because
the hypothetical axis of the Earth’s orbital ring and its rotational axis stays
in a dynamically orthogonal axial intersection status, that is why the
direction of the sunrise and sunset shows nearly 45 degree angles, this kind of
planetary motion style produces a result, that is, each completed orbital ring
of the Earth has its unique trajectory which is different from any other
completed orbital rings, so unique like the fingerprint. For this reason,
scientists can never find two trajectories of two completed orbital rings that
can 100% match to each other from any viewpoints, not just because the flipping
over of the hypothetical axis of orbital ring, but also because of the effect
of planetary orbital switching, and the law of planetary orbital decay.
§4.5 A simple explanation for the
formation mechanism and the working principle of the Fermi Bubbles and why Fermi Bubble should be renamed as
Finkbeiner Bubble, and
why the galactic core-hosted supermassive balck hole should be renamed as “A
galactic-scaled double-hole-structured and double holes’ effects hybridized
dual-energy conversion and stellar-merger promotion system/mechanism
(DHS-DHEsHybri-DEC-SMPS/M)”
Since
the discovery of the Fermi Bubbles by Douglas Finkbeiner in 2009, various
theoretical models have been proposed to explain the formation of the Bubbles. These
models can be roughly classified into three categories：Hadronic Wind Models,
Leptonic Jet Models，and In-situ Acceleration Models. Although,
any one of the three kinds of models can match certain parts of the observational
data, but none of them can match all the observational data simultaneously.［41］This is because that all these models are
built on the old paradigm of astrophysics, especially, the model construction is based on the classical black hole theory
and the traditional star formation theory. This means that if the basic views
of the classical black hole- and star formation theories are disproved as fundamentally
incorrect, then the current models cannot reveal the basic formation mechanism and
the working principle of Fermi bubble. Here, I propose an alternative model, called
the 3D-Triaxial Intersectional Intercutting of Multi-Magnetic Fields lines
(3D-TIIMMFLs), this model is based on an basic assumption that the most basic
underlying physical mechanism that causes various physical phenomena, whether
quantum-physical or astrophysical, is simply the micro-macro-unified mechanism
of frequently intercutting and mutually entangling of the magnetic fields lines
of different bipolar magnetic fields, which can be generally classified into
two kinds according to their geometric nature and the number of rotating
body-carrying magnetic fields: (1) the orthogonal axial intersectional
intercutting model and non-orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting model according
to the degrees of the intersectional angle between any two intersecting axes of
the rotational magnetic fields; and (2) the 2D-biaxial intersectional
intercutting model (2D-BAIIM) that is
suitable to describe the electromagnetic interaction in two-body system and the
3D-triaxial intersectional intercutting model (3D-TAIIM) that is suitable to
describe the electromagnetic interaction in many-body system. For example, the
2D-biaxial intersectional intercutting model (2D-BAIIM) can be used to explain
the mechanism of causing the gravito-electromagnetic interaction between the
sun and planets and the quantum-scaled electromagnetic interaction between
atomic or subatomic particles. Whereas, the 3D-triaxial intersectional
intercutting model (3D-TAIIM) can be used to explain the formation mechanism
and working principle of the Fermi Bubbles of our Milky Way galaxy and the
relevant explanations will presented in following paragraph.
As
above-described, the mechanism by which the Fermi Bubbles formed is the mechanism
of 3D-Triaxial Intersectional Intercutting and Entangling of the Magnetic
Fields Lines (3D-Triaxial-IIMFsLs) between the magnetic field lines of the
longitudinal axis-represented rotational magnetic field of the entire Milky Way
Galaxy (denoted axis-1), and the magnetic fields lines of the four horizontal
axes-represented spiral arms carrying magnetic fields (denoted axis-2), and the
magnetic field lines of the horizontal axis-represented bar-carrying magnetic
field (denoted axis-3). The 3D-Triaxial-IIMFsLs mechanism can naturally create
a symmetric bi-lobular dumbbell-shaped Fermi Bubbles, in which two symmetric
out-streaming expanding gamma-ray bubbles are half-wrapped by two bowl-like
X-ray shells. The galactic center-rooted Fermi Bubbles provides an excellent
morphological structure of a black-hole effect and white-hole effect hybridized
dual-energy conversion and stellar-merger promotion system
(BHWHhybrid-DEC-SMPS) and its corresponding 3D expansion-contraction coupling
and 1D gravity-antigravity coupling mechanism. In this new physical scenario,
the gamma-ray characterized yang-natured and positive charged
photothermal-expansion energy (Yang-PCPTE) produced by white-hole effect and
the X-ray characterized yin-natured negative charged darkcold-condensation
energy (Yin-NCDCE) produced by black-hole effect are coexisting and coworking
in a synchronous manner while the two forms of energies (Yang-PCPTE and
Yin-NCDCE) are constantly mutually converted into each other in a synchronous
process by which both a 3D quasi-spherical expansion force which naturally
contains a 1D-repulsive antigravity force, and a 3D quasi-spherical contraction
force which naturally contains a 1D attractive gravity force are then produced
simultaneously.
In
this new physics-implied dynamic picture, the operation of a double holes’
effects hybridized dual-energy conversion mechanism would enable the gamma-ray
bubble characterized photothermal-expanding energy to be converted into X-ray characterized
darkcold-contracting energy, in this physical scenario, the energy density of
the gamma-ray-characterized photothermal-expanding energy would attenuate to a
sufficiently low level (a critically low value) at the edge of gamma-ray
bubbles—which becomes undetectable in gamma-ray spectrum due to the quantum
evaporation effect—the energy density of the out-streaming divergent photon beams along with the positron-dominated
leptonic jet flows attenuate to a spectroscopically undetectable level at the
upper-outer edge of gamma-ray bubbles. This means that the upper-outer edges of
the gamma-ray bubbles are regions or turning points where the gamma-ray characterized
photothermal-expanding energy become exhausted due to the quantum evaporation
effect, while in the same time, the photothermal-expanding energy begin to be
converted into X-ray characterized darkcold-contracting energy because, at the
areas of the upper-outer edges of gamma-ray bubbles, the quantum condensation
effect starts to take over the dominant role in condensing the divergent
matter-energy currents into an ever denser phase and this quantum-condensation
effect will become increasingly more apparent at the lower-outer edges of the
gamma-ray bubbles as the X-ray characterized electron-dominated leptonic jets flows
become ever denser. Meanwhile, the mechanism of phase spin angle-changing
caused dual-charge (positive-negative) conversion come to work due to the quasi-spherical
bending of the galactic magnetic field lines, which
means that the direction of the line-directed particle-energy streams will be
forced to flow to the direction of the galactic center, and the divergent
out-streaming gamma-ray type photon beams will be transformed into convergent
GC-oriented X-ray type photon beams while the positrons will be transformed
into electrons, and the positron-dominated expanding divergent energy flows
will be transformed into electron-dominated contracting convergent energy
flows, the process of which is that the gamma-ray characterized
phototehrmal-quantum-evaporation energy is being converted into an X-ray characterized
darkcold-quantum-condensation energy. And simultaneously, the reversible
process of photothermal-darkcold characterized dual-energy conversion will
naturally create a reversible dual-force transformation process in which a 3D
quasi-spherical expansion force along with its corresponding 1D repulsive
antigravity force and a 3D quasi-spherical contraction force along with its
corresponding 1D attractive gravity are mutually transforming into each other
within a holistic dual-energy conversion system.
According
the principle of dual-charge conversion, the change of the phase spinning angle
of the spirally flowing particles is caused by the curvature of the bipolar
quasi-spherical magnetic fields lines of any definable rotating body-carrying
magnetic field, regardless of the mass-energy scales of the rotating body, and
also regardless of the strength of the rotating body-carrying magnetic field. I
then proposed that the sharp edges of the Fermi Bubbles can be explained by the
quasi-spherical bending of the bipolar magnetic fields lines that drape the
gamma-ray characterized photothermal-expanding energy flows while
simultaneously causing the turn-around changes of the phase spinning angles of
the positive charged particles. And the mechanism by which the two bowl-like
X-ray shells occurring at the lower-outer edges of gamma-ray bubbles is
contractive convergence of the magnetic fields lines that drape and squeeze the
ever condensing X-ray-characterized GC-oriented energy flows. At the galactic
center, the GC-oriented inspiraling X-ray-carrying electron-dominated leptonic
jet and the GC-fugal out-streaming gamma-ray-carrying leptonic jet will collide
with each other, forming the new generations of continuously out-streaming
gamma-ray characterized photothermal-expanding energy flows. The two symmetric
bowl-shaped half-open X-ray shells can be explained by the mechanism of
spherically symmetric GC-oriented convergent contraction of the turn-around
curving bilobular-bipolar magnetic fields lines.
By
following the above-described ideas, I conclude that, for a galactic-scaled
double-hole-structured and the black-hole effect and white-hole effect
hybridized dual-energy conversion system, the turning points at which the X-ray
characterized darkcold-contracting energy flow is being converted into the
gamma-ray characterized photothermal-expanding energy flow is located at the
upper-out edges of the gamma-ray bubbles, whereas, the turning points at which
the X-ray characterized darkcold-contracting energy flow is being converted
into the gamma-ray characterized photothermal-expanding energy is located at
the galactic center where the symmetrical GC-oriented inspiraling convergent
X-rays and the symmetrical GC-fugal out-streaming divergent gamma-ray collide
with each other at the galactic center region, together with the mechanism of
intercutting and entangling of the bilobular-bipolar featured complex magnetic
fields lines, it creates a cyclically reversible processes of the
galactic-scaled double-hole-structure and double holes effects hybridized
dual-energy production and dual-energy conversion system.
In general, if we can discover the basic
mechanism and working principle of the galactic-scaled Fermi Bubble-manifested
double holes effects hybridized dual-energy conversion system, then, it will
laid a solid foundation for us to understand the how a double-hole-structured
and double holes’ effects hybridized dual-energy conversion system works at
stellar-scaled celestial system.
The
newly proposed alternative explanation of the basic properties and features of
the Fermi Bubbles
Since the gamma-ray bubbles have many
unique characteristics, including smooth surface, sharp edges, and almost flat
intensity distribution [2],my
newly proposed formation mechanism of the Fermi Bubbles and my hypothesized
working principle of the cyclically reversible dual-energy conversion between
the divergent out-streaming gamma-ray characterized photothermal-expanding
energy and the convergent in-streaming (GC-oriented) X-ray characterized
darkcold-contracting energy provide a set of more consistent and better
intelligible explanations for the bubble’s basic features. In my model, the
smooth surface of the bubbles can be explained by the magnetic wrapping effect,
in this physical scenario, due to the longitudinal axial rotational motion, the
double bipolar magnetic fields lines can form a double-layer magnetic field-confined
quasi-spherical webs that is interweaved by the galactic magnetic field lines.
The invisible magnetic field web is functioning as a 2-dimensional domain
walls, preventing the out-streaming gamma-rays from penetrating the magnetic
field lines-interweaved double-layer webs, which creates the smooth surface of
the Fermi Bubbles. The sharp edge of the bubble can be explained by the
mechanism of quasi-spherical curvature of the bilobular-bipolar featured
galactic magnetic field lines. The flat intensity distribution and the
spatially uniform spectrum of the bubbles can both be explained by the
mechanism of even quantum evaporation of phothermal energy and evenly random
collisions between the bilobular-bipolar magnetic field-confined oppositely
charged particles, for example, such magnetic field-confined collisions can
occur between the cosmic ray-carrying electrons and the cosmic ray-carrying
positrons, and/or the cosmic ray-carrying protons and its corresponding
antiprotons. The bilobular-bipolar magnetic
field-confined evenly random collisions between certain kinds of particles and
their corresponding antiparticles will naturally produce a spatially uniform spectrum of the
bubbles.
The Master-key
theory of unified field cannot be adequately expressed by the current mathematical
languages because the current mathematical language can often distort our world
outlook or our cosmological perspectives in many ways.
If
the basic ideas of the Master-key Theory are proved correct experimentally,
then many of the basic ideas of the modern physical theories will be
overturned. As mentioned earlier, if the Big Bang theory (BBT) is falsified, then
all other physical theories based on the core ideas of the BBT, such as the BBT-based
origin of elements, the BBT-based origin and evolution stellar and galactic systems,
and the BBT-based origin and differentiation of the unified field force, will
all be falsified. Since my arguments for overturning the Big Bang theory and my
new theory concerning the origin and transmutation of elements have already
been discussed earlier, here, I will only propose my arguments for overturning the
Einstein’s general relativity, and my arguments for theoretically overturning the
law of conservation of mass-energy by revealing the deep-hidden propositional
and logical flaws that are deeply hidden in the statement of Noether’s theorem,
and my arguments for why the laws of product-CP symmetry, T symmetry, and even
the law of product-CPT symmetry, cannot be correct.
Pleased
be noted that more natural phenomena will be explained by using the fundamental
laws, principles and mechanisms described in chapter 2 as the author keep
refining the theory.
In
chapter 4, the author will provide some new insights into the new worldviews,
methodological strategies, and basic contents involved in the formulation of a
master-key theory of explaining everything.
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156
The Theory of Star-Planet Coevolution
Chapter
4
The Master-key Theory of Explaining All
Physical Phenomena (MKT)
VS
The
Theory of Everything (ToE)
As its
name implies, the Master-key Theory of Unified Physical Explanations (MKT) can
easily be mistaken as an alternative version of the theory of everything (ToE),
because both theories pursue a common goal of explaining all physical phenomena
within a simple, intelligible, and essence-revealed unified theoretical frame.
But in fact, the two theories are radically different from each other in many
aspects, from the different worldviews (or cosmological perspectives) they
express, to the different methodological strategies they take, and to the
different contents they cover. For example, the basic worldviews expressed by
GUTs and ToE (and all other fundamental physical theories concerning the origin
of elements and the origin of matter and force particles and even the
space-time) are derived from the Big Bang theory. This means that if the Big
Bang theory is disproved, then all the current versions of ToE, including the
theory of the origin of elements, will go bankrupt. In contrast, the MKT is a
non-big-bang based unification theory, with its basic worldviews being
diametrically different from that of the Big Bang theory. The MKT holds that
the universe as a whole is spatially infinite and temporally eternal, only the
cyclically forming, evolving and life-ending component bodies or component
physical systems within the universe, from micro-quantum-physical scale to
macro-celestial scale, have their finite lives. So any proposition concerning
the origin, evolution and life-ending of the universe is essentially a false
proposition and is therefore meaningless. In terms of the methodological
approach to theoretical construction, the theorists of ToE focus on formulating
a set of “unified” equations in order to provide a unified mathematical
description of the four basic interactions. In order to make physical sense of
their mathematical description, the ToE theorists simply mixed up mathematical
abstractions with physical realities. They just use the Big Bang-based
unverifiable assumptions to make false explanation for how the “once-unified”
cosmic “meta-force” or “superforce” can be produced only in a
big-bang-generated high-energy epoch which supposedly lasts for just ten
million-trillion-trillion-trillionth of a second (10-43s) after the Big Bang, the so-called
epoch of perfect CP-symmetry. Moreover, by making some unverifiable assumptions
that serve as the starting points of inference, take the superstring theory for
example, the theorists of ToE simply discourage the experimentalists from
testing their theories. In contrast, all the basic ideas of the MKT are fully
testable because of its simplicity, consistency and falsifiability, the theory
asserts that, if the four fundamental interactions can be theoretically unified
into a single interaction, they can be unified at any energy level by means of
finding the micro-macro-unified physical mechanisms of creating the four
fundamental interactions and the common nature shared by four fundamental
interactions, rather than formulating a set of complicated mathematical
equations to calculate the infinite number of parameters. After all, using a
set of mathematical equations to calculate the unlimited numbers of physical
parameters generated on the ever bigger particle accelerators cannot help scientists
achieve a unified physical understanding of the so-called four fundamental
interactions but only makes their effort on searching for the ToE far away from
the right track. This is because that the key to successfully discover a workable
master-key theory of explaining all physical phenomena has nothing to do with
the energy level of a particle accelerator, but is related to the discovery of several
unified physical laws, unified physical principles and unified physical
mechanisms that are valid in both the macro and micro physical world. This is
the base for an omnipotent theory to have the highest degree of simplicity,
self-consistency, and verifiability or falsifiability. In other words, the super
explanatory and predictive powers of a master-key theory must be based only on
the discovery of the most fundamental, macro-micro-unified physical laws,
principles, and mechanisms involving the creation, action and
strength-evolution trend (in different contexts) of the unified single
interaction, rather than on the ivory tower of mathematical symbols. In this
regards, any purely mathematical approach to the theoretical construction of
ToE, such as the superstring theory, cannot provide any realistic unified
physical understanding about the common origin, common nature and common
strength-changing trend (in different magnetic fields of different celestial
bodies) of the four fundamental interactions, and it therefore cannot provide
any realistic physical explanation to the common physical phenomena occurring
in the sun-earth system, but not to say the unified physical explanation of all
physical phenomena occurring outside the solar system. By comparison, the MKT
can provide a series of simple, intelligible and consistent explanations to all
the commonly-occurring physical phenomena occurring in the solar system,
especially to all the physical phenomena (micro and macro) occurring in the
sun-earth-moon system (in both micro-quantum-physical macro-astrophysical
worlds), and more realistically, all of its theoretical predictions, including
those that have already been evidentially-supported or
yet-evidentially-verified, are completely falsifiable.
As mentioned above, the basic
differences between MKT and ToE can be further summarized into three aspects:
§4.1 The difference in
worldviews or cosmological perspectives
These two theories express two sets of
diametrically different worldviews or cosmological perspectives, thus giving
rise to two different ways of physical and philosophical thinking. For example,
the basic worldviews of the ToE are derived from the basic worldviews of the
Big Bang theory, while the basic worldviews of the MKT directly conflict with
the worldviews of the Big Bang theory. The MKT holds that the universe as a
whole is infinite in space and eternal in time, so any proposition about the
origin and end of the universe is a false proposition and meaningless. It is
only meaningful to study the laws, principles and mechanisms involving in the
origin, evolution, ending and cyclically life-relaying of the component systems
in the universe (either micro-quantum-physical or macro-celestial). So, the MKT
refutes the core ideas of the Big Bang theory as absolutely fallacies (The
evidence–supported arguments about the refutation of the so-called four pillar
evidence supposedly supporting the Big Bang theory will be presented in next
section).
§4.2 The
difference in methodology or scientific paradigm
The two theories take different
methodological strategies for their theoretical constructions because of their
different paradigms of scientific thinking. The ToE theorists focus on
formulating a group of complicated mathematical equations and are keen to make
some unverifiable assumptions. For example, the superstring theory, which is
widely regarded as one of the most promising candidate versions of ToE for its “potential”
to harmonize general relativity with quantum mechanics, postulates that the
fundamental building blocks of all particles and fields, and even space-time
are two types of one-dimensional vibrating strings. This so-called cosmic
strings are said to be a billion-trillion-trillionth of a centimeter (10-33cm)
in length but to have no breadth or thickness—This is absolutely an fallacious
concept because there no such thing as an object that only has a length without
having breadth or thickness. Plus, the existence of such a hypothetical object
is unverifiable, the superstring theory is therefore not a scientific theory
but a purely nonsense—its scientific insight not even reaches the level of a
mediocre science fiction, no matter how the superstring theorists think
themselves to be a group most genius people in the world. Such a
self-contradictory (or logic-violated) and purely equation-decorated theory is
not even worth to be discussed by any scientist who has a basic ability to
distinguish between scientific truth and fallacy. In contrast, the work of
constructing MKT is focusing on searching for the micro-macro-unified physical
laws, principles and mechanisms that are valid in both macro astrophysical
world and micro quantum-physical world, aiming to provide a unified
understanding of the essence-revealing qualitative explanations to the unified
mechanisms of causing all physical phenomena, without the need to formulate any
mathematical equation to calculate the accurate values of an unlimited physical
parameters generated by the ever bigger particle accelerators in the
force-acting and particle-transmuting processes. Based on the qualitative
explanations to the unified mechanisms of causing the micro-micro-correlated
physical phenomena. This means that the MKT focuses only on identifying the
general mass-changing trends of some fundamental physical parameters of the
mass-evolving celestial bodies and the general mass-changing trends of the
dynamically transmuting constituent particles of the corresponding celestial
bodies. And it also focus on studying how the macroscopic processes of the
mass-evolving celestial bodies are synchronized with the microscopic processes
of the transmutation of constituent particles of the corresponding celestial
bodies, rather than providing the accurate-impossible calculations of those
hierarchically infinite values of constantly changing properties of transmuting
particles.
§4.3 The difference in contents
In addition to basic worldviews and
methodological ideas, the two theories are also completely different in terms
of their major contents. The main content of the ToE contains a set of
unverifiable assumptions and a group of complicated mathematical equations that
offer essentially the kinematic descriptions about the behavior of the moving
bodies (both macro and/or micro) in different force fields, and such kinematic
description do not provide any physical explanation about the underlying
mechanism of causing the fundamental interactions, and it cannot yield any
physical implication of how the gravitationally- or the electromagnetically-interacting
bodies could perform the physical activity of nonequivalent mass-energy
exchange between them. Another major flaw of the current versions of ToE is
that they do not encompass any testable physical law, principle and mechanism
involving the origin and evolution of the solar system. This is why those
mathematical equations associated with the current versions of ToE do not have
the basic function of explaining the common physical phenomena occurring in the
sun-earth-moon system. So, if a unified field theory has no function of
explaining any common physical phenomenon occurring in the solar system, it is
then not qualified to be called the workable version of ToE. In this sense, the
current versions of ToE, including the superstring theory, do not have the
basic function of explaining the fundamental physical phenomena occurring in
the solar system. So, there is no reason for superstring theories to be
regarded as a promising candidate of the ToE. In contrast, the content of the
MKT encompasses the core ideas of the theory of star-planet coevolution
(ToSPC), which gives the MKT a powerful function of explaining the mechanism of
how the gravito-electromagnetic interaction between the sun and planets is
created. Since the basic content of MKT contains several suggested verifiable
laws, principles and mechanisms involving in the origin and evolution of the
solar system, and several mechanisms and laws involving the formation and
evolution of sunspots and the sunspot cycle-associated solar-terrestrial-correlated
physical phenomena. It can therefore provide a series of logically consistent,
macro-micro-unified explanations to all physical phenomena occurring in the
sun-earth system. Moreover, the MKT introduced an extra new notion of the
hypothetical cosmic physical mechanism, called the double-hole-structured
dual-energy-conversion mechanism (A grand new notion that will surely replace
the old notion of black hole), which provides a realistic, intelligible, and
verifiable explanation for how the mass-density of subatomic particles and how
the energy-density of particle streams (or currents) can be cyclically and reversibly
changed by the double-hole-structured dual-energy-conversion system. And it
also provides a realistic explanation for how and why an approximate
CP-symmetry (not exact symmetry) is an innate, inherent and essential to the
universe. For example, the MKT can explain the mechanism of how the Fermi
Bubble of our Milky Way is created and how the symmetrically out-streaming expanding gamma-ray-manifested “Yang-natured
Positive-Photothermal-Expanding energy and the bidirectional-inward-streaming
contracting X-ray-manifested “Yin-natured Negative-Darkcold-Contracting energy”
can mutually be converted to each other within a galaxy-scaled double-hole-structured
dual-energy conversion system. Thus, the MKT asserts that there is no existence
of black hole in the universe at all, the so-called supermassive black hole
supposedly existing in the center of spiral galaxies should be redefined as the
new notion of a double-hole-structured dual-energy conversion system and
physical mechanism of double-hole-structured dual-energy conversion mechanism
should be the ultimate cosmic physical mechanism which gives rise to the
dualistic-natured electrical charges and the existence of approximate
CP-symmetry. Thus, the basic content of MKT makes itself an omnipotent power of
explaining all physical phenomena, including the explanation of the physical
mechanism of the formation of Fermi Bubble, and the more realistic explanation
of how the symmetrically out-streaming and volume-expanding
(density-decreasing) gamma-ray-represented photo-thermal energy flow and the
symmetrically center-oriented inspiraling and volume-shrinking
(density-increasing) X-ray-represented dark-cold energy flow can be mutually
converted to each other within a single symmetric Fermi Bubble-manifested
double-hole-structured dual-energy conversion system.
§4.4 Refuting the four pillar evidence
supposedly supporting the Big Bang Theory
Since the current versions of GUTs and
ToE are based on the basic worldviews and assumptions of the Big Bang theory,
if the big bang theory is disproved as a fallacious theory, then all the big
bang-based physical theories, including those theories concerning the origin
and differentiation of the four fundamental interactions, and the origin and
transmutation of elements, and the origin and annihilation of matter and
antimatter particles, will all go bankrupt. Although the recent observational
evidence made by the James Weber Telescope is unfavorable to the Big Bang
theory, it is also essential to refute the so-called four pillar evidence that supposedly
support the big bang theory. The following statements are the evidence- and
logic-based refutations of the so-called four pillar evidence:
§4.4.1 Refuting the erroneous view of
explaining Hubble's redshift phenomenon as the expansion of cosmic space
One of the so-called four pillar
evidence in support of BBT is the Hubble’s redshift of distant galaxies, which
is described by Hubble’s law of redshift. This “evidence” is typically a
far-fetched and highly theory-laden misinterpretation of astrophysical
phenomena. We can easily refute this false interpretation with three basic
argument points:
(a). To speak of the expansion of
essentially infinite universe is meaningless, since the universe is infinitely
big in space, no matter how far our advanced astronomical telescopes have and
will have reached, the range of our observed space is only a small piece of the
corner of the entire universe. In principle, we cannot interpret some physical
effects being observed within a very limited range of cosmic space as the
evidence of the expansion of the entire cosmic space. The basic method used by
astrophysicists to determine whether a local space of certain volume is
expanding or shrinking is to observe the changes of the distances among multiple
spatial mass-points represented by multiple galaxies or superclusters of
galaxy. In fact, within a range of cosmic space occupied by a supercluster of
galaxies, the galaxies or even galaxy clusters are actually approaching each
other, which suggest that the distance between multiple galaxies, and the
distance between galaxy clusters, are actually shrinking, rather than expanding.
Only the space among multiple superclusters are expanding. So, the proponents
of BBT like to use double-standard based evidence to determine whether the
cosmic space is shrinking or expanding.
(b). The redshift of distant galaxies
can be the common astrophysical phenomenon caused by the principle of relative
galactic redshift. In this physical scenario, any two or more galaxy-borne
observers who are distributed on different galaxies of different superclusters
that belong to the different great attractors, say, the great attractor-A, B,
and C, will naturally see the same phenomenon of relative redshift from each
other as the galaxies of different superclusters of different great
attractors-A, B, and C are receding from each other to different directions in
an 3-dimensional space. This is something like a giant water tank that contains
a large number of fishes who are moving to different feeding points that are
uniformly distributed in different points of equal distance, in this physical
scenario, the several fish-borne observers that are moving towards the
different feeding points will natural observe the relative redshift effect
because the multiple fish-borne observer are moving away from each other. While
the distance between different fish-borne observers becomes longer and longer,
the volume of the giant fish tank does not change.
(c) Moreover, our solar system and all
its surrounding stellar system are orbiting about the same axis of the spiral
of Milky Way and they approaching each other toward their common baryonic
mass-point of the future steller-merging event, which means that our solar
system is moving towards the center of Milky Way while in the same time moving
towards the axis of spiral arm of Milky Way, which makes the cosmic fog effect
stronger to strengthen the effect of relative redshift. And if we think this
principle of relative redshift working in a three-dimensional space, plus the
cosmic fog effect, then, the effect of the principle of relative redshift will
be strengthened which may manifest as the phenomenon of the accelerating
processes of the relative redshift occurring among multiple different great
attractors. Thus, Hubble’s law of redshift cannot be interpreted as the
compelling evidence in support of BBT, rather, this is typically a far-fetched,
theory-laden misinterpretation of natural phenomena caused by the principle of
relative redshift occurring on the large scale of superclusters or the scale of
great attractors.
§4.4.2 Refuting
the erroneous view of explaining the cosmic microwave background radiation
(CMBR) as the evidence (dubbed afterglow) of the Big Bang event
The existence of CMBR has long been
misinterpreted as one of four major evidence of supposedly supporting BBT as it
dubbed as the “afterglow” of the big bang event. Such an explanation is
typically a far-fetched theory-laden interpretation of astrophysical
phenomenon, which can be easily replaced by another more rational, more
intelligible alternative explanation underlined with another more plausible,
more verifiable physical mechanism. Since data are always open to more than one
interpretation and any interpretation is based on certain theory-laden
assumptions, CMBR can be better explained a newly proposed macro-micro-unified
physical mechanism based on the basic assumptions of the theory of star-planet
coevolution (ToSPC). According to the ToSPC, all types of electromagnetic
radiation, whether quantum-physical or astrophysical, are caused by the
macro-micro-unified common mechanism of frequently intercutting and entangling
of magnetic fields lines of two or more independently rotating magnetic fields
carried by spinning particles or rotating celestial bodies of different
mass-energy scales. The means that CMBR is primarily produced by the
universally unified mechanism of the frequently intercutting and entangling of
the magnetic fields lines of multiple rotating magnetic fields of celestial
bodies and their constituent atoms of all energy scales, from the rotating
magnetic fields of atomic-scale, to stellar-scale, and to the rotating magnetic
fields of galactic-scale, cluster-scale, and even the supercluster and great
attractor scales. This mechanism of creating the CMBR is more plausible because
it’s higher verifiability or falsifiability when comparing with the BBT-laden “afterglow”
analogical explanation. In this picture, the CMBR is essentially an integrated
astrophysical-scaled electromagnetic effect caused by the dynamically
intercutting and entangling of the magnetic fields lines of the rotating
magnetic fields of all energy scales corresponding to the magnetic fields of
all mass-energy scales, from the atomic-scaled nuclei’s magnetic field, to the
stellar-scaled, galactic-scaled, and then to the supercluster-scaled and even
the great attractor-scaled magnetic field. And ultimately, the mechanism of
creating the CMRB is the common mechanism shared with the everyday dynamo
mechanism of producing the electric power and of the week radiation glows
showing around the generator and the high-voltage lines. And nothing distinct,
nothing special!
In the physical scenario of the
everyday dynamo mechanism of generating electric power, one can easily
understand how the macro-micro-unified physical mechanism works in different
contexts by showing the unified nature, in this regard, one can understand that
the essence of the everyday dynamo mechanism is also the dynamical intercutting
and entangling of the magnetic fields lines between magnet-carrying magnetic
field that is integrated by a large number of individual atomic-scaled nuclear
magnetic fields of iron, neodymium and boron atoms and the magnetic field lines
of the coil-carrying magnetic field that is integrated by a large number of
individual atomic-scaled nuclear magnetic fields of all the iron or copper
atoms that constitute the wires of coil. Therefore, the physical mechanism of everyday
electric power generation and the physical mechanism of producing the cosmic
background radiation are essentially the universally micro-macro-unified physical
mechanism—the mechanism of intercutting and entangling between different
magnetic fields lines of all rotating bodies of various mass-energy scales. Thus,
the ultimate cause of the cosmic microwave background radiation is simply the
universally unified mechanism of the constant intercutting and entanglement of
magnetic fields lines between different rotating magnetic fields of all
rotating bodies interacted, from the galactic-scaled body-carrying magnetic
fields to the subatomic-scaled particle-carrying magnetic fields. So, the cause
of cosmic microwave background radiation has nothing to do with the
hypothetical big bang event.
§4.4.3 Refuting the
view that the abundances of light elements can be interpreted as the evidence of
supporting the Big Bang-triggered primordial nucleosynthesis mechanism
The abundances of light elements have
long been misinterpreted as one of four pillar evidence in support of BBT.
According to the BBT, the mass majority of the lightest three elements,
hydrogen, helium and lithium, were supposedly created by the big bang-triggered
mechanism of primordial nucleosythesis. In this physical scenario, the
high-energy quark-gluon plasma sea was first created in a transient quark-gluon
epoch right after the big bang, and within next few minutes, the mass majority
of the lightest three elements, hydrogen, helium and lithium, were created by
the so-called primordial nucleosynthesis, and later in the processes of the
origin and evolution of the so-called first- and second-generation stars, all
other elements heavier than lithium were supposedly created by the mechanism of
stellar nucleosynthesis, including the events of various types of supernovae
explosions. The BBT supporters believe that the current standard model of BBT
can be used to calculate the ratio of light elements such as helium-4,
helium-3, deuterium, and lithium-7 relative to hydrogen-1 based on a speculated
ratio of radiation (photons) and to matter (baryons) in the early universe.
However, the mechanism of big bang-triggered primordial nucleosynthesis and the
mechanism of stellar nucleosynthesis are two highly speculative hypothetical
mechanisms that have not yet been experimentally verified. There has been
increasing evidence that the two mechanisms can be fundamentally incorrect. We
believe that the two mechanisms of primordial nucleosynthesis and the stellar
nucleosynthesis can be cross-falsified by two lines of evidence:
a) Any evidence that can confirm a fact
that the average lifetime of the stable constituent elements (in particular the
stable isotopes of hydorogen-1 and helium-4) of a planet is shorter than the
average lifetime of planets, or any evidence that proves a fact that the
average lifetime of the stable constituent elements of a star is shorter than
the average lifetime of sun-like star, will naturally lead to the falsification
the mechanism of the so-called big bang-triggered primordial nucleosynthesis.
Hence, the falsification of BBT.
b) Any evidence that can confirm a fact
that the mechanism by which the heavy
metal elements are synthesized in star cores is actually a star-planet
co-created, co-energized, and star-planet’s double-sourced particle streams
colliding in star core under the magnetic field force confinement the star,
rather than the classical mechanism of hydrogen-fueled nuclear fusion reaction,
and/or CNO cycle, will naturally lead to the falsification of classical stellar
nucleosynthesis, and hence the falsification of BBT.
The following two newly-proposed
mechanisms involving the origin and transmutation of elements and the origin
and transmutation of protons, are highly falsifiable or verifiable.
According to the theory of star-planet
coevolution, the mechanism of the origin and transmutation (decaying into pions
and muons) of protons and the origin and transmutation of elements are two
inseparable succeeding processes, and the two microscopic particle-physical
processes and the macroscopic astrophysical processes of the origin and
evolution of planet-bearing star system are totally synchronized. In one cyclic
astrophysical process in which one pair of binary-star system merging into a
solar-like single star system, and two solar-like star systems merging into
next-generation single star system, all kinds of elements, from the lightest
hydrogen-1 to the heaviest transuranium elements, will be synthesized out. And
in the same process, all heavy metal elements, including uranium and iron, will
ultimately transmute into hydrogen-1, and all atoms of hydrogen-1 will be
ionized into protons and electrons, the latter two will move into the
protonosphere of an earth-like planet, and all protons in protonosphere will
continuously move up into the lower region of Van Allen Radiation Belt where
the planet-sourced protons and the star-sourced protons that are captured into
the upper region of Van Allen Radiation Belt will collide with each other in
the middle region between lower and upper belts and undergo a cascade decay
into pions and muons, and then, muons decay into electron and positrons. This
picture suggests an existence of a fundamental principle that the mean lifetime
of all the constituent elemental atoms of a planet cannot exceeds the mean
lifetime of planets. Likewise, the mean lifetime of the hydrogen-1 atoms that
constitute a star is far shorter than the mean lifetime of solar-like stars. To
make this picture clearer, we take the earth-sun system as a natural
experimental lab to see how the constituent elements of the earth, including
U-238 and Fe-56, will ultimately decay into hydrogen-1 that will move up into
the hydrogen shell in the earth’s upper atmosphere where the highly ionized
hydrogen-1 atoms will be further disintegrated into protons (dubbed the
terrestrial protons—“T-protons”) and electrons (dubbed terrestrial electrons or
“T-electrons”) via the mechanism
of photodissociation. And the terrestrial protons will continuously move up
into a broad region across from protonosphere to the entire lower region of Van
Allen Radiation Belt where the up-streaming terrestrial protons will collide
with the down-streaming solar-sourced protons coming from the upper region of
Van Allen Radiation Belt.
In the new picture, when the solar
system originated from an event of a stellar merger, the earth, as a daughter
product produced by the mechanism of stellar-merger-triggered metallic
karyosphere-ejection, was a highly compact, fast-spinning metallic ball with a
strong magnetic field, its core is consisted primarily of ultraheavy mega
nuclei elements (UMNEs) and its mantle is made primarily transuranium elements,
with its crust being made primarily iron-nickel alloy, with little-to-no light
gaseous elements (like hydrogen, helium, oxygen and nitrogen) in its tenuous
atmosphere, but carrying a very strong magnetic field. Since the sun has a huge
magnetic field which extend to a range of a light years away, the rotating
earth has its magnetic field lines being constantly intercutting and entangling
with of the solar magnetic field lines, the mechanism of which leads to the
formation of invisible giant electromagnetic bond that seamlessly connects the
sun’s magnetic field with the earth’s magnetic field via the
bidirectional-flowing and frequently intercutting electromagnetically charged
particle streams. The formation of a giant gravito-electromagnetic bond between
the sun and earth makes the sun-earth system a holistic coevolutionary system
in which the sun and earth are coevolving through a underlined physical
mechanism of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange. The process of the sun-earth
coevolution is supposedly governed by the four fundamental laws of star-planet
coevolution. The fourth law of star-planet coevolution states that the solar
photo-thermal radioactive energy promotes the earth’s microscopic particle
transmutation process characterized by mass-energy decaying-trended elemental
transmutation while the earth’s planetary energy carried by the earth-ejected
sunward-streaming electromagnetic energy-carrying lepton-dominant energy jet
will promote the mass-gaining process of the sun-core-operated mechanism of
heavy metal elements synthesis. In this physical scenario, from the earth’s
core to its upper atmosphere, there is an existence of a mass-decaying-trended
process of uranium-to-hydrogen transmutation chain (we use uranium-238 as a
representative heavy element to represent all the elements heavier than
uranium-238 to be a starting point of mass-decaying trended elemental
transmutation chain). In this physical scenario, all the isotopes of uranium
will ultimately transmute into H-1 atoms through various modes of radioactive
and non-radioactive decay. Besides the known modes of radioactive decay, we
proposed a new mode of chemical bond-promoted plus-minus-alternated systematic
beta decaying processes (detailed explanation is presented in chapter 2, 3 and
4). In this physical scenario, all the earth’s constituent elements heavier
than H-1 will ultimately transmute into H-1 that will move up into the hydrogen
shell in earth’s upper atmosphere. In other words, hydrogen shell marks the end
of uranium-hydrogen decay chain.
According to the theory of star-planet
coevolution, the mechanism of the origin and transmutation (decaying into pions
and muons) of protons and the origin and transmutation of elements are two
inseperated succeeding processes once verified to be true, will lead to the
cross-falsification of ing the For example, if we can experimentally confirm
such a fact that the solar protons will immediately decay into pions and muons,
and the latter two continuously decay into electrons and positrons, when the
solar protons entered the upper region of the earth’s Van Allen Radiation Belt
where the down-streaming solar protons and the up-streaming terrestrial protons
will collide with each other because of the existence of the mechanism of
proton-antiproton mutual conversion and collision. In earth bound, all the
earth’s constituent atoms heavier than hydrogen-1 will ultimately transmute
into hydrogen via various modes of radioactive and non-radioactive decay. of
uranium-238 and uranium-235 will ultimately transmute into elemental atoms of
hydrogen-1 via various modes of radioactive and non-radioactove decay. And all
atoms of hydrogen-1 occurring on earth that derived originally from the decay
of various isotopes of transuranium and uranium elements will eventually move
up into the hydrogen shell of the earth’s upper atmosphere, and all elemental
atoms of hydrogen-1 will eventually be disintegrated into protons and electrons
by the mechanism of the solar photodissocition, and all protons occurring in
the earth’s protonosphere as the results of the photodissociation of hydrogen
atoms are then called terrestrial protons. All these terrestrial protons will
continuously move up into the broad regions across from the protonosphere to
the lower region of the earth’s Van Allen Radition Belt, wherein all these
terrestrial protons in the protonosphere will undergo a cascade
proton-pion-muon-electron/positron decay via the newly-proposed hypothetical
mechanism which is essentially a sun-earth co-created and co-energized physical
mechanism which should operate in the entire region of the earth’s Van Allen
Radiation Belt, which is defined as the mechanism of the earth-sun’s double
magnetic fields co-energized, and the geomagnetic field confined, and the
earth-sun’s double-sourced terrestrial-proton and solar-proton mutually
conversion and collision (the cascade mechanism of proton-antiproton
conversion-collision-and-transmutation).
c) And all the pions and muons and the
electron-positrons created by the above-described cascade mechanism of
proton-antiproton conversion-collision-and transmutation operating in the Van
Allen Radiation Belt will eventually be recombined into a huge flux of the
earth-ejected sunward-streaming lepton jet that will be injected all the way
into the sun’s core to become the raw materials of synthesizing the heavy metal
elements in the sun’s core. This picture suggests that all baryons, nucleons
and nuclei occurring in the current solar system should be originally made of
leptons and energy quanta, and all leptons and energy quanta must originally
made of deeper and subtler structures of etheric magneto-vortices. The
mechanism by which the all the baryons, nucleons, nuclei and elemental atoms
occurring in current earth and the solar system are actually created by the
common mechanism co-operated by the star and planets of the parent
planet-bearing star system.
If the above-described mechanisms and
processes are proved to be true, then one of the important prediction of ToSPC
is that the average lifetime of the constituent elements of planets is always
shorter than the average lifetime of the planets. And the mean lifetime of all constituent
elemental atoms of any star is always shorter than the mean lifetime of stars.
This means that the current method of calculating the average lifetime of
stable elements, especially the calculation of the mean lifetime of hydrogen or
helium, is fundamentally incorrect and people often confuse the conception of
mean lifetime of elements with the half-lives of elements. Since the BBT
requires that the mean lifetime of hydrogen-1 atoms and the mean lifetime of
protons are both far longer than of sun-like stars or planets. Therefore, if we
can confirm the fact that the masses of all the earth’s constituent atoms will
be ultimately transferred into the sun’s core (to be used by the sun as the raw
materials to synthesize the next-generation heavy elements) before being
dissociated into various subatomic leptonic particles within the region of the
earth’s Van Allen Radiation Belt, then the two mechanisms of nucleon and nuclei
synthesis—the mechanism of primordial nucleosynthesis and of the stellar
nucleosynthesis, will both be cross-falsified. Hence, the falsification of BBT.
By comparison, the newly proposed
mechanism of elemental nucleosynthesis—the mechanism of sun-planet co-created,
and the sun-planet’s double magnetic fields co-energized, and the solar
magnetic field-confined double-sourced particle jets colliding is more
plausible simply because of its verifiability or falsifiability. According to
the theory of star-planet coevolution, within a cyclic process in which one
pair of binary-star system merging into a planet-bearing single star system,
and two adjacent single-star systems, like the current solar system and its adjacent
Alpha Centauri system, evolve into two giant-core-gestated component stars of
next-generation contact binary system, the microscopic cyclic process in which
leptons ware synthesized into heavy metal elements and again, all heavy metal
elements decay into the lightest element of hydrogen-1, and the cascade
processes of hydrogen→proton→pion→-muon→electron-prositron-pair
chain transmutation, will complete as a finished cycle of uranium→hydrogen→proton→pion→-muon→electron/prositron/pair chain to the
next-generation uranium. For this sense, one of the diametrical difference in
the viewpoint on the origin and transmutation of elements between BBT and ToSPC
is that, in the picture of BBT, the microscopic processes of the origin and
transmutation of elements and the macroscopic processes of the origin and
evolution of planet-bearing stellar systems are not synchronized, whereas in
ToSPC, the two microscopic and macroscopic processes are completely
synchronized as a whole—the principle of which is called the principle of
macro-and-microscopic processes synchronization. And this principle is the key
physical bases for the existence of the most fundamental micro-macro-unified
physical laws, principles and mechanisms. Hence, the existence of the
master-key theory of fundamental science.
§4.4.4 Refuting the
interpretation of large-scale homogeneity as the evidence of supposedly
supporting BBT
The mainstream cosmologists interpret
the large-scale homogeneity or large-scale isotropy of the cosmic space as the
result of the big bang-caused spatial inflation. However, a far more sensible
interpretation of the large-scale homogeneity is that the cosmic space itself has
an inherent physical property of a liquid fluid because the space is made up of
liquid-like magneto-plasmatic fluid that exists in a dynamic form spirally
flowing vortices of infinite grades of mass-energy levels. We can simply
picture the cosmic space as an infinitely big tank of magnetic fluid sea filled
with vector-featured vortices that electromagnetically connect all kinds of
constituent bodies of infinitely more grades of mass-energy levels. Since any
kinds of liquid has an inherent, innate property of averaging its mass density,
so, the large-scale homogeneity is produced by the laws, principles and
mechanisms involving in the electromagnetically energized hydrodynamic entity.
This interpretation is consistent with basic assumption of the master-key
theory that the universe is motivated only by the macrocosm-microcosm-unified
electromagnetic energy and the macro-micro-unified electromagnetic force which
has infinitively more grades of mass-energy levels and may manifest in many
different ways.
§4.5. The basic views of the master-key
theory of fundamental science
As early explained, we believe that the
correct method of discovering the ultimate master-key theory of explaining all
physical phenomena is to find out a set of the most fundamental, and
microcosm-macrocosm-unified physical laws, principles and mechanisms that can
be used to qualitatively explain all physical phenomena without the need of
adding any extra assumptions. This means that all these explanations must reach
the essence-revealing level, rather than superficial explanation. Since the
biggest challenge faced by mainstream theorists is to incorporate gravity into
a unified mathematical model that already includes electromagnetism, and the strong
and weak nuclear forces, in order to make it easier for mainstream theorists to
understand and be willing to test the master key theory, I would like to start
my journey of discovering the master-key theory by revealing the physical
mechanism of how the gravitational interaction between the sun and planets is
produced and what is exactly the essential nature of gravity.
§4.5.1 The physical mechanism of how the
gravitational interaction between the sun and planets is produced, and what is
the essential nature of gravity
§4.5.1. (a) The
SSPR-dynamo mechanism
All the BBT-based unification field
theories share a common basic view that the four fundamental forces were
originally merged into a single force in a transient high-energy unification
epoch right after the big bang—the imaginary age of perfect symmetry. As the
universe cooled in the process of inflation, spontaneous symmetry-breaking
occurred. In this imaginary picture, first, gravity separated out as a distinct
force, then the strong nuclear force, and finally the weak nuclear force and
electromagnetism. However, all evidence point to a fact that the so-called four
fundamental interactions are essentially electromagnetic interaction which
manifests in different ways. So, I believe that all the BBT-based versions of
the unified field theory are fundamentally incorrect since BTT itself is
fundamentally incorrect. This means that the existence of a unified field
theory has nothing to do with the big-bang fairytale, if the four fundamental
interactions can be theoretically unified, they can be unified at any energy
level, rather than the BTT-described non-reachable high energy level. The only
physical base on which we can discover the unified field theory is the
existence of a common physical mechanism shared by the four fundamental
interactions and a macrocosm-microcosm-unified physical principle that can deeply
reveal the essential nature of the macrocosm-microcosm-unified single
interaction in all cases.
Following this mind map guided by
afore-mentioned thought-compass, I confidently assert that the gravitational
interaction between the sun and planets is essentially the electromagnetic
interaction which manifests itself as a low-flux (or weak strength) but a large
cross-sectional penetrating electromagnetic bonding force (coined as
gravitromagnetic interaction). The characteristic property of low-flux (or weak
strength) and a large cross-sectional penetration of the inter-solar-planetary
electromagnetic force was wrongfully identified by Isaac Newton as a distinct
gravitational force due to his historic limits. Because, at Newton’s time,
people had no idea of how an electromagnetic force can be produced by Faraday’s
dynamo mechanism. Even today, most physicists may not have a deep understanding
of the essential nature of dynamo mechanism, and may tell you that the
mechanism of producing an electric power is simply a mechanism of creating a
dynamic process of the relative motion between a magnet and a metal coil, in
which process, a rotating metal coil is dynamically intercutting with the
magnetic field lines of a magnet, thus, creating both an electric current in
the conductor and a magnetic field around it. However, this explanation does
not reveal the essence of the everyday dynamo mechanism. The essence of the
everyday dynamo mechanism is the relatively mutual intercutting and entangling
of the magnetic fields’ lines between the integrated macroscopic magnetic field
of many microscopic nuclear magnetic fields of metal atoms that make up a
magnet and the integrated macroscopic magnetic field of many microscopic
nuclear magnetic fields of metal atoms that make up the metal coil. In other
words, the mechanism of producing an electromagnetic interaction between bodies
is all about the dynamically intercutting and entangling of the magnetic fields
lines of two or more magnetic field-carrying rotating bodies. Based on this
idea, I have reached conclusion that any form of electromagnetic interaction
with any grade of mass-energy level, either micro-quantum-physical or
macro-astrophysical, is produced by the universally macrocosm-microcosm-unified
physical mechanism of dynamically intercutting and entangling of the magnetic
fields’ lines of two or more rotating bodies carrying their magnetic fields of
certain magnitude. This means that the identification of the physical mechanism
of creating an electromagnetic interaction between bodies has nothing to do
with the mean mass or the mean magnetic field strength of any two or more
electromagnetically bonding bodies. Logically, the definition of
electromagnetic interaction force should not be determined by the strength of
the force. Therefore, the traditional classification method of recognizing the
fundamental forces by determining their force strength is completely wrong. The
electromagnetic interaction is the only fundamental interaction acting between
bodies of all mass-energy levels. Based on this basic view, I propose that the
mechanism by which the gravito-electromagnetic interaction between the sun and
planets is produced is the SSPR-dynamo mechanism—the Stellar-Stator and
Planetary-Rotor integrated dynamo mechanism. In this physical scenario, the sun
acting as a giant stellar-stator with its effective magnetic field reaching the
outer edge of the Oort cloud (about two light years across), and all the solar
system’s planets collectively acting as planetary-rotor, the
orbiting-rotating-synchronized motion of a planet would surely enable its
magnetic field lines to be constantly intercut and entangled with the magnetic
field line of the sun, which creates a large number of bidirectional-flowing electromagnetic
wave energy-carrying particle streams that are frequently intercutting and
entangling with each other on every step of their oppositely moving toward the
cores of the sun and the planet. This is the real mechanism of how the
inter-solar-planetary electromagnetic interaction is mediated. The physical behavior
of frequently intercutting-and-entangling of the bidirectional-flowing magnified
particle streams are the real force-mediator while photons are merely the
transient products of the magnetic line-intercutting-created magneto-fluid-carrying
vortices of subtler levels. Meanwhile, the existence of the
bidirectional-flowing electromagnetic wave energy-carrying particle streams
allow the sun and each planet to co-perform the physical activity of bilateral
and non-equivalent mass-energy exchange and asymmetrically mass-energy hybridization.
After all, the solar system as a whole is a natural star-planet-integrated
complex dynamo system which comprises multilevel sub-dynamo systems. For each
planet-scaled sub-dynamo system, all of its constituent atoms and molecules act
as atomic-molecular-scaled micro-dynamo dynamo system. No matter how many
grades of sub-dynamo systems are there to be integrated into sub-magnetic
fields of the solar- and planetary-scale, the macro-micro-unified dynamo
mechanism that produces the ubiquitously acting electromagnetic interactions
between any two or more magnetic field-carrying spinning bodies are exactly the
same. Albert Einstein’s scientific belief that the physical world should follow
the principle of simplicity is absolutely correct.
§4.5.1.(b) The macro-micro-unified principle of
orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting of the magnetic fields’ lines of
two magnetic field-carrying spinning bodies
It must be specially noted that, for
any two-body system, e.g., the earth-moon system, or a binary-star system, or a
diatomic molecular system, the mechanism by which the long-lasting
electromagnetic interaction between two spinning bodies (of all mass-energy
scales) is created is orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting and
entangling of the magnetic fields’ lines of the two
electromagnetically-interacting bodies, that is, in order to producing a
long-lasting stable electromagnetic interaction, the axes of the two spinning
bodies must be perpendicular to each other in order to produce an approximately
flux-balancing bidirectional-flowing electromagnetic particle streams. The
principle of orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting of two spinning bodies
states that, the closer the angle between the rotation axes of two magnetic
field-carrying rotating objects is to 90 degrees, the more balanced the values
of the flux of the bidirectional-flowing electromagnetic particle streams is generated,
that is, the values of the fluxes of the bidirectional-flowing and frequently-intercutting
and mutually entangling particle streams are closer, and therefore, the longer
the duration of the electromagnetic interaction between two bodies is generated.
Because of the existence of this newly proposed principle of orthogonal axial
intersectional intercutting of the magnetic fields’ lines of two bonding
bodies, this is why, in any relatively stable two-body system, the intersectional
angle between the rotation axes of two rotating (magnetic field-carrying)
bodies is always close to 90 degrees. For example, in the earth-moon two-body
system, the rotational axis of the earth is perpendicular to the rotational
axis of the moon, this is why an earth-based observer cannot directly see the
far-side of the moon. In any binary-star system, the axes of the component
stars are always perpendicular to one another. In a binary-galaxy system, such
as the Milky Way-Andromeda binary system, the rotational axis of the Milky Way
is always perpendicular to the rotational axis of Andromeda, this is why the
Milky Way-based observer sees Andromeda galaxy as a spindle-like shape. In any
of a biatomic molecular system, the axes of the two electromagnetically bonding
atoms must be perpendicular to one another because the mechanism by which the
chemical bond (the electromagnetic interaction acting at an atomic-molecular
scale) is formed is intercutting and entangling of the magnetic field lines of
the nuclear magnetic fields of two bonding atoms, this means that the mechanism
by which the electromagnetic interaction is mediated is the
bidirectional-flowing and frequently intercutting and entangling subatomic
particle streams while the valence electrons are merely the participants in
bond creating process, rather than determining physical factor of bond
formation. The mean magnitude of the magnetic field strength of the bonding
atoms and the mean flux of the bidirectional-flowing and frequently
intercutting-and-entangling subatomic streams are the underlined determining
physical factors in the bond-forming process.
§4.5.1.(c) The
macro-micro-unified principle of the tunnel-bond duality of electromagnetic
bond of all kinds and all levels
As described above, the physical
mechanism by which the macroscopic weak electromagnetic interaction between the
sun and the planet (a giant celestial-scaled electromagnetic bond) is produced
and the physical mechanism by which the microscopic strong electromagnetic
interaction between two atomic particles (Chemical bond) or subatomic particles
(e.g., the strong electromagnetic bond acting at the inter-nucleonic level or
the inter-baryon-lepton level), are exactly the same—the frequently
intercutting-and-entangling of the magnetic fields’ lines of two or more
magnetic field-carrying rotating bodies of mass-energy scales. And the
mechanism by which the electromagnetic force is mediated between two or more
rotating objects of all mass-energy scales is also the same—the
bidirectional-flowing electromagnetic wave energy-carrying particle streams
that are always in a dynamical status of frequently intercutting and mutually
entangling with each other on every step of their oppositely streaming toward
the two mass-centers of the bonding bodies. While the mechanism of frequently
intercutting-and-entangling of the bidirectional-flowing magnified particle
streams provides a plausible, intelligent and verifiable explanation of how the
electromagnetic interaction is mediated between bodies, the existence of
bidirectional-flowing magnified particle streams with non-equal-flux naturally
provides a consistent explanation of how the mechanism of non-equivalent
mass-energy exchange and asymmetric mass-energy hybridization between two
strongly or weakly electromagnetically interacting bodies is operated. This
means that both the giant gravito-electromagnetic bond working between the sun
and a planet, and the microscopic atomic-molecular-scaled electromagnetic bond
(or chemical bond) should have two basic functions, the force-mediating bond
function and the mass-energy-exchanging tunnel or channel function. In other
words, a macroscopic sun-planet-linking bond or a microscopic chemical bond
acts as a force-mediating bond and a mass-energy-exchanging tunnel
simultaneously. This is called the principle of functional duality of
electromagnetic bond or the principle of tunnel-bond duality. Because the
principle of tunnel-bond duality is valid in both the macro-astrophysical world
and the micro-quantum-physical world, therefore, it is a most fundamental, microcosm-macrocosm-unified
physical principle.
All the microcosm-macrocosm-unified
physical laws, mechanisms and principles are termed as the basic theoretical
unification factors (BTUFs). The more BTUFs are included in the framework of a
unified field theory, the less basic assumptions the theory requires. And the
less basic assumptions made in a theory will lead to its greater simplicity. And
a greater simplicity means a higher level of self-consistency, falsifiability,
and the completeness of the theory. Hence, a higher predictive and explanatory
power the theory has.
§4.5.1.(d) The
prediction of the existence of a
double-hole-structured and double holes’ effects hybridized dual-energy
conversion and stellar-merger promotion system/mechanism
(DHS-DHEH-DEC&SMPS/M)
In addition to the above-described macrocosm-microcosm-unified physical
laws, principles, and mechanisms (being generalized as basic theoretical
unification factors), I also predict an existence of the most fundamental，macro-micro-unified physical mechanism in the universe, namely the double-hole-structured
and double holes’ effects hybridized dual-energy conversion and stellar-merger
promotion system and/or mechanism (DHS-DHEshybri-DEC-SMPS/M). The notion of the
“double holes’ effects” (DHEs) refers to the black-hole effect (BHE) and the
white-hole effect (WHE). So, the notion of
the hybridization of the double holes’ effects refers to the inseparable
combination of black-hole effect and white-hole effect.
And the notion of dual-energy means that the traditional monistic notion
of energy can in fact be relatively classified as two types of
dualistically-natured but physically coupling energies, I name them as “the
yang-natured and positive-charged photothermal-expansion energy (Yang-PCPTE)”
and “the yin-natured and negative-charged darkcold-condensation energy
(Yin-NCDCE)” respectively. The physical relationship between the double holes’
effects and the dualistically classified energies (Yang-PCPTE/ Yin-NCDCE) and
their corresponding properties and functions will be generally described as
following statements:
The
white hole effect produces Yang-natured positive charged photothermal-expansion
energy (Yang-PCPTE) which has an intrinsic, innate property of producing a 3D
quasi-spherical expanding force and an 1D repulsive antigravity force while
simultaneously promoting the quantum-evaporation process of
mass-decaying-trended elemental transmutation (e.g., uranium-to-hydrogen trended
elemental transmutation the process of which occurs on planets); whereas, the
black-hole effect produces Yin-natured negative charged Yin-NCDCE which has an
intrinsic, innate property of producing a 3D quasi-spherical expansion force
and a 1D attractive gravity force while simultaneously promoting the
quantum-condensation process of mass-increasing-trended elemental transmutation
(e.g., the synthesis of heavy metal elements in star core).
The
white-hole effect and black-hole effect are always hybridized into one holistic
double-hole-structured dual-energy conversion system, and the
dualistically-natured energies— Yang-PCPTE and Yin-NCDCE can only coexist and
co-work in a physically coupling status and both can simultaneously mutually
converting into each other within a dual-energy conversion system. Thus,
attractive gravity force and repulsive antigravity force are always co-working
simultaneously in an approximately balancing or non-balancing status depends on
which kind of energy is in a dominant position status in a specific case.
In macro-astrophysical world, the
typical morphological manifestation of a standard symmetric type of a
double-hole-structured and double holes effects hybridized dual-energy
conversion system (DHS-DHEshybrid-DECS) is the Fermi Bubbles structure of our
Milky Way galaxy, whereas, in micro-quantum-physical world, the typical
morphological manifestation of a DHS-DHEshybrid-DECS would be an electron cloud
of a hydrogen atom.
It is not easy to identify the
properties and physical relations between double holes’ effects and the
dualistically classified energies and their corresponding forces in a stellar
system, however, the Fermi Bubbles, which has been found to be rooted in the
galactic center of our Milky Way galaxy, provides an excellent dynamic picture
for us to intuitively observe the inseparably co-existing, co-working and
physically coupling relationship between the X-ray characterized black-hole
effect and the gamma-ray characterized white-hole effect, and to deeply
understand how the mechanism of the hybridization of a black-hole effect and a
white-hole effect can create a secondary mechanism of how the
dualistically-natured energies—the gamma-ray characterized Yang-PCPTE and the
x-ray characterized Yin-NCDCE can be simultaneously converted into each other
within a holistic DHS-DHEshybrid-DECS, and the working principle of how the 3D quasi-spherical expansion force
produced by the gamma-ray characterized Yang-PCPTE and the 3D quasi-spherical
expansion force produced by the x-ray characterized Yin-NCDCE can be mutually transform
into each other within the Fermi Bubble-manifested double-hole-structured and
double holes’ effects hybridized dual-energy conversion and stellar-merger
promotion system.
In this physical scenario, the X-ray
carrying Yin-NCDCE produced by black-hole mechanism is the galactic
center-oriented inflowing condensing energy currents (or centripetal condensing
inflowing energy currents) which manifests as four symmetric arc-shaped X-ray radiations
occurring at the outer-lower edges of Fermi Bubbles. Conversely, the gamma-ray characterized
Yang-PCPTE produced by white-hole mechanism is the galactic center-fugal
outflowing expanding energy current (or centrifugal expanding energy flow)
which manifests as two symmetric lobular gamma-ray bubbles.
In this dynamic Fermi bubble picture,
it is clearly showed that the while-hole effect-represented
photothermal-expanding energy produces a 3D quasi-spherical expansion force and
1D repulsive antigravity force while the black-hole effect-represented
darkcold-condensation energy produces a 3D qausi-spherical contraction force
and a 1D attractive gravity force.
From the perspective of
quantum-physical world, generally speaking, the white-hole effect characterized
photothermal-expanding energy will energize the process of quantum evaporation—which
would manifest at atomic level as a mass-decaying trended elemental
transmutation chain which occurs on planets. Conversely, the while-hole effect characterized
darkcold-condensing energy will energize the process of quantum condensation—which
would manifest at atomic level as a mass-gaining trended heavy metal elements
synthesis which occurs in star cores.
Since Yang-PCPTE and Yin-NCDCE can
exist only in a co-existing, co-working and physically coupling status, therefore,
3D expansion- and contraction forces, and 1D repulsive antigravity and
attractive gravity forces, are always co-acting simultaneously between any two
or more bodies in an approximately balancing or apparently non-balancing status—with
either Yang-PCPTE or Yin-NCDCE in a dominant status in different situations due
to the existence of the universally valid fundamental mechanism of
nonequivalent mass-energy exchange and asymmetrically mass-energy hybridization
between electromagnetically interacting bodies. For example, in our solar
system, the overall gravito-electromagnetic interaction between the sun and
each planet is always dominated by Yin-NCDCE, therefore, the attractive gravity
force between the sun and planets is always little stronger than the repulsive
antigravity force. Thus, all planets evolving in the solar system is undergoing
an irreversible process of the planetary orbital decay. But in the
sun-earth-moon three-body system, the gravito-electromagnetic interaction
between the earth and its moon is dominated by the solar-sourced Yan-PCPTE
which is functioning as the combination effects of the solar photothermal
repulsive isolation and the solar photothermal quantum evaporation—which
promote the mass-decaying process of the heavy-to-light trended elemental
transmutation of all the constituent elements of the earth and moon—which in
turn causes the earth and its moon to decay in mass and also decay in their
magnetic fields strength. Since the cause of a gravitational interaction
between bodies is the mechanism of frequently intercutting and mutually
entangling of the magnetic fields’ lines of any two or more spinning bodies—which
produces an electromagnetic current braiding effect between any two
bidirectional-flowing electromagnetic particle streams, the
gravito-electromagnetic-pull between the earth and moon will become gradually
weakening because both the earth and the moon are undergoing a process of
magnetic field decay as their masses are also in decaying process, and hence,
the lunar recession phenomenon.
§4.5.1.(e) The formation mechanism and the working
principle of the Fermi Bubbles—A galactic-scaled double-hole-structured and
double holes’ effects hybridized dual-energy conversion and stellar-merger
promotion system/mechanism (DHS-DHEsHybri-DEC-SMPS/M)
Since the discovery of the Fermi Bubbles
by Douglas Finkbeiner in 2009, various theoretical models have been proposed to
explain the formation of the Bubbles. These models can be roughly classified
into three categories：Hadronic Wind Models,
Leptonic Jet Models，and In-situ Acceleration Models. Although,
any one of the three kinds of models can match certain parts of the observational
data, but none of them can match all the observational data simultaneously. ［1］This is because that all these models are
built on the old paradigm of astrophysics, especially, the model construction is
based on the classical black hole theory and the traditional star formation
theory. This means that if the basic views of the classical black hole- and
star formation theories are disproved as fundamentally incorrect, then the
current models cannot reveal the basic formation mechanism and the working
principle of Fermi bubble. Here, I propose an alternative model, called the
3D-Triaxial Intersectional Intercutting of Multi-Magnetic Fields lines
(3D-TIIMMFLs), this model is based on an basic assumption that the most basic
underlying physical mechanism that causes various physical phenomena, whether
quantum-physical or astrophysical, is simply the micro-macro-unified mechanism
of frequently intercutting and mutually entangling of the magnetic fields lines
of different bipolar magnetic fields, which can be generally classified into
two kinds according to their geometric nature and the number of rotating
body-carrying magnetic fields: (1) the orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting
model and non-orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting model according to
the degrees of the intersectional angle between any two intersecting axes of
the rotational magnetic fields; and (2) the 2D-biaxial intersectional
intercutting model (2D-BAIIM) that is
suitable to describe the electromagnetic interaction in two-body system and the
3D-triaxial intersectional intercutting model (3D-TAIIM) that is suitable to
describe the electromagnetic interaction in many-body system. For example, the
2D-biaxial intersectional intercutting model (2D-BAIIM) can be used to explain
the mechanism of causing the gravito-electromagnetic interaction between the
sun and planets and the quantum-scaled electromagnetic interaction between
atomic or subatomic particles. Whereas, the 3D-triaxial intersectional
intercutting model (3D-TAIIM) can be used to explain the formation mechanism
and working principle of the Fermi Bubbles of our Milky Way galaxy and the
relevant explanations will presented in following paragraph.
As above-described, the mechanism by
which the Fermi Bubbles formed is the mechanism of 3D-Triaxial Intersectional
Intercutting and Entangling of the Magnetic Fields Lines (3D-Triaxial-IIMFsLs)
between the magnetic field lines of the longitudinal axis-represented
rotational magnetic field of the entire Milky Way Galaxy (denoted axis-1), and
the magnetic fields lines of the four horizontal axes-represented spiral arms
carrying magnetic fields (denoted axis-2), and the magnetic field lines of the
horizontal axis-represented bar-carrying magnetic field (denoted axis-3). The
3D-Triaxial-IIMFsLs mechanism can naturally create a symmetric bi-lobular dumbbell-shaped
Fermi Bubbles, in which two symmetric out-streaming expanding gamma-ray bubbles
are half-wrapped by two bowl-like X-ray shells. The galactic center-rooted Fermi
Bubbles provides an excellent morphological structure of a black-hole effect
and white-hole effect hybridized dual-energy conversion and stellar-merger
promotion system (BHWHhybrid-DEC-SMPS) and its corresponding 3D
expansion-contraction coupling and 1D gravity-antigravity coupling mechanism.
In this new physical scenario, the gamma-ray characterized yang-natured and
positive charged photothermal-expansion energy (Yang-PCPTE) produced by white-hole
effect and the X-ray characterized yin-natured negative charged
darkcold-condensation energy (Yin-NCDCE) produced by black-hole effect are
coexisting and coworking in a synchronous manner while the two forms of
energies (Yang-PCPTE and Yin-NCDCE) are constantly mutually converted into each
other in a synchronous process by which both a 3D quasi-spherical expansion
force which naturally contains a 1D-repulsive antigravity force, and a 3D
quasi-spherical contraction force which naturally contains a 1D attractive
gravity force are then produced simultaneously.
In this new physics-implied dynamic
picture, the operation of a double holes’ effects hybridized dual-energy
conversion mechanism would enable the gamma-ray bubble characterized
photothermal-expanding energy to be converted into X-ray characterized
darkcold-contracting energy, in this physical scenario, the energy density of
the gamma-ray-characterized photothermal-expanding energy would attenuate to a
sufficiently low level (a critically low value) at the edge of gamma-ray
bubbles—which becomes undetectable in gamma-ray spectrum due to the quantum
evaporation effect—the energy density of the out-streaming divergent photon beams along with the positron-dominated
leptonic jet flows attenuate to a spectroscopically undetectable level at the
upper-outer edge of gamma-ray bubbles. This means that the upper-outer edges of
the gamma-ray bubbles are regions or turning points where the gamma-ray characterized
photothermal-expanding energy become exhausted due to the quantum evaporation
effect, while in the same time, the photothermal-expanding energy begin to be
converted into X-ray characterized darkcold-contracting energy because, at the
areas of the upper-outer edges of gamma-ray bubbles, the quantum condensation
effect starts to take over the dominant role in condensing the divergent
matter-energy currents into an ever denser phase and this quantum-condensation
effect will become increasingly more apparent at the lower-outer edges of the
gamma-ray bubbles as the X-ray characterized electron-dominated leptonic jets
flows become ever denser. Meanwhile, the mechanism of phase spin angle-changing
caused dual-charge (positive-negative) conversion come to work due to the quasi-spherical
bending of the galactic magnetic field lines, which
means that the direction of the line-directed particle-energy streams will be
forced to flow to the direction of the galactic center, and the divergent
out-streaming gamma-ray type photon beams will be transformed into convergent
GC-oriented X-ray type photon beams while the positrons will be transformed
into electrons, and the positron-dominated expanding divergent energy flows
will be transformed into electron-dominated contracting convergent energy
flows, the process of which is that the gamma-ray characterized
phototehrmal-quantum-evaporation energy is being converted into an X-ray characterized
darkcold-quantum-condensation energy. And simultaneously, the reversible
process of photothermal-darkcold characterized dual-energy conversion will
naturally create a reversible dual-force transformation process in which a 3D
quasi-spherical expansion force along with its corresponding 1D repulsive
antigravity force and a 3D quasi-spherical contraction force along with its
corresponding 1D attractive gravity are mutually transforming into each other
within a holistic dual-energy conversion system.
According the principle of dual-charge
conversion, the change of the phase spinning angle of the spirally flowing
particles is caused by the curvature of the bipolar quasi-spherical magnetic
fields lines of any definable rotating body-carrying magnetic field, regardless
of the mass-energy scales of the rotating body, and also regardless of the
strength of the rotating body-carrying magnetic field. I then proposed that the
sharp edges of the Fermi Bubbles can be explained by the quasi-spherical
bending of the bipolar magnetic fields lines that drape the gamma-ray characterized
photothermal-expanding energy flows while simultaneously causing the
turn-around changes of the phase spinning angles of the positive charged
particles. And the mechanism by which the two bowl-like X-ray shells occurring
at the lower-outer edges of gamma-ray bubbles is contractive convergence of the
magnetic fields lines that drape and squeeze the ever condensing X-ray-characterized
GC-oriented energy flows. At the galactic center, the GC-oriented inspiraling
X-ray-carrying electron-dominated leptonic jet and the GC-fugal out-streaming
gamma-ray-carrying leptonic jet will collide with each other, forming the new
generations of continuously out-streaming gamma-ray characterized
photothermal-expanding energy flows. The two symmetric bowl-shaped half-open
X-ray shells can be explained by the mechanism of spherically symmetric
GC-oriented convergent contraction of the turn-around curving bilobular-bipolar
magnetic fields lines.
By following the above-described ideas,
I conclude that, for a galactic-scaled double-hole-structured and the
black-hole effect and white-hole effect hybridized dual-energy conversion
system, the turning points at which the X-ray characterized
darkcold-contracting energy flow is being converted into the gamma-ray characterized
photothermal-expanding energy flow is located at the upper-out edges of the
gamma-ray bubbles, whereas, the turning points at which the X-ray characterized
darkcold-contracting energy flow is being converted into the gamma-ray
characterized photothermal-expanding energy is located at the galactic center
where the symmetrical GC-oriented inspiraling convergent X-rays and the
symmetrical GC-fugal out-streaming divergent gamma-ray collide with each other
at the galactic center region, together with the mechanism of intercutting and
entangling of the bilobular-bipolar featured complex magnetic fields lines, it
creates a cyclically reversible processes of the galactic-scaled
double-hole-structure and double holes effects hybridized dual-energy
production and dual-energy conversion system.
In
general, if we can discover the basic mechanism and working principle of the
galactic-scaled Fermi Bubble-manifested double holes effects hybridized
dual-energy conversion system, then, it will laid a solid foundation for us to
understand the how a double-hole-structured and double holes’ effects
hybridized dual-energy conversion system works at stellar-scaled celestial
system.
§4.5.1.(f) The newly
proposed alternative explanation of the basic properties and features of the Fermi
Bubbles
Since the gamma-ray bubbles have many
unique characteristics, including smooth surface, sharp edges, and almost flat
intensity distribution [2], my newly
proposed formation mechanism of the Fermi Bubbles and my hypothesized working
principle of the cyclically reversible dual-energy conversion between the
divergent out-streaming gamma-ray characterized photothermal-expanding energy
and the convergent in-streaming (GC-oriented) X-ray characterized
darkcold-contracting energy provide a set of more consistent and better
intelligible explanations for the bubble’s basic features. In my model, the
smooth surface of the bubbles can be explained by the magnetic wrapping effect,
in this physical scenario, due to the longitudinal axial rotational motion, the
double bipolar magnetic fields lines can form a double-layer magnetic
field-confined quasi-spherical webs that is interweaved by the galactic
magnetic field lines. The invisible magnetic field web is functioning as a
2-dimensional domain walls, preventing the out-streaming gamma-rays from
penetrating the magnetic field lines-interweaved double-layer webs, which
creates the smooth surface of the Fermi Bubbles. The sharp edge of the bubble
can be explained by the mechanism of quasi-spherical curvature of the
bilobular-bipolar featured galactic magnetic field lines. The flat
intensity distribution and the spatially uniform spectrum of the bubbles can
both be explained by the mechanism of even quantum evaporation of phothermal
energy and evenly random collisions between the bilobular-bipolar magnetic
field-confined oppositely charged particles, for example, such magnetic
field-confined collisions can occur between the cosmic ray-carrying electrons
and the cosmic ray-carrying positrons, and/or the cosmic ray-carrying protons
and its corresponding antiprotons. The
bilobular-bipolar magnetic field-confined evenly random collisions between
certain kinds of particles and their corresponding antiparticles will naturally
produce a spatially uniform spectrum of the
bubbles.
The Master-key theory of unified field
cannot be adequately expressed by the current mathematical languages because
the current mathematical language can often distort our world outlook or our
cosmological perspectives in many ways.
If the basic ideas of the Master-key Theory
are proved correct experimentally, then many of the basic ideas of the modern
physical theories will be overturned. As mentioned earlier, if the Big Bang
theory (BBT) is falsified, then all other physical theories based on the core ideas
of the BBT, such as the BBT-based origin of elements, the BBT-based origin and
evolution stellar and galactic systems, and the BBT-based origin and
differentiation of the unified field force, will all be falsified. Since my
arguments for overturning the Big Bang theory and my new theory concerning the
origin and transmutation of elements have already been discussed earlier, here,
I will only propose my arguments for overturning the Einstein’s general
relativity, and my arguments for theoretically overturning the law of conservation
of mass-energy by revealing the deep-hidden propositional and logical flaws
that are deeply hidden in the statement of Noether’s theorem, and my arguments
for why the laws of product-CP symmetry, T symmetry, and even the law of
product-CPT symmetry, cannot be correct.
§4.6 Why the Einstein’s
interpretation of the cause and nature of gravity cannot be correct?
Einstein’s view regarding the cause and
nature of gravity simply denies the existence of a direct gravitational
interaction between the sun and planets, which claims that gravity is not a
force that propagates across space but results from masses distorting the ‘fabric
of space-time’ in their vicinity—A sort of geometric effects of space-time
curvature caused by masses—which is typically an erroneous
concepts-hybridization between abstract mathematical concepts and concrete
physical entities. Since the orbital path of every planet is an
approximate geometric circle, therefore,
using geometric language to formulate a kinematic description of the planetary
motion can naturally get a higher accuracy in calculating precession value, but
this does not mean that such a geometric description of the Mercury’s precession
by using GR field equation can logically yield a corresponding physical
implication that leads to the discovery of the correct physical mechanism which
causes gravity. This is because that there is an insurmountable gap between the
highly idealized mathematical formal logic system filled with subjective ideas and
the naturally occurring and operating physical logic system. In fact, Einstein's
general relativity only provides an incorrect way of scientific thinking mode
in terms of the erroneous cross-mathematical-physical concepts hybridization
(between highly-idealized mathematical abstractions and naturally occurring and
operating physical entities) —which increasingly mislead mainstream scientists to
abandon physical reality and blindly go into the ivory tower of mathematical
symbols—which does not provide any valuable insight into the discovering the correct
physical mechanism and essence of gravity.
Since the General Relativity clearly
denies the existence of a direct gravitational interaction between the sun and
planets, therefore, the effort to falsify the general relativity can be pretty
easy as long as one can find a solid evidence to prove a fact that there is a
direct gravitationally-manifested electromagnetic interaction between the sun
and planets, as long as the mechanism of creating the inter-solar-planetary
electromagnetic force is confirmed as the newly proposed SSPR-dynamo mechanism,
the general relativity will be physically falsified. Moreover, if any
experimental evidence that proves my novel idea that the essential nature of
the easy observable electromagnetic interaction between the sun and planets is
the hidden process of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between the sun and
planets, the general relativity will be completely overturned from the
viewpoints of both physics and natural philosophy.
The current progress of fundamental
physics is that, apart from the theories concerning gravity, all other theories
describing the other three basic interactions (electromagnetic, strong nuclear,
and weak nuclear) working in microcosmic world are essentially kinematic descriptions,
none of which could yield such three physical implications: 1), the so-called
four fundamental interactions can be understood as the different manifestations
of electromagnetic interactions working between bodies of carrying different mass-energy
scales at different spatiotemporal levels. 2), the electromagnetic force is not
mediated by photons but mediated by a large number of bidirectional-flowing
electromagnetic wave energy-carrying hidden streams that are always in a
frequently intercutting and mutually entangling dynamical status on every step
of their oppositely streaming forward to different mass-centers of the
electromagnetically bonding bodies, the photons that are observed in the
process of electromagnetic interaction are actually created by the process of
intercutting and entangling of magnetic fields lines of different rotating
body-carrying magnetic fields, the process of which actually creates the
particle colliding between oppositely moving electrons streams or between
electrons and positrons. In other words, the photons are either the results of
intercutting of magnetic fields lines or of the collisions between oppositely
moving electrons or electron/positron pairs. Photons that are produced by the
process of intercutting of magnetic fields lines are therefore misunderstood as
the participators that participate in the electromagnetic interaction. In fact,
the photons are not mediators thought to be previously existed before the
process of bodies get into their
electromagnetic interaction but the products produced in the process of the
intercutting of magnetic fields lines as well as the synchronized process of
electron-positron mutual conversion and collision. 3), the electromagnetic
interaction as an easy observing apparent physical effect is not the essential
nature of physical phenomenon, rather, the essential nature of electromagnetic
interaction is the hidden-process of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange
between any two electromagnetically-interacting objects.
In addition to refuting Einstein's
geometric interpretation of gravity as the result of mass-caused space-time
curvature, I also believe that the black hole that is predicted by General Relativity
also does not exist at all. According the Master-key theory, the so-called
supermassive black holes that supposedly exist in the center of every spiral
galaxy should be redefined as the new concept of what I called "the Double-hole
Structured and the Double-hole Effects Hybridized Dual-energy Generation-and-Conversion
System" (related descriptions was presented earlier). In this physical
scenario, the out-streaming gamma-ray characterized photothermal-expanding
energy flows and the inward-streaming X-ray characterized darkcold-contracting
energy flows would be simultaneously produced and mutually converted into each
other within a “double-hole structured and double-hole effects-hybridized
dual-energy conversion system”. Now, people may ask, if the black hole does not
exist, what’s that mean by the sensational fuzzy picture of the center of
galaxy M87 released in April 2019 by EHTC? My answer is, the EHTC’ 2019 claim
of having found a “direct evidence” to prove the existence of the GR-predicted
black hole using the two-year-old image of the center of galaxy M87—a highly
magnetized plasma ring— will be bound to be described by future historians as
one of the greatest farces that has ever made by the mainstream astrophysicists
in the history of modern physics. Astrophysicists using their data-manipulation
tricks to create a "highly magnetized galactic-scaled plasma ring" by
eliminating gamma-ray and X-ray data and only keeping the microwave data in
order to get the image of plasma ring, then they got their desired “observational
evidence” for verifying the existence of black hole, and then, to enhance the
convincing power, they have to utilize Einstein's influence (because any info
connecting to Einstein’s name would be convincing) and the mainstream
media-created sensational news effect. By doing so, EHTC successfully released
their so-called scientific news. But my comment to the 2019 black hole news is
the same as what Stephen Crothers commented: "This is how astronomers and
cosmologists do science: fraud, by means of mass-media induced
mass-hysteria".
It must be specially noted that Einstein's
principle of mass-energy equivalence is no doubt a great and correct physical
principle, but he did not provide any explanation for the physical mechanism of
how matter and energy are mutually converted into each other.
Based the above-discussed, I personally
think that the Einstein’s biggest contribution to science may not be the core
ideas expressed in his special and general theories of relativity, rather, his
biggest contribution to physics should be his great belief that the operation
of the universe should obey the principle of simplicity, and his pioneering
work to try and unify the four fundamental interactions into a single
interaction, even though he failed. I personally believe that there might be
two basic reasons causing his failure in developing the unified field theory:
his method of searching for the UFT—the pure mathematic approach of what I
called the GR-way of the erroneous cross-mathematical-physical concepts
hybridization, and his incorrect worldview or incorrect cosmological perspective
that he expressed in his fanatical belief in BBT—which means that his
methodological strategy and his basic worldview in believing BBT were wrong
from the very beginning. In fact, the Einstein’s geometrical approach to the
description of gravity using the trick of erroneous cross-mathematical-physical
concepts hybridization have significantly inspired the String- or M-theorists
to do the same thing as Einstein did a century ago—using the
cross-mathematical-physical concepts hybridization method to propound their
absurd and unfalsifiable theories based on their crazy, unverifiable, and
meaningless assumptions. The Superstring- or M-theory does not propose any
realistic, sense-making, and verifiable physical mechanisms and principles,
rather, they only show you how crazy their mathematical imagination could
be.
§4.7 What is the
underlined physical mechanism that leads to the violation of CP symmetry and
the violation T reversal symmetry?
Various high-precision experiments
strongly suggest that idealized perfect CP symmetry and perfect T symmetry do
not exist. It seems that all forms of physical symmetry that the universe
presents to us are only approximate CP symmetry and approximate T symmetry. So
far, scientists do not know what is exactly the fundamental physical mechanism acting
behind the phenomena of CP symmetry-breaking and T symmetry-breaking. Here I
propose that the basic cause leads to the symmetry-breaking is the
macro-micro-unified mechanism of nonequivalent mass-energy exchange (between
any two or more electromagnetically interacting objects of all mass-energy
scales at all space-time levels), which creates our quasi-perfect universe with
a basic mirror property of approximate CP symmetry and approximate T symmetry.
In other words, all forms of CP symmetry and T symmetry are essentially
observational and they can exist only in our imagination or on blackboard, not
in the real physical world. It turns out that the best scientific language for
describing the relationship between CP symmetry and CP asymmetry, and the
relationship between T symmetry and T asymmetry are the Taoism-based
philosophic language: CP symmetry and T symmetry are observational, approximate
and relatively correct while CP asymmetry and T asymmetry are
non-observational, exact and absolutely correct. Since the laws of conservation
of mass, energy, and mass-energy hold on the basis of the concept continuous
symmetry, therefore, all the laws of conservation of any physical property are
also observational, approximate and they are relatively correct. In contrast,
the law of CP asymmetry and the law of T asymmetry and the law of
non-conservation of mass-energy are not observation-dependent, they are
absolutely correct.
For most theoretical physicists, the
unification means symmetry, this idea is based on an absurd idea that the four
fundamental forces were originally unified into a superforce that supposedly
existed only at “the age of perfect symmetry” for about ten
million-trillion-trillion-trillionths of a second (10 -43s), during which time the meta-cosmic space expanded at a speed
of trillion trillion trillion trillion times faster than light, in which
process of thermal inflation, the universe cooled rapidly and spontaneous
symmetry-breaking occurred. This led to the differentiation of the
meta-superforce into four fundamental distinct forces—which means that we
cannot test such a crazy idea unless we can build up an accelerator operating
at the same energy level as the Big Bang—such an energy level would be high
enough to evaporate the entire Milky Way Galaxy into an expanding plasma ball! This
means that all versions of unified field theory or model based on the basic
assumptions of the Big Bang Theory are unverifiable. In contrast, the
construction of the Master-key Theory does not require any assumptions based on
BBT, I even believe that there is no causal relationship between mathematical symmetry
and physical unification. In other words, the method of discovering a simple,
omnipotent unified field theory with a super explanatory and predictive power
lies in unraveling a set of most fundamental, macro-micro-unified laws,
principles, and mechanisms. Because the best explanation of all physical phenomena is to unravel the most
fundamental trend-governing laws, and the most fundamental cause-revealing
physical mechanisms, rather than accurate calculation of the parameters
generated by the corresponding physical processes. So, theorists who seek to
establish a theory of super-symmetry cannot find the unified field theory, simply
because that all kinds of equation-implied "exact continuous physical
symmetries" are essentially the highly-idealized mathematical symmetries
that exist only in human imagination or on blackboard, rather than the real
physical symmetries produced by spontaneous physical processes. There is no
such naturally occurring physical system in the universe that can produce a
perfect CP symmetry or T symmetry in its spontaneous evolution process. On the
contrary, every naturally-occurring physical system can only generate
approximate and observational CP symmetry and T symmetry which is equivalent to
the concept of absolute CP asymmetry and T asymmetry, in their spontaneously
evolving process. This is the root cause of why the current mathematical
language, in particular, the equal sign which implies a perfect symmetry, can
seriously distort our basic worldview and our way of physical thinking. And
this is how and why Noether’s theorem, which is widely regarded as the central
result of modern theoretical physics, has such a powerful, long term misleading
effect that the theorem is still continuously misleading our mainstream
theoretical physicists and making them unable to make distinction between the
abstract concepts working in the highly-idealized mathematic formal logic-chain
system and the reality-expressed physical concepts working in the
naturally-existed physical logic-chain system.
Since many scientists still fanatically
believe in the “absolute correctness” of the law of conservation of mass and
energy and they always like to use Noether's theorem as their last defensive argument
for defending the correctness of the conservation law. For this reason, I will
present in the next paragraph my refutation of Noether's theorem by unraveling the
propositional and logical flaws that are deeply hidden in its original form.
§4.8 Overturning Noether’s
theorem by unraveling the deep-hidden flaws embedded in the statements of its
original form
There have been increasing
high-accuracy experimental results measured at subatomic level as the basic
facts show that the laws of conservation of mass, energy and even the law of
conservation of mass-energy do not truly hold. Correspondingly, the CP symmetry
and T symmetry have been found to be violated in many cases. Here, I proposed
two causes, called two innate, inherent cosmic determining physical factors, to
explain the violations of the conservations laws and the violations of CP
symmetry and T symmetry: (1), the first cosmic determining physical factors that
forbid the existence of the laws of absolute conservation of certain physical
quantities (mass, energy, and even mass-energy) in any definable local space is
the non-existence of any absolutely closed physical system in the universe—which
is the basic premises for the existence of the laws of absolutely conservation
of any physical quantity, all physical systems, regardless of their mass-energy
scales and space-time levels, always have certain degree of openness.
Philosophically, openness is an innate, intrinsic nature of all physical
systems while the closeness of a system is relative, observational, and
temporal. (2), the second cosmic determining factor is the existence of a
micro-macro-unified physical mechanism of nonequivalent mass-energy exchange
which operates between systems of all mass-energy scales at all space-time
levels, and also operates between systems of all mass-energy scales and their
surroundings. The two basic cosmic determining physical factors are combine to
forbid the existence of the law of absolute conservation of any physical
quantity and they also forbid the existence of perfect CP symmetry and T
symmetry. However, even if there is an ample high-precision experimental evidence
to prove that the law of (absolute) conservation of energy and the law of
(absolute) conservation of mass-energy do not truly hold, but most scientists
still believe in the absolute correctness of the law of conservation of energy
and of the law of conservation of mass-energy simply because of their fanatical
belief in the absolute correctness of the Noether’s Theorem. In the eyes of
most theoretical physicists, various conservation laws are considered as the results
of rigorous mathematical derivation from Noether’s Theorem, so they always like
to use Noether’s theorem as their final defensive argument to defend the absolute
correctness of the law of conservation of mass-energy. In other words, the
absolute correctness of Noether’s theorem determines the absolute correctness
of conservation laws. For this reason, modern theoretical physics has entered
such a dilemma that, on the one hand, some high-precision experimental results
have factually disproved the validity of CP symmetry and of T symmetry while
other experiments have falsified the absolute correctness of various
conservation laws, on the other hand, Noether’s theorem implies the absolute
correctness of the conservation law. Should we believe in the experimental
results or the Noether’s theorem? Obviously, both cannot be correct at the same
time, so we can only choose to believe in one of them.
For this experiment-theorem dilemma, my
Taoism-based philosophical common sense tells me that it better to choose to
believe in experimental results than theorem. Philosophically, there is no such
thing as absolutely perfect physical symmetry and, there is also no such thing
as absolute conservation of any fundamental physical quantities (such as the
absolute conservation of mass, energy and mass-energy) in the universe, because
there is no absolutely closed physical system in the universe. From a physical
point of view, the micro-macro-unified mechanism of nonequivalent mass-energy
exchange operates everywhere in both the macro-astrophysical world and the
micro-quantum-physical world, which allows both mass-energy and electromagnetic
wave-carrying information to be freely transferred in both local and distant spaces,
which makes our universe always in a dynamically moving-and-changing status. So,
rather than questioning the experimental results, it's better to re-examine the
correctness of Noether's theorem and discover its possible flaws.
After carefully analyzing the original
form of Noether's theorem word for word, I identified at least two deeply
hidden flaws embedded in the first sentence of the original statements of
Noether theorem which I explained as follows：
To every differentiable symmetry generated by local
actions of a physical system, there corresponds a conserved current.
Here, in the first sentence— “To every differentiable symmetry
produced by local actions of a physical system”—contains two “false propositions”:
(1), Here, the concept of "every differentiable symmetry", according
to Noether’s original meaning, refers to the concept “every equation-expressed differentiable
physical symmetry”, however, many scientists, including Emmy Noether herself, did
not realize that there is an insurmountable gap between human-developed, highly
idealized formal logic systems and naturally-occurring physical logic systems.
The operational process of formal logical systems is governed by man-made
mathematical rules while the naturally-evolving process of naturally-occurring
physical logical systems is governed by the naturally-existed physical laws. For
this reason, one must be conceptually clear that all forms of “equation-expressed
differentiable physical symmetry” are essentially the idealized perfect
mathematical symmetry that can only be treated as an approximate description of
a non-perfect physical symmetry or observational symmetry (which is essentially
in strict sense an asymmetry), so, any forms of equation-expressed perfect differentiable
symmetry should not be treated as the
same thing as the “realistic, naturally-generated approximate or non-perfect
physical symmetry” simply because that there is no such local actions of a
naturally-occurred and naturally-evolving physical system that can generate a
perfect, exact physical symmetry. All local actions of a naturally-occurring
and naturally-evolving physical produce only an approximate physical symmetry,
which is repeatedly confirmed by a variety of high-accuracy experiments as
basic facts. The trick of erroneously equalizing the concept of equation-expressed
perfect mathematical symmetry with the naturally generated approximate physical
symmetry is called the cross-mathematical-physical concepts confusion or the
Noether’s way of concepts equalization fallacy. This is the root cause of many
of the inconsistencies between theoretical value and experimental data, which
manifests in some contexts as the cases of the violations of the conservation
laws or the cases of the violations of CP symmetry and T symmetry. This means
that Noether’s theorem had in fact been experimentally falsified for decades, but
most theoretical physicists are unwilling to accept this fact because they
would rather give up physical reality than squeeze into the elegant ivory tower
of mathematical symbols.
Since the mathematical language is
useful for offering an approximate description of the different kinds of
kinematic physical processes, therefore, theoretical physicists are accustomed
to treating the idealized, equation-expressed perfect mathematical symmetry and
the naturally-occurring approximate physical symmetry as the same thing, without
realizing that the man-created formal logical system and the naturally-existed
physical logical system are essentially different in nature—a perfect
differentiable mathematical symmetry can only be produced by human imagination
(or by man-made mathematical rules) while the naturally-occurring approximate
physical symmetry is generated only by the actions of a naturally-evolving
physical system. Therefore, all forms of “equation-expressed differentiable
physical symmetry” essentially the mathematical symmetries, rather than
physical symmetries.
Logically, since all forms of the
equation-expressed perfect differentiable mathematical symmetry cannot be
generated by any local actions of a naturally-evolving physical system, the
statement of the first sentence of Noether’ theorem—“To every differentiable symmetry generated by the local actions of a
physical system” contains two hidden false propositions which lead to the
two false premises embedded in the first statement. If the first sentence
contains two false propositions, or false premises, then the second sentence –“….., there corresponds a conserved current”—which
is considered to be the conclusion of the premises stated in the first sentence—will
inevitably arrive at an incorrect conclusion. Therefore, Noether’s theorem does
not hold because its statement not only commits formal fallacies in theory, but
is also falsified in experiments—an absolutely conserved physical quantity—which
is the logical result of the Noether's theorem—is absolutely impossible to be generated
by the local actions of any naturally evolving physical system.
§4.8.1 The Suggested Modification
of Noether’s Theorem
From a historical perspective, Noether's
theorem, which was recognized as the central result of modern theoretical
physics, undoubtedly played a crucial role in promoting the progress of
theoretical physics. However, the misleading effect of Noether’s theorem
becomes increasingly obvious in distorting our worldview because this theorem
has seriously blurred the essential differences between human-created mathematical
formal logic systems and the naturally-occurring and naturally-operating physical
logic systems. When the development of physics entered the era of
high-precision experiments, the limitations of the Noether’s theorem and its
corresponding conservation laws became prominent. Therefore, I personally think
it is necessary to make some modifications to Noether’s theorem in order to
make its conclusion and its corresponding conservation laws fit exactly the experimental
results because all high-accuracy experimental results are essentially the
objective results of the operational process of the naturally-operating
physical logic systems. But, I want to make it very clear that my arguments regarding
the refutation of Noether’s theorem does not mean that I want to completely
deny the scientific value of the Noether’s theorem, rather, I really hope to
maximize the scientific value of Noether’s theorem by modifying its original
version as follows:
“To
every equation-expressed differentiable mathematical symmetry, which is
essentially an approximate description of an actually measured approximate or
non-perfect physical symmetry, generated by the local actions of a
naturally-occurring and naturally-evolving physical system, there is a
corresponding law of approximate conservation of certain physical quantities.”
With this modification, I believe that
both the improved statements of Noether’s theorem and its implied corresponding
laws of describing the approximate conservation of certain physical quantities
will achieve universal validity.
§4.8.2 The deep-hidden
logical flaws of Noether’s Theorem and the necessity to overturn or modify the
Theorem
For most ToE theorists, unification
means perfect symmetry or super-symmetry, because all current popular versions
of ToE are based on the Big Bang Theory (BBT), which means that, once the BBT is
falsified, all theories or models based on BBT, including String-theory and M-theory,
will naturally collapse. On the contrary, the Master-key Theory (MKT) does not need
either the Big Bang theory or the equation-expressed perfect symmetry (or super-symmetry).
Instead, it only requires certain forms of approximate or non-perfect physical symmetries
and the modified laws of describing the approximate conservation of the certain
basic physical quantities simply because that MKT contains a macro-micro-unified
mechanism of nonequivalent mass-energy exchange (between systems of all
mass-energy scales). So, the necessity of overturning the old Noether’s theorem
is that the Master-key theory requires an approximate symmetry or non-perfect
symmetry or a modified version of Noether’s theorem to express the correct
worldview, while the original version of the Noether’s theorem expresses the
wrong worldview. In this sense, the falsification of Noether’s theorem is an
absolutely good thing because all kinds of conservation laws that are
formulated on the basis of Noether’s theorem have been repeatedly falsified by
high-accuracy experiments. Therefore, the correctness or validity of all
classical conservation laws is only relative, whereas, the laws of
non-conservation of mass, energy, and even the law of approximate conservation
of mass-energy, are absolutely correct. Since the old Noether’s theorem and its
associated laws of absolute conservation of certain basic physical quantities
have seriously distorted our worldview for decades, therefore, it has
significantly hindered the progress of physics. When theorists associate the
work of constructing an equation that expresses perfect mathematical symmetry
with the efforts to explore the ToE, it actually delays the discovery of ToE
because of their wrong worldview and wrong method. So, one of the important
meanings of overturning the original version of Noether’s theorem and making a
new modified one is to establish such a correct worldviews that our physical
world is not perfectly mirror symmetrical, instead, an observational,
approximate symmetry, or quasi-symmetry or non-perfect symmetry is the innate,
intrinsic property of the universe. The most physical mechanism of causing CP
approximate-symmetry and T approximate-symmetry, and the laws of approximate
conservation of the basic physical quantities, is the macro-micro-unified
mechanism of nonequivalent mass-energy exchange, which is also essential to the
origin and evolution of all kinds of celestial systems.
§4.9 The Summary of the Basic Ideas of the
Master-key Theory
§4.9.1 The Basic
Worldview and Its Associated Philosophical Principles
The most basic worldview expressed by
the Master-key theory is that the universe is infinitely big in space (at least
relative to human's observational ability) and eternal in time (at least
relative to the existing time human), so any debate about the size and
variation of the space-time scale of the universe, and any debate about when
the universe began and when it ends, is meaningless. It is only meaningful to
speak of the lifetimes, physical mechanisms and laws regarding the cyclically
origin, evolution and life-ending of the component bodies of the universe, such
as the origin, evolution and life-ending of certain celestial bodies and the
atomic and subatomic particles. The Master-key Theory holds that the Big Bang
theory is the most absurd theory in the history of human science, which
expresses a series of erroneous worldviews. The so-called four pieces of pillar
evidence supposedly supporting BBT are merely the highly theory-laden, farfetched
explanations of astrophysical phenomena that can be better explained by the Master-key
theory with a much higher consistency and falsifiability (please see the
relative content in section 1 and 2). After all, once the Big Bang theory is
falsified, all the BBT-based physical theories, including the origin of
elements, the string theory and M-theory, will also be falsified. In other
words, all physical theories that express a series of wrong worldviews will
sooner or later be experimentally disproved.
§4.9.2 The Basic
Philosophical Principles Summarized from the Physical laws, Principles and
Mechanisms of MKT
Principle-1: No celestial Body or the
so-called elementary particle can survive forever, rather, all component
bodies, including electrons, neutrinos and protons, have a finite lifetime. Taking
the constituent atoms of the Earth as an example, as explained in chapter 2, 3
and 4, all the heavy metal atoms occurring on earth will ultimately transmute
into hydrogen atoms that will move up into the hydrogen zone in earth’s upper
atmosphere where the neutral hydrogen atoms will be dissociated into protons
and electrons that will move up into the lower region of Van Allen Radiation
Belt, I termed them as terrestrial protons and terrestrial electrons
respectively, and all the terrestrial protons and solar protons will randomly
collide with each other and decay into electron-positron pairs via
pion-muon-electron/positron-photon transmutation chain by the hypothetical mechanism
of so-called the geomagnetic field-confined and the double magnetic fields (sun
and earth) co-energized and the double-sourced proton-antiproton
conversion-and-collision. And all the leptons created in the Van Allen
Radiation Belt will be further be transformed into an earth-ejected
sunward-streaming pure electromagnetic wave-carrying energy jet being injected
into the sun’s core to be converted into the raw material used by the sun to
synthesize various heavy and super-heavy metal elements that make up the
high-density metallic karyospheres—the sun-core-gestated planetary embryos of
the next-generation planets. So, even we have not yet observed the phenomena of
proton decay and lepton-wave energy jet transformation, but philosophically,
all particles can be converted into a pure electromagnetic wave-carrying energy
jet, which in turn the earth-ejected sunward-streaming electromagnetic
wave-carrying energy jet can be reused by the sun as the primary raw materials
to directly synthesize all kinds of leptonic and baryonic particles in the sun’s
core via the sun-planet co-created and co-participated physical mechanism that I
explained earlier in chapter 2, 3 and 4. This worldview tells us that all
component bodies of the universe should have a finite lifetime but the universe
as whole is eternal in time and infinite in space.
Principle-2: The motion of a body at
any space-time scale and the change of a body in any mass-energy scale are
absolutely true while the rest and non-change of a body is observational and is
therefore relatively correct. For example, it is very difficult to observe how
an electron or a neutrino to transmute into other forms of mass-energy flows or
how much the amount of mass-energy can be transformed into an electron or a
neutrino, but there is surely an existence of such a yet-known quantum-physical
mechanism working in such a reversible process.
Principle-3: All forms of perfect (or
exact) physical symmetry, including CP and T symmetries, do not exist in the
macroscopic astrophysical world, nor in the microscopic quantum physical world,
simply because there is a macro-micro-unified physical mechanism in the
universe. Thus, all forms of physical symmetry are observational, approximate
symmetry, and the equation-expressed perfect differentiable mathematical
symmetry can only be conceptually understood as an idealized description of
approximate physical symmetry. Accordingly, due to the existence of the
following inherent physical determinants of the universe: (1) There is no
absolutely closed physical system in the universe; (2) There exists an absolutely
direct connection between bodies of all mass-energy and space-time scales in
the universe; (3) There exists a most fundamental and macroscopic-microscopic-unified
physical mechanism of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange in the universe;
Therefore, the laws of asserting the absolute conservation of any physical
quantity of any physical system operating at any space-time scale cannot be correct,
which means that the law of absolute conservation of mass-energy is relatively
correct, while the law of non-conservation of mass-energy is absolutely correct.
§4.10 The Basic
Physical Assumptions and the Associated Fundamental Physical Laws, Principles
and Mechanisms Derived from the Assumptions
§4.10.1 The Two Basic
Physical Assumptions
Assumption-1: The first assumption is the
hypothesis about the most basic raw material, also called the cosmic meta-material （CMM）that makes up space, and all kinds of matter and all forms of energy.
The Master-key theory holds that, the most basic material that makes up cosmic space,
and all kinds of matter, and all forms of energy, is not the so-called
elementary particles we know of, not the one-dimensional strings, and not even
the two-dimensional membranes that are described by string theory or M-theory,
but the magnetic fluid that is always in an eddy current state which has
infinite difference in mass-energy density. Because the magnetic fluid is
always in the dynamic state of multi-dimensional bidirectional-flowing status
to all directions characterize by vortex style, therefore, it makes the entire
universe a liquid-like world in which the macroscopic physical process of the
flows of celestial bodies (like the giant flows of stars and galaxies) and the
microscopic process of the flows of electromagnetic wave-energy-carrying
particle streams are governed by the laws of hydrodynamics.
Assumption-2: The
second assumption is about the hypothesis of electromagnetic universe, which
holds that all forms
of physical interaction, including the so-called four fundamental interactions,
are essentially the different manifestations of the macro-micro-unified electromagnetic
interaction operating at different mass-energy scales and at different
space-time levels. This is because that all forms of electromagnetic
interaction is created by the same macro-micro-unified physical mechanism,
called the cosmic mechanism of intercutting-and-entangling between magnetic
fields lines of any two or more rotating-body-carrying magnetic fields.
§4.10.2 The
Macro-Micro-Unified Fundamental Physical Laws, Principles and Mechanisms
Derived from the above Two Basic Assumptions
The Macro-Micro-Unified Physical
Mechanism Responsible for Generating Electromagnetic Interactions between Objects
of All Mass-Energy Scales
All forms of electromagnetic
interactions between two or more bodies of all mass-energy scales at all
space-time levels are created by a macro-micro-unified common physical
mechanism, called the mechanism of frequently intercutting and mutually
entangling between magnetic fields lines of any two or more rotating body-carrying
magnetic fields of all magnitudes of strength. In this physical scenario, when
two magnetic field-carrying rotating objects approach each other, their
magnetic field lines will be in a state of frequently intercutting-and-entangling
actions which will inevitably generate a large number of bidirectional-flowing
electro-magnetized particle streams that are always in a frequently
intercutting and mutually entangling status on every step of their oppositely
moving toward the mass points of the electromagnetically interacting bodies.
The mechanism by which a large number of bidirectional-flowing particle streams
that are always in an intercutting-and-entangling status on every step of their
oppositely streaming toward different mass points of bodies is therefore called
the collective bidirectional-streaming-braiding effect (CBSB). Correspondingly,
a large number of such bidirectional-flowing particle streams that move in such
a dynamic CBSB status is called the electromagnetic wave-energy-carrying currents.
The interpretation of the essence of
electromagnetic wave:
The physical
action of the frequently collectively frequent intercutting actions between
large numbers of bidirectional-flowing wave-energy-carrying particle streams
will generates electromagnetic waves. In this physical scenario, the frequency
of the intercutting actions between large numbers of bidirectional-flowing
particle streams is the frequency of electromagnetic wave that can be recorded
by various electromagnetic instruments as the wavelength of two-dimensional
electromagnetic waves. In other words, the wavelength of the electromagnetic
wave is produced by the actions of frequently intercutting and mutually
entangling between large numbers of oppositely-streaming electromagnetic particle
streams which manifests as different forms of two-dimensional wave diagrams
when the actions of the intercutting-and-entangling between
bidirectional-flowing electromagnetic particle streams are recorded by
electromagnetic instruments. In fact, in a three-dimensional space, all forms
of electromagnetic interactions are mediated by a large number of
bidirectional-flowing and collectively braiding particle streams that are
three-dimensional eddy currents, rather than two-dimensional wave-like ribbon-tape.
The mathematical description of the
physical relationship among four basic physical parameters
The implication of this unified
physical mechanism determines the positive relationship of the three basic
physical quantities and therefore determines the magnitude of the strength of
the electromagnetic bonding force acting between two or more bodies, which
holds that the higher rotational velocity, and the higher mass-density of a
rotating body, the higher magnitude of the strength of its magnetic field. Consequently,
if the distance between any two electromagnetically-bonding bodies is constant,
then the higher averaged mass-density, and the higher averaged rotational
velocity, and the higher averaged strength of the magnetic fields of the two
electromagnetically bonding bodies two bodies would inevitably generate a
higher frequency of the intercutting actions between the magnetic fields’ lines
of two interacting bodies, which in turn leads to the stronger CBSB effect.
Thus, a stronger CBSB effect produces a stronger electromagnetic bonding force
or electromagnetic interaction. This is the basic mechanism from which the law
of electromagnetic bonding force is derived.
The Macro-Micro-Unified Law of Electromagnetic
Bonding Force
Based the physical implication of the
above-suggested macro-micro-unified physical mechanism of creating the
electromagnetic interaction, I derived the law of electromagnetic bonding
force, which
states that：
For
any two-body system, the magnitude of the strength of electromagnetic bonding
force between any two adjacent bonding bodies is approximately proportional to
the sum of the product of their masses multiplied by their averaged magnetic
field strength and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between
them.
The equation of which provides an
approximate mathematical description of the electromagnetic interaction force
using five-parameter formulation method. Because this much-improved law of
electromagnetic bonding force is derived from the basis of much-improved
understanding of the fundamental mechanism of causing the electromagnetic
interaction, therefore, comparing with Newton’s law of gravitational force and
Coulomb’s law, this new mathematical description of the law of electromagnetic
interaction is inferred from the basis of better understanding of how
gravitational and electromagnetic interactions can be produced by the same
physical mechanism and why the electromagnetic interaction between two
celestial bodies and the electromagnetic interaction between two charged
particles share a common essential nature described by the macro-micro-unified
principle of tunnel-bond duality or channel-bond duality. So, the new law of
electromagnetic interaction provides a much-improved description of the
electromagnetic bonding force with a much higher self-consistency and
falsifiability. Therefore, the Master-key theory has a higher explanatory and
predictive power.
The Principle of Orthogonal Axial
Intersectional Intercutting of the Magnetic Fields’ Lines of Two
Electromagnetically Bonding Objects
The principle of orthogonal axial
intersectional intercutting of the magnetic fields’ lines of two rotating
bodies is a macro-micro-unified physical principle proposed to explain how the
stability of electromagnetic bonding force (or electromagnetic interaction)
between two adjacent objects in any two-body or many-body system is maximized.
So the principle is also called the principle of maintaining maximum stability
of electromagnetic bond force (or electromagnetic interaction), it has two
forms of statements—the simple non-explanatory statement and the
complex-explanatory statement.
The simple non-explanatory statement is
that:
In
any two-body or many-body system, if the distance between the mass-points of
two adjacent rotating objects remains constant, then the smaller the absolute
value of the intersection angle of the spin axes of two objects minus 90
degrees (close to a right angle), the stronger the electromagnetic bonding
force between them and vice versa. When the rotation axes of two objects are
geometrically parallel, the electromagnetic attraction force between them is
minimized while the repulsive force dominates the electromagnetic interaction between
them. This is the basic mechanism of how the magneto-slingshot effect is produced
by a high-mass rotating object at its’ equatorial region on a low-mass rotating
object.
The complex explanatory statement is
that:
In
any two-body or many-body system, in order to maximize the strength and
stability of the electromagnetic bond force or the electromagnetic interaction
between any two adjacent rotating bodies, the rotational axes of the two electromagnetically
interacting bodies must remain perpendicular to each other in order to maximize
the intensity of the actions of the intercutting between the magnetic fields’
lines of the two bonding bodies and minimize the difference in flux-density between
the bidirectional-flowing electromagnetic wave-energy-carrying particle streams
that move oppositely towards two mass points of the bodies, and optimize the result
of collective bidirectional-streaming-braiding effect (CBSB) produced within
the bond, and ultimately achieve the long-term stability of the electromagnetic
interaction.
This principle successfully explains
the mechanism of why in all kinds of two-body systems, especially in
binary-star systems and binary-galaxy systems, the rotational axes of the two
component stars or galaxies always remain perpendicular to each other. And it
also successfully explains why in a multi-atom molecular system (in its 3-D
spatial structure), the two spin axes of the nuclei of any two adjacent atoms
always remain perpendicular to each other (an approximate right angle) in a
3-dimensional space. And ultimately, it also successfully explains the
fundamental mechanism that causes the oscillations of the constituent atoms in a
molecular system and the vibrations of the entire molecules. And this principle
also lead me to discover the truth that the rotational axes of the earth and
moon actually remains perpendicular to each other, rather parallel to each
other, which is the reason why an earth-observer cannot see the back side of
the moon.
The Macro-Micro-Unified Principle of
Channel-Bond Duality or Tunnel-bond Duality.
The channel-bond duality (or
tunnel-bond duality) principle is a macro-micro-unified physical principle that
describes the common nature shared by all types of electromagnetic bonds (or
electromagnetic interactions) working in both macro-celestial-scaled world and
micro-quantum-scaled world. The principle states that:
In
every two-body or many-body system, every electromagnetic bond connecting any
two adjacent rotating bodies (or bodies with their rotating nuclei) acts as an
electromagnetic bonding force mediating structure and a mass-energy exchanging
channel simultaneously. In other words, for all types of electromagnetic bond,
whether a macro-celestial-scaled giant gravito-electromagnetic bond (such as
the sun-earth gravito-electromagnetic bond) or a micro-molecular-scaled
electromagnetic bond (such as the chemical bond), act as not only an
electromagnetic force mediating structure with which two bodies are
electromagnetically bonded together but also a mass-energy exchanging channel
through which the two electromagnetically interacting bodies are actually performing
the physical activities of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange.
The principle of channel-bond
duality tells us two basic facts, the fact-1 is that the
gravito-electromagnetic interaction between the sun and earth is merely an
apparent physical phenomenon, behind which the essential nature of
gravito-electromagnetic interaction is the sun-earth co-created and
co-participated physical process of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange and the
process is supposedly governed by the four suggested laws of star-planet
coevolution. The fact-2 is that any types of an inter-atomic electromagnetic
interaction, which manifests as a chemical bond, is merely an apparent physical
phenomenon, behind which, during the bond-lasting time, the two nuclei of the electromagnetically
bonding atoms are actually performing the physical activity of non-equivalent
mass-energy exchange. This means that there must be an atom (say atom-A) with a
relatively higher electronegativity who’s nucleon must become the mass-gaining
nucleon and its nuclear stability is relatively higher while another atom (say
atom-B) with a relatively lower electronegativity who’s nucleon will become the
mass-losing nucleon and its nuclear stability is relatively lower. In this
physical scenario, the mass-losing nucleon of atom-B would undergo beta decay
or other modes of mass-energy decay ahead of atom-A. For example, in a molecule of iron trioxide, during
the bond-lasting time, the nuclei of oxygen atoms and the nuclei of iron atoms
are always in the process of doing non-equivalent mass-energy exchange through
the chemical bond because of the principle of channel-bond duality. Because the
electronegativity of oxygen element is relatively higher than that of iron
element, therefore, according the laws of inter-atomic mass-energy exchange
(proposed earlier), the nuclei of oxygen atoms will become the mass-gaining
nuclei with a relatively higher nuclear stability while the nuclei of iron
atoms will become the mass-losing nuclei with a relatively lower nuclear
stability. Overtime, the iron nuclei will undergo beta decay (or other known or
unknown modes of decay ahead of the oxygen nuclei. For example, before the
oxygen nuclei decaying into the isotopes of other elements such as the isotopes
of nitrogen or fluorine element, the iron nuclei will have already decayed into
an isotope of manganese element with higher probability or decay into an
isotope of cobalt element with lower probability.
§4.11 The Star-Planet Co-created and
Co-operated Mechanism of Mass-Energy-Mass Conversion Cycle (MEMC-Cycle)
The assumption for the existence
of star-planet co-created and co-operated mechanism of mass-energy-mass
conversion cycle is based on the suggested fourth law of star-planet
coevolution, which asserts that the planet-based process of the transmutation
of atomic and subatomic particles follows the mass-energy-decreasing trend
while the star-core-based process of the synthesis of atomic and subatomic
particles follows the mass-energy-increasing trend. It is an experimentally
verifiable idea that, so far, all known decay modes of atomic and subatomic
particles can be summarized as the law of the earth-based process of
mass-energy-decay trended particle transmutation. At the atomic scale, it is
called the law of earth-based process of mass-energy-decay trended elemental
transmutation. And at subatomic scale, the process of the earth-based subatomic
particle transmutation follow the same law. So, at least, the first half
section of the entire continuous process of the sun-planet co-operated
mass-energy-conversion cycle has already been experimentally confirmed by ample
evidence provided by earth-lab. And the second half section of the sun-planet
co-operated mechanism of mass-energy-conversion cycle can be verified by such
indirect evidence that the changes of all the basic physical parameters that
can accurately reflect changes of the mass-energy scale of the earth follows an
irreversibly mass-energy-decaying trend while some physical parameters
reflecting the changes of the sun’s mass-energy scale, such as the averaged brightness of solar photosphere and the
averaged magnitude of solar magnetic field shows an irreversibly increasing
trend.
The star-planet co-created and
co-operated mechanism of reversible mass-energy conversion cycle contains two
continuous sub-physical processes: (1) the sun-planet’s double magnetic fields
co-energized but the solar electromagnetic wave energy dominated planet-based
quantum-evaporation process which manifests as the earth-occurring
mass-energy-decay trended elemental transmutation, also called the earth-based uranium-hydrogen-proton-meson-lepton-energy
decay chain; and (2) the sun-earth’s double magnetic fields co-energized but
the sun-core-based quantum-condensation process which manifests as the
mass-energy-gaining trended energy jet-lepton-baryon-nucleon-element synthesis
chain (ELBNE-Synth-Chain), also called the sun-planet co-created and
co-operated mechanism of mass-energy-gain trended elemental synthesis. Because
there must be many unknown super-superheavy elements that are much heavier than
the heaviest known artificially synthesized elements that exist in the upper
and lower mantle of all earth-like rocky planets, therefore, for the need of a
simple description of the cyclically reversible processes of the planet-based
mass-energy-decay trended elemental transmutation and the sun-core-based
mass-energy-gain trended elemental synthesis, we use the uranium element as a
symbolic representation to represent all superheavy elements heavier than uranium-238,
including uranium itself, to be the starting element of the uranium-hydrogen
decay chain. In this sense, the entire complex mass-energy-mass conversion
cycle can be expressed as such a form using a set of representative atomic and
subatomic particles and wave-energy jets to symbolize the complex mass-energy conversion
cycle in which the heavy solid elements groups and the light gaseous elements
groups that are regarded as the intermediate transmutation elements lie between
uranium and hydrogen are collectively omitted, so complex mass-energy
conversion chain cycle which starts at “uranium of generation-1” and ends at “uranium
of generation-2” which is expressed as follows:
uranium(generation-1)-hydrogen(generation-1)-proton(generation-1)-meson(generation-1)-lepton(generation-1)-energyjet-lepton(generation-2)-baryon(generation-2)-nucleon(generation-2)-uranium(generation-2)
cycle (UHPMLEg1-LBNUg2-cycle).
The first half of the chain with
particles that are denoted with (generation-1) describes the planet-based
quantum-evaporation process characterized by mass-energy-decreasing trended
particle transmutation while the second half of this chain with particles that
are denoted with (generation-2) describes the sun-core-based
quantum-condensation process characterized by mass-energy-increasing trended
elemental synthesis. At atomic level, this cyclic chain can also be reduced to
be the uranium(generation-1)-hydrogen(generation-1)-uranium(generation-2)-hydorgen(generation-2)
cycle (Ug1-Hg1-Ug2-Hg2 cycle).
Since the process of
mass-energy-decay trended elemental transmutation can only be verified by the
earth-based experiments, therefore, the sun-earth system is the best natural
lab to test the theory of the sun-planet co-created and co-energized reversible
process of mass-energy conversion cycle. Therefore, in the next paragraph, to
attract more mainstream experimentalists to test my theory, I would like to review
the early proposed physical scenario of how the earth’s constituent elemental
atoms could all be forced to transmuted into hydrogen atoms that move upwards
into hydrogen shell and how the hydrogen atoms in hydrogen shell would be
forced to decay into various subatomic particles moving upwards into Van Allen
Radiation Belt (VRB), and ultimately, all these subatomic particle would be
converted into a pure energy jet in terms of the earth-ejected
sunward-streaming electromagnetic wave energy jet.
According to the fourth law of
star-planet coevolution, the planet-based particle transmutation process
follows the irreversible mass-energy-decay trend while the sun-core-based particle synthesizing process follows the
irreversible mass-energy-increasing trend, this law determines the ultimate
fates of all the earth’s constituent heavy elements—being converted into energy
jets.
First, the theory of star-planet coevolution asserts that, from the earth’s
core to its’ hydrogen shell in the upper atmosphere, there exist a “uranium-to-hydrogen
trended elemental transmutation chain” or “uranium-hydrogen decay chain”,
because there must be many unknown super-superheavy elements heavier than
uranium-238 in earth’s upper and lower mantles that we cannot sample them,
therefore, for the need of simple description, I use uranium to represent all
super-superheavy elements heavier than uranium-238 as a starting point of the “uranium-hydrogen
transmutation chain”, with the hydrogen being the terminal product (or ending
point ) produced on this chain. In this
physical scenario, for uranium element to decay into hydrogen, there are two
major elemental transmutation paths: the short-cut one-step process and the
long-term many-step gradual process.
In the short-cut path scenario, a uranium atom, as a parent element, can
produce a daughter hydrogen atom through neutron emission decay mode while
simultaneously transforming itself into an isotope of thorium element. A free
neutron emitted by uranium nucleus, if not absorbed by other nuclei, will decay
into free proton through beta-minus decay mode in about 15 minutes (only in
earth environment), and the free proton will immediately capture a free
electron to become an approximately neutral hydrogen atom. Due to the breaking
of charge conjugation symmetry or the existence of the law of non-conservation
of charge conjugation symmetry, any approximately electrically neutral hydrogen
atom will carry a tiny amount of fractional charge of either negative or
positive. When two free hydrogen atoms with opposite fractional charge meet,
they will be electromagnetically bonded into a neutral diatomic hydrogen gas
molecule. If a uranium atom emits a
helium nucleus through alpha decay mode, the helium nucleus will immediately
capture two free electrons to become an approximately neutral helium atom. Any
helium atom carries a tiny amount of fractional charge or Van der Waals force
which enable helium atoms to gather together to form a helium molecule gas
cloud in room temperature or Einstein-Boson condensate
in an extremely low temperature. This is the fundamental reason why there are a
large number of hydrogen molecules and helium atoms in the earth’s deep crust. However,
helium atoms are only stable when they are confined inside the crust or at the
bottom of the atmosphere. Once the helium atoms move upwards into the helium
shell lie in earth’s upper atmosphere, they will immediately be
photodissociated into isotopes of hydrogen element - deuterium and tritium, the
latter two will be further photodissociated into isotope of hydrogen-1 during
the process of their rising to the Earth's hydrogen shell. This is the basic
physical scenario of how a parent uranium atom can directly give birth to a lot
of hydrogen atoms via the short-cut path of the uranium-hydrogen decay chain.
In the long-term many-step
gradual process, all uranium and transuranium elements on Earth will eventually
decay into hydrogen through many-step complex intermediary processes in terms
of various known and unknown modes of radioactive and non-radioactive decay,
all these modes of elemental decay can be generalized to be the planet-based
and solar wave-activated mass-energy-decaying trended process of elemental
transmutation which is consistent with the fourth suggested law of star-planet
coevolution. Besides the known modes of radioactive decay, here I propose two
modes of non-radioactive decay, (1) the solar wave-activated gradually
low-energy quantum mass-evaporation and (2) the chemical bond-promoted
beta-minus/plus-alternated decay chain.
In the solar wave-activated
gradual mass-evaporation scenario, all elements heavier than hydrogen that make
up a planet will eventually decay into hydrogen through various known and
unknown radioactive and non-radioactive decay modes, and when the
planet-sourced hydrogen atoms move up into a planet’s hydrogen shell, they will
all be photo-electromagnetically disintregrated into protons and electrons and
the latter two will move up into a planet’s Van Allen Radiation Belt where
planet-sourced protons and the solar sourced protons will become earth other’s
anti-particles and collide with each other which leads to the
proton-meson-lepton-photon cascade decay chain.
For better understanding of how
the uranium-hydrogen transmutation chain and the “proton-meson-lepton-photon”
decay chain work, I take the earth as an example because our earth is a perfect
natural lab in which the existence of the entire “uranium-hydrogen-proton-meson-lepton-photon” decay chain can be
experimentally verified. According to my newly proposed star-core-operated planetary
formation mechanism, I propose a new model for an approximate description of
the general planetary elements distribution (GPED) in the earth’s solid part
which is roughly divided into 3 zones: (1) the earth’s core should be made up
of a group of extremely heavy and extremely radioactive elements that are
generally termed as “Core-making Ultroheavy Mega Nuclei Elements (CM-UMNEs)”. The presumably estimated average number
of nucleons in the nuclei of CM-UMNEs can reach tens of thousands or even
millions, and their radioactivity can be millions of times higher than the
highest known artificially synthesized radioactive elements, and their
macroscopic properties should be similar to the liquid mercury at room
temperature. And the dominant decay mode of the CM-UMNEs should be neutron
scattering. In this physical scenario, the high-energy neutrons emitted from the
CM-UMNEs would trigger the processes of the cluster emission and the symmetric
or asymmetric nuclear fission of the super-superheavy transuranium elements that are
thought to be the dominant elements of the earth’s lower and upper mantles.
(2), as afore-mentioned idea in content-(1), the earth’s lower and upper
mantles should be made up of super-superheavy transuranium elements who’s
dominant decay modes should be cluster emission and nuclear fission. In this
physical scenario, the uranium-238 distributed in earth’s crust can be viewed
as the biggest fragment disintegrated by the decay mode of nuclear fission
(symmetric or asymmetric) of the super-superheavy transuranium elements that
make up the earth’s mantles. (3), the Earth's crust should mainly consist of
uranium and thorium located at the bottom of the crust (by mass), and the
iron-family elements in the middle crust and the oxygen located in the middle-to-upper
parts of the crust (by mass), the already known modes of radioactive decay is
the dominant modes that can be used to explain the uranium-lead decay chain.
However, for stable isotopes of the iron and oxygen elements, no theory or mode
has been proposed to describe how can these stable nuclides transmute into ever
lighter nuclides. Here, I would like to propose two possible modes to explain
how the stable iron nuclei and oxygen nuclei can also transmute into lighter
nuclei: the first suggested mode is the gradual long-term process of low-energy
non-radioactive photo-mass-evaporation. We all know that any stable element in
the ground state will also radiate electromagnetic wave energy to the
surrounding environment in the low-energy infrared spectral range. Logically,
no matter how long a stable nucleus can survive, when such a low-energy radiation-cause
mass-evaporation goes a critical stage, a stable nucleus can become unstable
which triggers an observable transmutation process. To verify the existence of
the non-radioactive low-energy mass-evaporation, we can put a certain amount of
high-purity elemental atoms of a stable isotope in several different sealed
glass bottles and put them in deep crust, surfaces of different altitudes for a
long period of time, and use high-precision mass-spectrometer to examine them.
One would find that, there must a trace amount of new isotopes naturally occurs
in those samples glass bottles which indicate the gradual
mass-evaporation-caused mass-decaying trended isotopic and elemental
transmutation. The second suggested mode of elemental transmutation is called
the chemical bond-enabled beta-minus/plus-alternated decay cascade, which is
the result of the principle of channel-bond duality and of the first suggested
law of interatomic nonequivalent mass-energy exchange. In this physical
scenario, the bond-enabled non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between any two
electromagnetically bonding atoms will result in a mass-gaining atomic nucleus
and a mass-losing atomic nucleus. For a mass-gaining nucleus, the decay rate of
its nuclear binding energy would be relatively lower which manifests as a
higher nuclear stability and longer survive time. In comparison, for a
mass-losing nucleus, the decay rate of its nuclear binding energy would be
relatively higher which manifests as a lower nuclear stability and a shorter survival
time. So, when the nuclear binding energy of the mass-losing atom reduces to a
critical level, it will trigger a slow process of beta-minus/plus-alternate
decay chain as the results of the principle of channel-bond duality and the
laws of interatomic nonequivalent mass-energy exchange. For example, in the
molecular system of a ferric oxide molecule, according to the first suggested
law of interatomic non-equivalent mass-energy exchange, the oxygen nuclei with
a relatively higher electronegativity will become mass-gainer while the iron
nuclei with a relatively lower electronegativity will become mass-loser, since
a nuclear mass-losing process means a nuclear binding-energy-losing process,
therefore, as the iron nuclei keep losing their mass, their nuclear binding
energy will also become progressively weakening, thus, the iron nuclei will
undergo beta-minus/plus-alternate decay ahead of their bonding oxygen nuclei,
in which process an iron nuclei will decay into a manganese nucleus before the
oxygen nuclei decaying into nitrogen nuclei. Thus, the principle of
channel-bond duality tells us that chemical bond plays important role in
promoting the mass-energy-decay trended process of elemental transmutation.
When a group of the
earth-occurring solid elements transmute into a group of earth-occurring gaseous
elements, the mass of matter particles being completely transformed into a pure
electromagnetic wave energy jet is accelerated. For example, in earth’s lower
atmosphere, the cosmic-ray spallation can cause the nuclei of a group of
heavier gas elements to be broken into a group of smaller nuclei which gives
rise to ever lighter gas elements. And the solar wave-energy-promoted
processes, such as the mechanisms of photodissociation, photodisintegration and
photofission, will also accelerate the continuous process of all gas elements
heavier than hydrogen element decaying into the isotope of hydrogen-1 and the
process of the atoms of hydrogen-1 that lie in the hydrogen shell being
disintegrated into protons and electrons in protonosphere. In this physical
scenario, the zone starting from the earth’s core to its hydrogen shell in
upper atmosphere marks the stage of the mass-energy-decaying trended process of
particle transmutation progressing at atomic level which can be simply
expressed as the “uranium-hydrogen transmutation chain”. The zone starting from
the earth’s hydrogen shell to its protonosphere and then to the upper region of
earth’s Van Allen Radiation Belt (VRB) marks the stage of the earth-based
mass-energy-decay trended process of particle transmutation progressing at
subatomic level which can be simply expressed as the “hydrogen-proton-meson-lepton-photon”decay chain” (or the HPMLP-decay chain
in short form). In this physical scenario, the earth-sourced hydrogen atoms
that move up into in hydrogen shell is called the “terrestrial hydrogen” atoms
that will be further disintegrated into the “terrestrial protons” and the “terrestrial
electrons” by the mechanism of the solar wave energy-caused
photodisintegration. Since the protonosphere is an overlapped zone between the
upper region of hydrogen shell and the lower region of the lower belt of the
Van Allen Radiation Belt, therefore, the entire region of the Van Allen
Radiation Belt is a region in which the “terrestrial protons” and the “solar-sourced
protons” will be converted into each other’s anti-particles relatively, which
means that the up-streaming terrestrial protons will be converted into the anti-proton
of the solar-proton while down-streaming solar protons will be converted into
anti-proton of the terrestrial proton, the mechanism of which is called the
sun-earth’s double magnetic fields co-energized and the geomagnetic
field-confined double-sourced proton-antiproton conversion-and-collision
mechanism. In this physical scenario, the mechanism of the double-sourced
proton-antiproton conversion-and-collision will cause each of the colliding
proton-antiproton pair being created in the Van Allen Radiation Belt to decay
into pion particles which then immediately decay into muon particles, and the
muon particles immediately decay into electron/positron pairs which then decay
into photonic wave-energy jet, the process of which is called:
the “proton-meson-muon-electron/positron-photon
decay cascade process (PMME/P-P-Cascade decay chain). ”
This newly proposed hypothetical
mechanism (the PMME/P-P-Cascade decay chain) can be used to explain the reason
why the AMS-0.2 measured higher-than-expected positron/electron ratio. In this
sense, the Van Allen Radiation Belt can also be regarded as the pre-mass-energy
conversion zone of the entire mass-energy conversion cycle, or the phase-1
mass-energy conversion process. And next, in the wide area starting from the
lower region of the earth’s Van Allen Radiation Belt to the outer edge of the
earth’s bow shock wave is called the zone of the phase-2 mass-energy conversion
cycle. And ultimately, in the widespread area of the inter-solar-terrestrial
space, there exists a zone of what I called it the pure electromagnetic wave
energy-transferring zone, which should start from the outer-edge of the earth’s
bow shock wave structure to the upper layer of the sun’s photosphere, which is
the pure electromagnetic wave-energy jet transferring zone which is an
earth-ejected sunward-streaming lance-like electromagnetic wave energy jet,
with its jet-head pointing to the direction of the sun’s core. In this physical
scenario, the earth-sourced hydrogen and protons are converted into a large
flux of the earth-ejected sunward-streaming pure electromagnetic wave
energy-jet which will be all the way injected into the sun’s core wherein, the
earth-injected energy jet and the sun-core-based particles will be collided
with each other under the confinement of the solar magnetic field, the
mechanism of which is called the sun-planet double magnetic fields co-energized
and the solar magnetic field confined double-sourced particle-energy jets
colliding. This is the star-planet co-created and co-operated mechanism how
would the star-planet’s double-sourced matter-energy-jets can be used by the
sun to synthesized various high-energy leptonic and baryonic particles,
including neutrons and protons that can be used by sun to directly synthesize
the all kinds of heavy and super-heavy elements in its core, and all these
freshly synthesized heavy elements will immediately be electromagnetically
coated onto the spinning bodies of the sun-core-gestated embryonic metallic
karyospheres , the mechanism of which is called the even-mass-coating mechanism
which makes planets spherical and the sun-core-gestated mass-growing embryonic
metallic karyospheres are the mass-growing planetary embryos of next-generation
planets. In this sense, the zone starting from outer layer of the solar
photosphere to the sun’s core is called the zone of energy-to-mass conversion
zone which the last stage of mass-energy conversion cycle. In this physical
scenario, all the masses and energies of the current-evolving planets in the
solar system will be ultimately converted into the body mass of the
sun-core-gestated mass-evolving high-metal and high-density planetary embryos. At
this time, in about more than 50 billion years, the entire solar system will be
evolve to be a giant-core-gestated component star of next-generation contact
binary-star system, with its future companion star being the entire
current-evolving Alpha Centauri system that is now approaching our solar system
at an accelerating velocity. When the future Solar-Alpha Centauri binary system
merge into a next-generation planet-bearing single-star system, the whole
process of mass-energy-mass conversion cycle will repeat again. This is the
basic picture of how the start-planet co-created and operated unified mechanism
of mass-energy-mass conversion cycle works.
§4.12 The Frame of the Master-key Theory
In addition to discovery of the
macro-micro-unified physical mechanism of creating the four fundamental interactions, a theory that is qualified to
be called the theory of everything must meet at least two other basic criteria:
(1) Must be able to explain all the physical phenomena that occur in the solar
system, especially those that occur in the Sun-Earth system. (2) Must be able
to make many verifiable predictions. Logically, the correct explanation of all
the physical phenomena occurring in the solar system is based on the discovery
of the correct physical mechanisms of the origin of the solar system and the
correct physical laws that govern the evolutionary process of the solar system.
In other words, if an alternative version of the ToE is based on an incorrect
theory of the origin of the solar system (and/or an incorrect cosmological
theory), then such an alternative version cannot provide a correct explanation
for the fundamental physical phenomena that occur within the solar system.
Logically speaking, it is impossible to discover the ultimate theory of explaining
everything until scientists have discovered a correct theory of consistently
explaining the origin and evolution of the solar system. In this sense, the
frame of the Master-key theory naturally includes the frame of the theory of
star-planet coevolution which enables the Master-key theory to have a basic
power to explain and predict all the fundamental physical phenomena and all
events occurring in the solar system. And then, by adding the newly proposed
galactic-center-operated physical mechanism (also called the ultimate cosmic
mechanism)—the double-holes-structured and the double holes’ effects-hybridized
dual-energy conversion mechanism, we can explain the mechanism of how the Fermi
Bubble (should be renamed as Finkbeiner Bubble) is created and how the
photothermal-expanding energy characterized by gamma-ray and the
darkcold-contracting energy characterized by X-ray is mutually converted into
each other within a double-hole-structured dual-energy conversion system, and
why the electromagnetic-attraction and the electromagnetic-repulsion are always
hybridized within an electromagnetic interaction. Furthermore, the star-planet
co-created and co-operated mechanism of mass-energy-mass conversion cycle can
explain how and why the earth’s constituent atoms can be totally converted into
an earth-ejected sunward-streaming pure electromagnetic wave energy jet and how
the pure wave energy jet can be used by the sun to synthesize all kinds of
matter particles, including all kinds of heavy, superheavy, and the ultraheavy
meaga nuclei elements that make up the spherical bodies of the next-generation
planets.
Finally, it must be specifically
stated that as an amateur astrophysicist who is not a native English speaker,
there must be many grammatical and semantic flaws in this unedited and
proofread book. But hopefully my basic ideas have been clearly expressed in
this book. The flaws in language expression will be gradually improved in the
next revised version. Therefore, if any professional English-speaking theoretical
physicist would like to help me improve the language expression level of this
book, I would greatly appreciate it! And I’m willing to pay some editing fees.
References:
[1] Unveiling the Origin of the Fermi
Bubbles, February 13, 2018 submitted to
Galaxies; H.-Y. K. Yang 1, M. Ruszkowski 2 and E. G. Zweibel 3.
[2] Heiles, C. (1979) H I
Shells and Supershells. The Astrophysical Journal, 229, 533. https://doi.org/10.1086/156986
Pleased be noted that the Theory of
Star-Planet Coevolution needs to be largely refined in both of its contents and
descriptive accuracy. So, in the next edition that is planned to be published
in 2025 or 2026, the author will improve the descriptions of the ideas in terms
of professional language and adds more contents in chapter 3 concerning the
physical explanation of physical phenomena occurring in the Sun-Earth system by
using the same basic physical laws, principles and mechanisms proposed in
chapter 2.
The author: Wei Ju (琚 伟)
June 25, 2024, in Chengdu,
Sichuan, China
All rights reserved!