explain the formation and evolution of the solar system based on the co-evolution law

Chapter 1

The core thought of the theory of star-planet co-evolution

 

My name is Wei Ju. I am a Chinese doctor and an enthusiast of astrophysics. I have propounded a new theory, called the co-evolution of star and planets, to explain the formation and evolution of the Solar System with a set of new viewpoints and alternative mechanisms. At the core of the co-evolution theory are the laws of star-planet co-evolution and the single-binary-single model (SBS). The laws of star-planet co-evolution dictate that no single star or single planet in our universe can evolve independently by itself, but instead, one single star must couple with one or more planets and co-evolve within a holistic co-evolution system, in which the star and its orbiting planets are performing their bilateral and non-equivalent mass-energy exchange activities through a hypothesized star-planet-connected Celestial Tunneling Electromagnetic Bond System (CTEB). In the case of the Solar System, according to the co-evolution law, the central Sun can not evolve independently by itself, and the Solar System’s planets can not evolve independently by themselves either. Both the central Sun and its orbiting planet must couple with one another to form a Sun-planet-connected CTEB system, in which the Sun and planets are gravitationally bonded together to form a holistic co-evolution system. In this system, the central Sun and its orbiting planets are able to co-evolve by performing bilateral and non-equivalent mass-energy exchange activities, through the CTEB-conducted bi-directional flowing particle streams running back and forth between the Sun and its orbiting planets. Such a hypothetical CTEB system is both physically detectable and morphologically observable within the scope of the Earth-Sun system by using space-based instruments. The work of Dr. Jack Scudder at America’s Iowa University in particular is helpful for confirming the existence of the CTEB system that is at work in the Earth-Sun system (Jack Scudder et al. 2012). Ju’s co-evolution theory states that the formational mechanism of the CTEB system is multi-lateral orthogonal intercutting and entanglement of magnetized quantum streams, or simply: The mechanism of intercutting-and-entangling of magnetized quantum streams, in which the magnetic field lines along with the magnetized quantum streams of both Sun and planets are mutually intercutting and entangling with each other following the principle of orthogonal axial intersection, creating pipe-shaped CTEB systems that gravitationally bonds Sun and planets together in a 1-on-1 radial configuration. Within each Sun-planet-connected CTEB system there are multiple beams of bi-directional flowing particle streams running back and forth between the Sun and its orbiting planet to mediate the gravity-repulsive interaction force and to promote the process of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between Sun and planets. Thus the CTEB system is supposed to have three basic physical functions:

 

(1) Mediating the gravity-repulsive interaction force through bi-directional flowing particle streams running back and forth between the star and its orbiting planet.

 

In this physical scenario, the precisely balanced planetary orbits must be explained with a new set of force-balancing mechanisms, for example, in the Earth-Sun system, the evenly expanding-and-diffusing solar wind carries expanding energy that will be converted into a strong repulsive force which along with the centrifugal force that is produced by planet’s angular momentum deform the magneto-sheath of the Earth, creating a phenomenal magneto-sailing effect(described as the bow shock conception) by which solar wind and angular momentum try to push the Earth outward while the Earth-Sun-connected CTEB system works like a kite line trying to pull the Earth inward in the direction of the Sun-core. The Earth’s orbit is precisely balanced simply because that the CTEB-mediated drag force cancels out the combined push (the combined push force = solar wind-carried repulsive force plus the Earth’s angular momentum-generated centrifugal force), rather than Newton’s force-balancing mechanism. It assumes that the one-directional gravity force produced by the Sun’s super massive mass volume cancel out the centrifugal force produce by Earth’s angular momentum. In Ju’s co-evolution theory, the Sun itself does not produce significant drag force, but instead, the Sun-ejected solar wind carries photothermal energy which is equivalent to expanding energy that will be converted into repulsive force to push its orbiting planets outward, instead of pulling them inward. In the Earth-Sun system, the main drag force that pulls the Earth in its orbit is produced by both Sun and Earth (co-production principle) and mediated by the Earth-Sun-connected CTEB system. Rather than being solely produced by the Sun, this kind of new force-balancing mechanism requires a new picture of the Solar System’s mass-distribution. In Ju’s co-evolution theory, the current Sun possibly holds merely 50-60% of the Solar System’s total mass, safely speaking, the mass that the current Sun holds is no more than 80% of the Solar System’s total mass, but in the future, say, in 5-7 billion years, the Sun will hold 99% of the Solar System’s mass as 99% of the solar planetary system’s mass will have been transferred into the Sun’s core through the process of CTEB-conducted non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between the Sun and Earth. This is the unified astrophysical process governed by the laws of star-planet co-evolution.

 

(2) Promoting the process of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between star and planets, leading to the result of solar-end mass-transference or stellar-end mass-transference. Enabling a single star system (such as our Solar System) as a whole to evolve into a massive metallic caryosphere-gestated component star of a merge-phased contact binary system, due to 99% of the system’s mass having been transferred into the star-core/Sun-core through the mechanism of CTEB-conducted planetary hadronic jet injection. This is followed by a stellar-merger event in a process governed by the universal law of synchronized merge-ejection, in which the outer layer plasmatic materials of both components will fuse together and coalesce to form a newborn single star. At the same time, the component star which has a clutch of gestated massively matured metallic caryospheres in its core, termed the female-component star in laboring phase, will eject its billion-year-gestated matured metallic caryospheres out into local space, giving birth to a clutch of newborn infant-planets and forming the various planets we see today in our Solar System. The newborn single star and its contemporary newborn infant-planets will have their magnetic field lines along with their magnetized quantum streams orthogonally intercutting-and-entangling with each other to form 1-on-1 radial configured star-planet-connected CTEB systems, by which the central star and its orbiting planets are gravitationally bonded together to form a holistic co-evolution system, i.e. forming a newborn single star system. The newborn single star system will repeat the physical process of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between the central star and its orbiting planets through star-planet-connected CTEB systems, through which a new cycle of the stellar-end mass-transferring process will be initiated again.

 

The non-equivalent mass-energy exchange mechanism and the stellar-end mass-transferring process result in a conclusion that the core change over the Solar System’s evolution is the mass-redistribution process, in which the solar planetary system’s mass will be gradually transferred into the Sun’s core through CTEB-conducted planetary hadronic jet injection. This is manifested as the synchronous increase of the six basic solar parameters (i.e. mass-volume, mass-density, luminosity, internal energy, magnetic field strength, and angular momentum) and the synchronous decay of the seven basic planetary parameters (i.e. mass-volume, mass-density equivalent to metallicity, orbital radius, rotational speed, internal energy, angular momentum, and the magnitude of magnetic field strength). (See the formation and evolution of the Solar System in chapter 2).

 

(3)  Promoting the process of mass-density homogenization between the Sun and its orbiting planets, in which the mean-density of the Sun will increase as more heavy metal elements are synthesized in it’s core. While the mean-density of each planet will decrease as more heavy metal elements are diffusively ionized and broken down to lighter elements (following the principle of density-decreasing nuclear transmutation), before finally being photo-electrically disintegrated into subatomic particles like protons and electrons occurring in the Van Allen Radiation Belt. This process, in which one heavy nucleon that composes heavy metal elements isdiffusively disintegrated into hundreds of thousands of nucleons that compose lighter solid or gaselements, is called CTEB-governed diffusive particle transmutation. At this point, we assert that there is an invisible, core-to-atmosphere, progressively density-decreasing nuclear transmutation chain existing on Earth, in which the particles’ transmutation follows a long-term density-decreasing trend. In Earth’s rigid body portion — the core-mantle-crust— the physical process of density-decreasing nuclear transmutation is manifested as the long-term trend of density-decreasing radioactive decay and the metallic oxidation process. The typical example of this is the natural decay chain of U-238, in which Uranium-238 decays to Lead-206 with an atomic mean density decrease from 19.05g/cm3 to 11.34g/cm3. Such density-decreasing trending radioactive decay is physically consistent with the evolutionary trend of the Earth, by which the seven basic planetary parameters of the Earth, including the mass-density and mass-volume of the Earth, will synchronously decay to a negligible value in the next 5-7 billion years as 99% of Earth’s mass will be gradually transferred to the Sun’s core through the Earth-Sun-connected CTEB system. That is why in the uranium-238 decay chain, in most cases, the mean density of the daughter nuclide is lower than that of the parent nuclide. In other words, the mass of the decayed products (daughter nuclide) is lower than that of the parent decay radionuclide (parent nuclide), it means that, overall, the mean density of a daughter nuclides is lower than that of its parent nuclides’ because the parent nuclide gives out more mass-energy to it’s surrounding systems than it absorbs from surrounding systems, or simply, one parent nuclide is diffusively broken down to multiple daughter nuclides during the course of radioactive decay. However, we still see some periodic intermediate radioactive decay that follows a density-increasing trend (mass-gain trend), in which the lighter parent nuclides will transform into heavier daughter nuclides by absorbing mass-energy from their surrounding systems. For example, in the uranium-238 to lead-206 decay chain, thorium-234 (density11.724g/cm3) decays to protactinium-234 (density, 15.37g/cm3), or radon-222 (density,0.009g/cm3) decays to polonium-218(density,9.169g/cm3). In both cases, the mean density of the daughter nuclides are much higher than that of their parent nuclides, indicating that the daughter nuclide gained mass by absorbing mass-energy from surrounding systems through the mechanism of neutronized degenerate accretion (NDA) during the decaying process. This is called mass-gain radioactive decay, or density-increasing radioactive decay. Another typical case of mass-gain nuclear transformation is nitrogen-14 to carbon-14 nuclear transformation, when nitrogen-14 (mass-density, 0.001251g/cm3)decays to carbon-14 (mass-density, 2.26g/cm3) through the cosmic ray colliding mechanism in which high-energy cosmic rays collide with atoms of nitrogen-14 in the upper atmosphere in a process by which the energy of cosmic rays penetrate into the nucleus of nitrogen-14, resulting in decay products of carbon-14. In this naturally occurring cosmic ray-colliding process, a large scale of mass-energy is injected into the nucleus of nitrogen-14. When the mass-density of the nucleus of nitrogen-14 is increased a thousand fold reaching a mass-density level of 2.26g/cm, the nucleus of nitrogen-14 transforms into a nucleus of carbon-14, because the transmutation process of nitrogen-14 to carbon-14 belongs to the mass-gain or density-increasing type of nuclear transmutation which is against the evolutionary trend of the Earth, according the principle of macro-CTEB system controlling the micro-QTEB system, any resulting daughter nuclide that is heavier than its decay parent nuclide can not survive for long. Next we will see the heavier carbon-14 decay back to much lighter nitrogen-14 with a half-life of 5,730 years. In this case, although the radioactive equation is “well-balanced” regarding the equal atomic mass number, the mass-density of carbon-14 is nearly two hundred times heavier than that of nitrogen-14. Such a big atomic mass-density gap between two types of elements that have equal atomic mass numbers but have different atomic mass-density values is called the disparity of atomic number and atomic mass-density, which is caused by non-symmetric mass-energy absorption and mass-energy emission during the process of radioactive decay. At this point, all kinds of radioactive decay modes can be simply classified into two types of nuclear transmutations, i.e.the density-increasing nuclear transmutation (mass-gain nuclear transmutation) and the density-decreasing nuclear transmutation (mass-reduction or mass-defection nucleartransmutation).

The density-increasing nuclear transmutation or the mass-gain nuclear transmutation that is naturally occurring on Earth is inverse-trending nuclear transmutation because this type of nuclear transmutation is against the long-term evolutionary trend of the Earth, as the long-term trend of Earth evolution is synchronous decay of both Earth’s mass-scale and mass-density, or againstthe law of synchronous decay of seven basic planetary parameters (explain later). Because such a density-increasing type of radioactive decay is inversely-trending radioactive decay, then the half-life of daughter decay products cannot last long, that is why carbon-14 will decay back to nitrogen-14 by giving off its mass-energy and reducing its mass-density. Most of the naturally occurring or artificially synthesized daughter radioactive nuclides which have higher mass-density than their parent decay nuclides will have very short-lived half-lives simply because all types of density-increasing nuclear transmutation occurring on any planet is against the long-term trend of planetary evolution as well as the law of synchronous decay of seven planetary parameters. That is why we see that all daughter nuclides with higher mass-density than their parent nuclides are relatively short-lived radionuclides.

Such inverse-trended density-increasing radioactive decay only represents the short-lived periodic density-increasing changes of Earth’s matter. It does not represent the long-term trend of the density-decreasing change of Earth’s matter, simply because the long-term trend of Earth’s evolution is towards density-decrease and mass-reduction, with the process being governed by the universal law of synchronous decay of the seven basic planetary parameters, these seven basic planetary parameters include: (1) planetary orbital radii, (2) planetary rotational speed, (3) planetary mass-volume, (4) planetary mass-density, (5) planetary internal energy, (6) planetary angular momentum, and (7) the magnitude of planetary magnetic field strength. 

So the Earth’s long-term density decrease and mass-reduction is caused by the collective density-decrease and mass-defection of particles that comprise the Earth, in a process which is governed by the mechanism of CTEB-conducted Earth-Sun non-equivalent mass-energy exchange. In other words, the existence of the core-to-atmosphere density-decreasing trended nuclear transmutation chain on Earth is based on the existence of the Earth-Sun-connected CTEB system.  

The progressive density-decreasing nuclear transmutation (the principle of diffusive nuclear transmutation) that is occurring at the atomic-to-molecular level is manifested as the widely observed metallic oxidation process occurring on Earth in its rigid body portion.

When such a density-decreasing nuclear transmutation chain extends to the Earth’s upper atmosphere, it will create a four-shell stratified heterosphere structure in Earth’s upper atmosphere, i.e. the nitrogen shell, oxygen shell, helium shell, and the hydrogen shell, plus the proton-electron stratified layers that exist in the Van Allen Radiation Belt. We call it the five-layer stratified upper atmospheric structure of density-decreasing trended nuclear transmutation, in which a single oxygen atom is photoelectrically ionized and diffusively broken down to multiple neutral helium and helium ions, and the neutral helium and helium ions will be photoelectrically ionized and diffusively broken down to neutral hydrogen atoms and hydrogen ions. Finally, the hydrogen ions will be photoelectrically broken down into protons and electrons in the Van Allen Radiation Belt. In this physical scenario, the charged particles that are trapped into the Earth’s magnetic field are not just from Sun-ejected solar wind, but instead, most of them come from the Earth’s heterosphere produced by cosmic ray’s photoelectric diffusion mechanism due to the magnetic fields’ interaction between Sun and Earth.At this point, from the troposphere to the Van Allen Radiation belt, the whole non-rigid-body portion of the Earth as a whole is treated as a progressively density-decreasing nuclear transmutation chain. This is separated into three major atmospheric diffusion layers: the molecular-to-atomic diffusion layer (covers the entire homosphere), atomic-to-ionic diffusion layer (covers the ozone layer to the entire heterosphere), and the ionic-to-subatomic diffusion layers (covers the hydrogen shell to the entire Van Allen Radiation Belt). Lastly, on the outer edge of the Earth’s magnetosheath—the outer edge of the Earth’s bow shock structure, the electrons and protons recombine to form Sun-core-oriented hot neutron streams, and the hot neutron streams are further condensed into cold neutron streams that will be shot into the Sun’s core to form what is called the Sun-planet co-created superpower hadron collider mechanism to synthesize the heavy metal elements in the Sun’s core.

The principle of macroscopic CTEB System controlling the microscopic QTEB system

 

    Another equivalent law to explain long-term density-decreasing trended radioactive decay is the principle of macroscopic CTEB System controlling the microscopic QTEB system, it’s means that the long-term trend of the density-change of the particles that made up the given celestial body must match the same long-term density-change trend of the celestial body. The acronym QTEB is the short form for quantized tunneling electromagnetic bond systems with infinitive gradient levels of mass-density and mass-energy scales ranging from sub-nucleon to atomic-to-molecular level (chemical bond level). This includes the quantized tunneling gluonic bond that bonds different quarks together to form nucleons(neutrons and protons), the quantized tunneling electromagnetic neutron-proton bond that bonds nucleons together to form atomic nuclei, the quantized tunneling electromagnetic proton-electron bond or quantized tunneling neutron-positron bond that bonds nucleons and electrons/positrons together to form atoms, the quantized tunneling electromagnetic chemical bond that bonds atoms together to form molecules, the quantized weak intermolecular bond that bond smaller molecules together to form larger molecule groups and so on. All these microscopic QTEB systems working in the microscopic particle world on Earth at various mass-energy levels are collectively controlled by the macroscopic Earth-Sun-connected CTEB system.

It is easy to understand that the collective changes of particles will result in the change of the celestial body they compose, and vice versa, the long-term evolution trend of a given celestial body must lead the long-term trend of the density-change of particles that consist of the celestial body. Since the long-term evolutionary trend of the Earth is governed by the universal law of synchronous decay of the seven basic planetary parameters, then the mass-scale and mass-density of particles that make up the Earth must be consistent with the same trend. since the law of synchronous decay of seven basic planetary parameters dictates that the mean-density and total mass-scale of the Earth will decay to a negligible value in 5-7 billion years as the Earth’s mass will be finally transferred into the Sun’s core to be converted into the mass of embryonic metallic caryospheres that gestated in Sun’s core, therefore, the long-term density change of particles that make up the Earth will follow the same long-term density-decreasing trend in order to be consistent with evolutionary trend of the Earth. This law has determined that any artificial heavy element made by a particle accelerator, or any naturally occurring daughter nuclides that are heavier than their parent decay nuclides are short-lived.

 

   The acronym “QTEB” is short form for Quantized Tunneling Electromagnetic Bond System which has an infinitive gradient mass-energy scale change. This includes the quantized tunneling gluonic bond that bonds different quarks together to form nucleons(neutrons and protons), the quantized tunneling electromagnetic neutron-proton bond that bonds nucleons together to form atomic nuclei,the quantized tunneling electromagnetic proton-electron bond or quantized tunneling neutron-positron bond that bonds nucleons and electrons/positrons together to form atoms, the quantized tunneling electromagnetic chemical bond that bonds atoms together to form molecules, the quantized weak intermolecular bond that bond smaller molecules together to form largermolecule groups and so on. All these microscopic QTEB systems working in the microscopic particle world on Earth at various mass-energy levels are collectively controlled by the macroscopic Earth-Sun-connected CTEB system (repetition from earlier, maybe remove the previous mention).

 

In general, the basic foundation for us to understand the natural processes and events that occur within the Solar System both philosophically and physically is through understanding the laws of star-planet co-evolution and the full-interaction principle. The full-interaction principle, by definition, means that any natural phenomena, physical process, or natural event, no matter where they take place, whether it is in the Sun, here on Earth or on other planets, as long as they occurred within the Solar System, they must be treated as the consequences of the Sun-planet’s CTEB-conducted non-equivalent mass-energy exchange activities, or rather, the consequences of the Sun and planets’ bilateral and non-equivalent mass-energy exchange. Otherwise, any explanations or interpretations regarding the natural processes or events that occur in the Sun which view them as the Sun’s independent activities and bearing no relation to its orbiting planets will ultimately be proved fundamentally incorrect. Likewise, if any natural processes or events that occur within the Earth’s core and mantle as well as in Earth’s atmosphere are treated as Earth’s independent activities that have nothing to do with the Sun, it will also be proved fundamentally incorrect. In general, any astrophysical theory or model will be proven fundamentally incorrect as long as the theory’s core thought violates the full-interaction principle or the laws of star-planet co-evolution. At this point, we believe that the Nebular Hypothesis or its updated version—the Protoplanet Hypothesis—is fundamentally incorrect, simply because the core thoughts of the theory violate the laws of star-planet co-evolution. For example, in the Nebular Hypothesis system, the Sun’s energy production and it’s Sun-core based nucleosynthesis as a whole are treated as the Sun’s independent activities—so-called solar activities that have nothing to do with the orbiting planets. The Sun’s evolution and the planets’ evolution are treated as two separate celestial evolution systems, as opposed to a holistic co-evolution system. As a result, the Nebular Hypothesis, along with the modern astrophysics based on it’s core ideas as a whole, will also be proven fundamentally incorrect. The highly differentiated disciplines in the modern astrophysics field, such as planetary science (planetology) and stellar science only make the situation worse.

 

By definition, the non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between the Sun and its orbiting planets means that, in a given interval of time, the total volume of mass-energy that each individual planet gives out to the Sun via the mechanism of CTEB-conducted planetary hadronic jet injection is far greater than that of the mass-energy that the Sun returns to each planet through coronal mass-energy ejection (CMEE). The difference, called the star-planet mass-energy exchange surplus value, will be converted into a certain amount of Sun-gained-mass stored in the Sun’s core to serve as the main source of raw materials for two processes: Hadron colliding based nucleosynthesis (rather than the hydrogen-to-helium nuclear fusion reaction) and the mass-growth of star-core-gestated embryonic metallic caryospheres through Synchronized Star-planet co-created Superpower Hadron Colliding and Neutronized Degenerate Accretion (Syn-SPCCHC & NDA), in which the “freshly-synthesized” heavy metal elements will be simultaneously condensed into the bodies of a star-core-gestated metallic caryosphere (SCGMC). This enables them to grow in mass at an exponential rate until they become a clutch of massively matured metallic pre-ejection caryospheres (pre-ejection metallic planetary embryos) that are ready to be ejected during a stellar-merger event, in a process which is governed bythe law of synchronized merge-ejection. According to the second law of star-planet co-evolution, the total volume of the mass-energy that the Sun or a central star gains from its orbiting planets via planetary hadronic jet injection is equal to the total volume of mass-energy that all the system’s planets collectively lose. This is also called the law of relative mass-energy conservation of a single star system.

 

According to the third law of star-planet co-evolution, known as the principle of positively-correlated mass-energy exchange: in a given interval of time, the greater the volume of mass-energy that a planet gives out to the Sun through CTEB-conducted planetary hadronic jet injection (mainly injected into Sun’s core), the greater the volume of mass-energy that the Sun will return to the planet. Such a principle can be used to physically explain some astrophysical phenomena that typically occur during the sunspot maximum period, such as geomagnetic storms, intensified aurora effects and intensified energy increases in the Van Allen radiation belt, not to mention the largely increased probabilities of volcanic eruption occurrence and the correlating increased occurrence of Earthquakes during this period.

 

To understand the positive correlation law of Sun-planets’ non-equivalent mass-energy exchange, we must first understand the formational mechanism of sunspots. In Ju’s co-evolution theory, the formational mechanism of sunspots is the hole-puncturing mechanism caused by both planetary hadronic jet injection and the Sun’s superficial magnetic field lines. In the case of small diameter-sized sunspots, the main power force that punctures magnetic-vortex holes oropenings in the Sun’s photosphere envelope is the superficial clustering of the Sun’s magnetic field lines. But in the case of large scale and large diameter-sized sunspot events, the main power force that punctures holes on the near-Earth side photosphere envelope actually originates from Earth:Unified planet-fired high-energy lance-shaped density-increasing hadronic jets pierce the Sun’s relatively thin photosphere envelope and puncture a group of shifting holes on the surface of the Sun’s photosphere envelope, working  like an invisible screw-driver or the needle of a sewing machine to create a short-lived sunspot phenomena in the form of magnetic vortex pore opening, which can happen on any portion of the photosphere envelope. The shifting property of the sunspots is produced by planetary revolution as the planet-fired lance-shaped density-increasing hadronic jets work like a shifting high-energy gamma ray or a shifting high-energy laser beam. In this physical scenario, if a group of shifting sunspots appear on the near-Earth side of the solar photosphere observable to land-based observers, then Earth will be the planet responsible for the creation of these sunspots. This is because the sunspots that appear on the near-Earth-side of the photosphere envelope are the photospheric holes punctured by Earth-fired lance-shaped high-energy density-increasing hadronic jets. When the hole-puncturing process is observed laterally from space-based astronomic telescopes, it will be manifested as the photospheric-piecing effect or the photospheric-splashing effect. According to the principle of positively-correlated Earth-Sun mass-energy exchange, the more mass-energy that the Earth injects into the Sun’s core, the greater the volume of mass-energy that the Sun will return to the Earth. Since the sunspot’s maximum period represents a period in which the Sun-planet mass-energy exchange reaches its’ peak volume, the mass-energy volume that is carried by the Earth-fired condensing hadronic jets will accordingly be at its maximum value. The law of positively-correlated mass-energy exchange tells us that the volume of mass-energy carried by Sun-ejected high-energy protonized density-decreasing particle streams will also surge to the maximum level, meaning a greater volume of Sun-ejected mass-energy will be returned to Earth. According to the double-hole physics described dual-energy-conversion principle,the energy properties of the Sun-ejected protonized particle streams are as that of photo-thermal energy relative to the dark-cold energy carried by planet-fired density-increasing hadronic jets (see chapter regarding the double-hole structured dual-energy-conversion system). In the double-hole dual-energy-conversion physics system, photo-thermal energy has the basic function of promoting the mass-density decreasing process, manifested as Sun-ejected diffusive prontonized particle streams that can photo-electrically ionize and split heavier gas elements into hydrogen/helium in the Earth’s atmosphere, whilst at the same time electromagnetically disintegrating heavy metal elements into lighter metal elements and gaseous element in the Earth’s core-mantle-crust. This is itself manifested as the acceleration of density-decreasing radioactive decay and solid metal elements’ collective transmutation into gaseous elements in a process occurring within the Earth’s core-mantle-crust. The collective density-decreasing changes of Earth’s particles in the microscopic world will inevitably lead to an increase in volume of the Earth’s core-mantle-lava in the macroscopic world and create the effect of mantle-lava expansion, which in turn intensifies the Earth’s plate tectonic movement.

 

The expansion of the Earth’s mantle-lava occurs through a process occurring in the period of sunspot maximum, called the periodical sunspot-related CTEB-conducted Earth mantle-lava expansion. The expansion of mantle-lava will intensify plate tectonic movement, leading to sudden gap widening between plates that increase the probability of volcanic eruptions, as well as leading to plates violently colliding with each other, increasing the occurrence probability of highmagnitude earthquakes. This is why we commonly see violent volcanic eruptions and high magnitude Earthquakes occurring during the sunspot maximum period. From the atmosphere to the Van Allen Radiation Belt, the greater the mass-energy that the Sun returns to the Earth, the greater the energy carried by charged particle streams penetrating the magnetosheath into the Earth’s atmosphere, causing greater violent inter-particle collisions at the nucleon-atomic-molecular level. This has the effect of more oxygen atoms being photo-electrically ionized and split into helium and hydrogen, and more hydrogen atoms will be further ionized and split into protons and electrons in the Van Allen Radiation Belt.

 

Whilst the majority of heavier gas elements are being photoelectrically ionized and decomposed into lighter gas elements, some lighter elements can still transform into heavier elements. One example is that nitrogen-14 (mean density of 0.001251g/cm3) can transform into the heavier carbon-14 that has a mean density of 2.25g/cm3, so the various modes of nuclear transmutations can be classified into two types of nuclear transmutations, i.e. density-increasing nuclear transmutation and density-decreasing nuclear transmutation. Density-decreasing nuclear transmutation represents the long-term trend direction of Earth’s matter’s evolution. While density-increasing nuclear transmutation represents the existing short-term evolution status of Earth’s matter. Due to the law of positive-correlated Earth-Sun non-equivalent mass-energy exchange and the law of synchronized matter integration-condensation and disintegration-diffusion, the process of density-decreasing nuclear transmutation and of density-decreasing nuclear transmutation are a synchronized single process which shows its bi-directionality and instantaneity. This means that the process of one heavier element being photoelectrically ionized and disintegrated/diffused into a lighter element and the process of one lighter element being de-ionized and integrated/condensed into a heavier element will happen at the same time. This is called the co-existence of bi-directionality and instantaneity in the synchronized process of matter’s integration/condensation and disintegration/diffusion. At this point, during the sunspot maximum period, the heavier oxygen will be photo-electrically ionized and disintegrated into lighter hydrogen/helium, while the lighter nitrogen-14 will be simultaneously photo-electrically de-ionized and integrated/condensed into heavier carbon-14 through the mechanism of cosmic rays colliding with nitrogen-14.

 

When trying to understand why the probabilities of violent volcanic eruptions and high magnitude Earthquakes occurring will be largely increased during the sunspot maximum period, or why violent geomagnetic storms, the intensified aurora effect, and the intensified energy increasing effect in the Van Allen Radiation Belt occur, the explanation must be based on a deep understanding of the laws of star-planet co-evolution, especially regarding the law of positively-correlated Sun-Earth mass-energy exchange and the principle of the macroscopic CTEB system controlling the microscopic QTEB system. From this physical basis, all the types of natural phenomena that occur on both the Sun and Earth will be adequately understood in a fundamental way.

 

In Ju’s co-evolution theory, the sunspot’s maximum period, or solar maximum period, is generally treated as when the total volume of mass-energy exchanged between Sun and Earth or other planets periodically surges to a peak volume due to the law of positive-correlated mass-energy exchange between star and planets. (For greater detail see the section regarding the hadronic-hole-puncture mechanism, which describes how Earth-fired hadronic jets pierce the Sun’s photosphere envelope and puncture holes on its near-Earth side, thus creating Sunspot events, and the principle of positively-correlated mass-energy exchange between Sun and Earth).

 

The added “bonus” of understanding the bi-directionality and instantaneity that are expressed in the process of the CTEB-governed density-decreasing (mass-reduction) nuclear transmutation naturallyoccurring on Earth, is that we use can use this principle to explain the formation of Earth’s water within the single framework of the laws of Sun-planet co-evolution. In this case, we have derivedthree standard steps to explain the formation of Earth’s water:

 

(1) The formation of Earth’s water is essentially the consequence of Earth-Sun interaction based on Earth-Sun non-equivalent mass-energy exchange. In other words, The Earth’s water is a byproduct of Earth-Sun’s non-equivalent mass-energy exchange, or more simply put, the water molecules that formed on Earth are the result of the co-evolution of Sun and Earth, whilst the water molecules that formed on other planets are the result of co-evolution of Sun and other planets. Because of existence of the core-to-atmosphere density-decreasing nuclear transmutation chain. In the Earth-Sun system, the formation of Earth’s water cannot be treated as the result of Earth’s independent activity that bears no relation to the Sun, in other words, the emergence of water molecules on Earth, along with the emergence of its composing elements—oxygen and hydrogen, are due to the naturally occurring physical process by which solid metal elements are collectively transformed into gas elements, governed by the law of synchronous decay of basic planetary parameters.

 

(2) The premise of understanding the origin of Earth’s water is the understanding of the formation of the various stable isotopes of oxygen and of hydrogen, so, the key steps to solve the mystery of Earth’s water formation is to solve the mystery of the source of terrestrial gas elements, i.e. we must understand how the terrestrial gas elements that emerged on both Earth’s crust and its atmosphere formed, before we understand the origin of Earth’s water.  

 

In modern astrophysiology, all ideas regarding the formation of the Sun, Earth (including all Solar System’s planets), and of the entire Solar System are based on Big Bang cosmology and its updated Nebular Hypothesis—the Protoplanetary model. In the traditional physical scenario, the lightest five elements: Hydrogen, helium, lithium, beryllium, and boron are thought to be created by so-called Big Bang nucleosynthesis, while all other heavy elements, including the oxygen, nitrogen, argon, etc, that are listed on our chemical periodic table, are thought to be created by stellar nucleosynthesis in the first and second generations of stars.But in Ju’s co-evolution theory, first of all, we believe that the Big Bang theory is the mostfallacious theory in the human history of science simply because this theory is full of incorrect cosmic perspectives. Secondly, the so-called four evidences, the Hubble red-shift, cosmic microwave radiation backround, hydrogen abundance, and the isotropic property of space, can all be treated as the incorrect interpretations of natural evidences (see section for defects of the Big Bang Hypothesis). the study show that the lightest five elements are not necessarily produced by Big Bang nucleosyntheis, they can be produced out any time in the evolution of stellar system through the mechanism of the naturally occurring hadron colliding process by planet-fired density-increasing hadronic jet-injection and the bi-directional nuclear transmutation mechanism—the mass-gain/mass-loss nuclear transmutation. Ju’s co-evolution theory believes that all elements that are listed in our chemical periodic table can be fully produced in just one single-binary-single cycle (SBS model), in this physical scenario, all heavy metal elements are produced by the star-planet co-created superpower hadron colliding mechanism by which all planets inject their lance-shaped density-increasing hadronic jets into the star-core where these planet-fired hadronic jets collide with each other in the star-core and create heavy metal elements. The freshly made heavy metal elements will be simultaneously condensed into the bodies of star-core-gestated embryonic metallic caryospheres and enable these metallic caryospheres(grape-cluster of metallic planetary embryos) to grow in mass until they become massively matured and are ejected out to local space to become newborn infant-planets during the course of a stellar-merger event. All planets are born by this unified astrophysical process. This means that all infant-planets have no gas elements in their rigid bodies, the gas elements, including the oxygen and hydrogen that combine to form water molecules, are originally derived from heavy metal elements through the density-decreasing nuclear transmutation chain, manifested as the density-decreasing trended radioactive decay that naturally occurs in Earth’s crustand the photoelectric nuclear diffusion process naturally occurring in Earth’s atmosphere, especially in the oxygen-shell at the upper atmosphere of the Earth where oxygen can be photoelectrically broken down to neutral helium, neutral hydrogen, and hydrogen ions.  In turn, the neutral hydrogen and hydrogen ions that are retained in the hydrogen-shell can be further photoelectrically broken down to protons and electrons that are trapped within the Earth’s magnetic field together with solar wind-sourced electrically charged particles to form the Van Allen Radiation Belt, from where the protons, electrons and neutrinos will recombine to form hot neutrons at the outer edge of the magnetosheath (outer edge of bow shock) throughthe solar wind-magnetosheath colliding mechanism. Finally the hot neutrons will be condensed into high-energy motivated cold neutron streams and injected into the Sun-core to participate in the Sun-core-based hadron colliding process, which is the alternative physical mechanism thought to synthesize the heavy metal elements in the star-core.

 

The billion years of Earth’s evolution are essentially the physical process of heavy metal elements diffusively transforming into lighter gas elements through various pathways. Theoxygen and hydrogen, as the constituent gas elements of a water molecule, are byproducts of the density-decreasing nuclear transmutation mechanism working in the core-to-atmosphere nuclear transmutation chain, which is governed by CTEB-conducted Earth-Sun non-equivalent mass-energy exchange.

 

   Those models that proposed the formational mechanism of Earth’s water collectively contain incorrect cosmological perspectives (such as Big Bang nucleosynthesis) and also violate the law of star-planet co-evolution, such as the comet-delivering theory which is based on an incorrect formational mechanism of comets. In Ju’s theory, the formation of comets and other types of asteroid is a unified astrophysical mechanism: The solar melting-ripping-blowing mechanism (SMRB). In this physical scenario, the various comets formed from synchronized physical processes, i.e. solar heat melting, then, solar magnetic field ripping, and finally solar wind’s blowing effect. In this physical process, the dead core of passed-away planets that died before Mercury are first melted into plasmatic material thanks to the law of planetary orbital decay – a subset of the law of synchronous decay of sevenbasic planetary parameters which includes the decay of planetary orbit –  when the orbit of the dead planet core decays to the point where it is close enough to the coronal sphere of the Sun for the million degree temperatures to melt any metallic materials into plasmatic status. Thus the metallic core of a dead planet will be totally melted into a liquid plasmatic status, and the strong magnetic field force will rip it up into fractional pieces—melted asteroid chunks. Next the strong solar wind will blow these ripped chunks away into different orbits to become different types of small bodies in the Solar System, with most of them becoming trapped as members of the asteroid belt within the region between Mars and Jupiter, while others were blown away to the outer portions of the Solar System, such as the Kuiper belt and the Oort cloud to become short-term and long term comets. This mechanism of cometary formation determined that comets can not be made of icy material, but instead, must be made of metallic and rocky materials. In many NASA-credited astronomic pictures, it shows that the various comets and asteroids are actually made of rocky and metallic materials, instead of water-rich icy materials. Even if these rocky or metallic asteroid chunks do contain trace amount of mineral water, they will be totally ionized into atoms or subatomic particles scattered in the Earth’s atmosphere during the several thousand degree Celsius course of friction burn that occurs when they dive into the Earth’s atmosphere, simply because the water molecules can not survive in such hot temperatures. All these factors make the comet-delivering hypothesis apparently implausible. However ignoring this logic violates the laws of star-planet co-evolution. Essentially, the comet-delivering theory has been built upon the basis of an incorrect physical mechanism for planetary formation and cometary formation (see section regarding the formation of comets in chapter-2).

 

(3) The major source pathway and the minor source pathway: In physical principle, once a large scale amount of oxygen and hydrogen emerged on Earth’s mantle-to-crust portion and in the Earth’s atmosphere, the formation of Earth’s water became possible. There are many different pathways for water molecules to form in both the Earth’s rigid body at the mantle-crust portion and the Earth’s upper atmosphere, especially in the regions that lie between the ozone layer and the entire troposphere. In the ozone layer, the high-energy ultraviolet rays that are absorbed by the ozone molecules will not only photoelectrically break the ozonemolecules down into oxygen molecules and free oxygen atoms, but will also photoelectrically break the oxygen ions into helium and hydrogen ions and even certain amount of naked protons. The positively charged hydrogen ions will immediately combine with the negatively charged oxygen atoms to form water molecules, while the water molecules will combine with each other via hydrogen bonds to form water molecule bucky balls. Next, more and more small watermolecule bucky balls will combine with each other by more weak hydrogen bonds to form larger water molecule bucky balls while they descend towards the lower troposphere, where the high-energy light flashes produced in summer thunder storms will not only photoelectrically combine small water molecules into large water molecule bucky balls to form rain drops, but also break down the oxygen atoms into helium and hydrogen ions whilst simultaneously hydrogen ions could combine with negatively charged oxygen to form “fresh water molecules”. This process also produces significant amounts of water molecules and rain drops. Of course, not 100% of the ozone sourced helium and hydrogen that is produced by the high-energy ultraviolet ray exerted photoelectric oxygen-disintegration process will become the constituent gas elements for forming water molecules in the ozone layer. Some of the helium atoms and hydrogen ions that are produced in the ozone layer by high-energy ultraviolet rays will keep moving upwards to the upper helium-shell and hydrogen-shell, because large amounts of the free oxygen atoms are being further photoelectrically broken down to helium and hydrogen ions in a process by which it consumes large amount of free oxygen atoms that are broken down from ozone molecules. After, the volume of the factually occurring oxygen ozone molecules should be lot less than the theoretical calculations used in the traditional pure-oxygen cycle model—, scientists have long time failed to explain why in the pure oxygen-ozone cycle the theoretical calculation of the resulting ozone volume is far less than the factually measured ozone volume when using the pore-oxygen cycle model (the difference is twice the calculation result). Since the “oxygen-consuming” factors are not considered, scientists never have not yet considered that, during the process of the oxygen-ozone cycle, some of the free oxygen atoms that are produced from the high-energy ultraviolate breaking of ozone molecules are further photoelectrically broken down to helium and hydrogen ions, and some of these oxygen sourced helium/hydrogen will keep moving upward to the helium-shell and hydrogen-shell to fill the gap left by the hydrogen ions that are further photoelectrically broken down to protons and electrons which continue moving upward to the Van Allen Radiation belt, while some of the“not-yet-freed oxygen atoms” will combine with the freshly-made hydrogen ions to form water moleclules that move down towards the troposphere and join other water moleclule bucky balls to form even larger water molecule bucky balls through the flash light synthesis mechanism. All these “oxygen-consuming” or “oxygen-breaking” factors have yet to be considered by mainstream scientists while they carry out oxygen-ozone modeled calculations. This has led to a double disparity between the theoretical calculation and the factual result. But if the oxygen-consuming or oxygen-breaking mechanism—the major source of the ozone layer occurring water formation mechanism – is verified, then major source water molecule synthesis along with the disparity of ozone volume between the pure-oxygen cycle model and the factual result will be automatically solved.

 

This means that the summer season is actually the ideal time for the mass-production of Earth’s water.

 

Therefore, we assert that the photoelectric synthesis of water molecules in Earth’s atmosphere is the largest source of Earth water’s production. This is called the major source of water production or the major pathway of Earth’s water production. However, the minor source pathways for Earth’s water production are diversified, such as the ancient sulfide-dependent chemoautotrophic bacteria (purple sulfur bacteria) that fix carbon and synthesize the water as byproducts of the photosynthesis pathway (Cornell Van Niel,1930s), which produces a negligible amount of water molecules on ancient Earth. Furthermore, the widely seen combustion of hydrocarbons also produces a negligible amount of water molecules and a relatively large amount of carbon dioxide. In this physical-chemical process, we can see a clear density-decreasing nuclear transmutation chain occurring on carbon isotopes: During the combustion process, the heavier carbon-13 that is composed of methane or other types of hydrocarbons will radiate its mass-energy by emitting a single neutron to surrounding systems and convert itself into a lighter carbon-12 atom that composes carbon dioxide, while the lighter oxygen isomers that compose oxygen molecules will be transformed into heavieroxygen isomers that compose water molecules, so we assume that the oxygen isomers that compose water molecules are heavier than the oxygen isomers that compose oxygen gas molecules. In this case, carbon-13 to carbon-12 nuclear transmutation belongs to mass-defect (mass-reduction) or density-decreasing nuclear transmutation while the lighter oxygen isomers (composing oxygen gas) transform into slightly-heavier oxygen isomers (composition of water molecules) belonging to mass-gain or density-increasing nuclear transmutation. The latter case is an inverse-trend physical-chemical process that is opposite to the long-term trend of Earth’s evolution (long-term density-decreasing and mass-reduction). Another negligible minor source pathway for water molecule formation that occurs in the organic world is the chemical energy promoted process of enzyme polypeptide synthesis, by which many amino acids are chemically combined to form polypeptide molecules through the dehydration synthesis mechanism in which one negatively charged OH- of amino acid A will combine with one positively charged H+ of amino acid B to form one water molecule.

The production of Earth’s water is essentially a physical-chemical process co-created by both Earth and Sun. It is the result of the Earth-Sun’s CTEB system-conducted non-equivalent mass-energy exchange activity.

 

Together with all other natural phenomena, natural processes and events that happen on Earth or in the Sun, the process of the formation of Earth’s water itself, as a physical-chemical process occurring in microscopic QTEB systems, is essentially the consequence of Earth-Sun interaction based on CTEB-conducted Earth-Sun non-equivalent mass-energy exchange.

 

About the single-binary-single model (SBS)

 

 The single-binary-single model (SBS) dictates that the evolution of a stellar system and the evolution of a galactic system in our universe follow a unified single-binary-single law. The process of a stellar-merger event and a galactic merger event are both governed by the universal law of synchronized merge-ejection. In both the Sun’s core and the galactic center, there are a clutch of high-density metallic caryospheres forming and growing in mass through the unified mechanism of Synchronized Superpower Hadron Colliding and Neutronized Degenerate Accretion (Syn-SHC & NDA). The only difference between the two is the mass-energy scale and the density gradient. The means the metallic caryospheres that are formed in the galactic center are far more massive and dense than the metallic caryospheres that are formed in the star-core. In this physical scenario, all single star systems and all spiral galaxy systems can be collectively treated as a sort of superpowered hadron colliding system in which the heavy metal elements are synthesized, and the “freshly synthesized” heavy nucleons are condensed into the bodies of high density caryospheres of various mass-energy scales and density levels. When these metallic caryospheres grow in mass to their massively matured phase, they will be ejected out into local space by their parent component star or by their parent component galaxy system during stellar merger or galactic merger events, governed by the unified mechanism of synchronized merge-ejection. The ejected caryospheres will become a clutch of newborn infant-planets, a clutch of white dwarfs and black dwarfs, or even the far denser neutron stars.  

 

As in the case of the formation and evolution of the Solar System, the SBS model requires that Sun-planet mass-energy exchange must follow a non-equivalent exchange principle, but how could that be the case for a planet which always gives out a greater volume of mass-energy to the Sun than the volume of mass-energy it receives back? The answer is density difference. It means that, in each mass-energy exchange session, the mean density of mass-energy that is carried by planet-fired lance-shaped density-increasing hadronic jets into the Sun’s core (termed planetary hadronic jet injection), collectively known as the planet-fired neutronized condensing particle stream, is far denser than the mean-density of mass-energy that is carried by Sun-emitted diffusive electric charged particle streams (known as the Sun-emitted diffusive protonized particle stream). In the Earth-Sun system, such a density difference between the Earth-fired density-increasing hadronic jets and Sun-emitted diffusive density-decreasing solar wind can be physically confirmed. In many NASA-credited astronomic pictures, we can clearly observe that the mean density of the Earth-fired lance-shaped hadronic jets’ mass-energy is far denser than that of the Sun-emitted diffusive solar wind.Sometimes, during the solar maximum period, the density of mass-energy carried by Earth-fired lance-shaped density-increasing hadronic jets is so high that the entire photosphere envelope of the Sun can be completely shot through from its near-Earth side to its far-Earth side, creating a chain of bright-yellow colored solar flare spots that appear in a straight line exactly matching the straight line of the pipe-shaped Earth-Sun-connected CTEB system. Termed the photospheric-piecing effect, it only occurs during the solar maximum period and is observable to space-based astronomic instruments within the scope of the Earth-Sun system along with two other similar photospheric-effects—the photospheric-cutting effect and the photospheric-splashing effect, as well as the well-stratifiedasteroid sparse region that is located close to the Sun and the asteroid crowded region which is far from the Sun, plus the geomagneto-sailing effect that is created by solar wind and manifests as the deformation of the magnetosheath (a misleading term for this effect is bow shock). Through co-evolution law based analysis and evidence cross-proving, we have derived a set of new principles andalternative mechanisms to re-explain the source of the Sun’s power, the mechanism of heavy metal elements production, and the formation of sunspots. Furthermore, we have derived an alternative force-balancing mechanism to re-explain the precise balance of planetary orbits upon the explanations of the aforementioned physical effects:

 

(1) The three major photospheric-effects: The photospheric-piercing effect, the photospheric-cutting effect and the photospheric-splashing effect

 

All are created by a unified mechanism –three energy level planetary hadronic jet injection – in which the Earth-fired lance-shaped density-increasing hadronic jets shoot through the Sun’s relatively thin photosphere envelope (compared with its 780,000 km diameter).The photospheric-piecing effect represents when the energy level of the Earth-fired hadronic jets reaches their maximum level. The photospheric-splashing effect represents when the energy level of the Earth-fired hadronic jets are at a medium level, and finally the photospheric-cutting effect represents when the energy level of the Earth-fired hadronic jets are at their lowest level. Beside the obvious physical implication i.e. that the high energy density of the Earth-fired hadronic jets enabling the Earth to transfer a far greater volume of mass-energy into the Sun’s core than that of the mass-energy returned by the Sun, the photospheric-splashing effect and photospheric-cutting have greater value as evidence to prove a set of new planetary motion laws —Ju’s four laws of planetary motion (see section regarding Ju’s four laws of planetary motion). This is due to the fact that the photospheric-splashing effect that makes the symmetric edges of the funnel-shaped photospheric-splashing effect on the surface of the Sun’sphotosphere suggests that the Earth-fired lance-shaped hadronic jets have exceptionally high spin speed, working similar to a high speed spinning drill boring a hole into a wall, while the lateral image of the photospheric-splashing effect created by planet-fired hadronic jets fired from other planets’ directions is hard evidence to prove the fact that the planets’ orbits do not exist on the same plane. The orbital rings of two adjacent planets are orthogonally crossed-over each other with their hypothetical orbital rings’ axes in a state of dynamic orthogonal axial intersection. Altogether, the orbital rings of all system’s planets jointly create a spherically shaped orbital ring-cross-ball. The multiple levels of overlapping interactions between Sun-ejected protonized particle streams and the magnetized wind derived from this ring-crossed net-ball structure would altogether create an ovary-shaped magnetic-heliosheath that surrounds the entire Solar System, with many Sun-sized magneto-heliosheath-pores evenly distributed on the surface of the heliosheath.  The photospheric-cutting effect is a group of Earth-sized, deep cuts that appear on the near-Earth side of the Sun’s photosphere envelope that are observable to land-based astronomic telescopes. It’s appearance suggests that, because of the Earth’s revolving motion, the Earth-fired high energy-density hadronic jets work like shifting laser beams cutting a few deep incisions on the surface of the Sun’s photosphere envelope. However, some photospheric cuts are parallel to each other, whilst others are orthogonally intersected with each other, suggesting that not all photospheric cuts observed from Earth-based astronomic telescopes are made by Earth-fired hadronic jets. Some may have been made by other outer Solar System planets that moved to regions of space just behind Earth, their hadronic jets may entangle with Earth-fired hadronic jets to form a combined stabbing force that makes more cuts on the near-Earth side of solar photosphere. (see Ju’s four new laws of planetary motion).

 

The aforementioned three major photospheric effects (the photospheric-splashing effect in particular) suggests that the mechanism for the Sun to produce its energy and synthesize heavy elements in its core is a plausible hadron colliding mechanism that is co-created by both Sun and planets, called the Sun-planet co-created superpower hadron collider mechanism (SPCC-SHC) or star-planet co-created superpower hadron collider mechanism, as opposed to the hydrogen-to-helium nuclear fusion reaction described in the Nebular Hypothesis. In the process of SPCC-SHC, all orbiting planets will directly inject their lance-shaped hadronic jets into the Sun’s core from different directions, creating a primary hadron colliding process on the surface of the Sun’s photosphere envelope and a secondary hadron colliding process in the Sun’s core. Both primary and secondary hadron colliding processes can create all kinds of heavy metal elements that are listed in our current chemical periodic table and can possibly create some super heavy elements far heavier than Uranium that condense into the bodies of Sun-core-gestated metallic caryospheres. Light gas elements are collectively treated as byproducts of the physical process of density-decreasing nucleartransmutation that occurs on Earth and on other planets, because all planets posses an invisible core-mantle-crust-atmosphere nuclear diffusive transmutation chain in both their rigid body and their stratified atmospheric layers and planetary radiation belt. This means that all kinds of light gas elements including hydrogen and helium that exist here on Earth or on any other planet in our Solar System are derived from the heavy metal elements that compose the planets themselves, rather than accreted and captured from the interstellar medium. In other words, generally speaking, all kinds of elements that feature in our chemical periodic table can be fully produced in just one complete single-binary-single cycle of a stellar system’s evolution, rather than being produced from so-called Big Bang nucleosynthesis and the so-called first/second generations of stellar systems.Philosophically speaking, all kinds of elements or nuclei can be collectively treated as a matter’s diffusion or condensation status or the motion-changing status at the nucleon-atomic mass-energy scale level. The process of such a matter’s diffusion-condensation status is governed by the Sun-Planet’s CTEB-conducted non-equivalent mass-energy exchange activity, with heavy element nucleosyntheis occurring in the Sun’s core and the solid metal element to gas element diffusive nuclear transmutation chain occurring on planets. The key defects of the Big Bang nucleosynthesis theory, or generalized stellar nucleosynthesis theory is that their core thought treats elements as a non-variable existing state of matter, assuming that a given hydrogen atom or given nucleon that had been synthesized 13-15 billion years ago can still exist up to the present time. Although scientists have developed a well-defined and well-described radioactive theory, in which the heavier-denser metal elements can spontaneously decay to lighter-less-dense elements through density-decreasing nuclear transmutation, and lighter elements decay to heavier elements through density-increasing nuclear transmutation. However, when involving this in modeling astrophysical theory, the five lightest Big Bang nucleosynthesized elements (hydrogen, helium, lithium, beryllium, and boron) plus some isotopic heavy metal elements produced by the stellar neucleosynthesis of what are called the first and second generations of stellar systems, such as iron-60, uranium-238/235 and thorium-234/230 are collectively treated as a type of non-variable state of matter. Such an apparent inconsistency between astrophysical theory and particle physics, or the paradox of particles’ decay and elements’ non-transmutation, that widely exists in all kinds of basic physical systems is derived from one common mistake made by scientists who have not yet deeply understood the laws of star-planet co-evolution and have yet to realize the implication of the full-interaction principle. That is, the processes of creation and transmutation of elements have not yet been treated as a single synchronized physical process of the formation and evolution of star and planets. In the Big Bang nucleosynthesis theory, the hydrogen/helium that are thought to be created in the tens of minutes following the Big Bang were collectively treated as sort of long-lived and non-decayable nuclei (non-aging paradox), a given stable isotope of hydrogen/helium, or a given proton that can survive 137 billion years without any change/aging, neither decreasing nor increasing in abundance. This is absolutely astounding: while the decay of heavy radioactive elements to lighter elements through various decay models strongly suggests that the elements, be it the lightest or heaviest naturallyoccurring radioactive elements, are all variable matter that can be created at any time in any single star system through the star-planet co-created superpower hadron mechanism. Some metallic elements that are even heavier than uranium/osmium/iridium can be created in any galactic center of matured galaxy system, such as our Milky Way galaxy, through the “double-hole structured super-symmetric dual-energy-conversion and superpower hadron colliding system”—the physical system of everything. In the case of the Earth system, the alpha particles that are emitted by uranium-238 during the process of alpha decay and the confirmable fact that the helium element existed in the form of helium gas can be largely produced in Earth’s mantle-crust portion (wasn’t sure on the meaning). While most hydrogen atoms that remain in the hydrogen-shell are produced through helium-core-breaking or helium-core-diffusion by high-energy cosmic rays. All these various pathways of hydrogen/helium creation strongly suggests that the lightest five elements are not necessary being created by the highly-speculated and yet non-confirmable Big Bang nucleosynthesis. All these incorrect cosmological perspectives that have long been established in our mind and those astrophysics models that have been built upon a set of incorrect cosmological perspectives are “twin fallacies” misleading us in a direction far from the truth. We must understand that the processes of element-production and nuclear transmutation and the processes of the celestial systems’ formation and evolution are fully synchronized holistic physical processes which cannot be treated as separate natural events that occur in “different history of the universe”(wasn’t sure again). In this physical scenario, we have reached three conclusions regarding the mechanism for the Sun’s energy production and Sun-core-based nucleosynthesis: 

 

(1) The process of heavy element nucleosynthesis along with the Sun’s energy production is essentially the process of non-equivalent Sun-planet mass-energy exchange that is consistent with the core thought of star-planet co-evolution, rather than independent activity performed by the Sun alone.

 

(2) The mechanism of nucleosynthesis along with the Sun’s energy production is the hadron collider mechanism, instead of the hydrogen-to-helium nuclear fusion reaction.

 

(2) The raw material for the Sun to synthesize heavy metal elements from is not hydrogen, but the mixed material of the planet-fired subatomic hadronic jets and the plasmatic material of heavy metal elements that make up the Sun’s photosphere envelope. There is no supermassive hydrogen inventory as the Nebular Hypothesis states. According to the single-binary-single model (SBS) described process of synchronized merge-ejection, the raw materials that initially formed the infant-Sun are the plasmatic materials that came from the outer layers of both parent component stars of the merged parent binary system, in which the plasmatic materials that fused into a solar type single star—the merge-formed infant-Sun—are made of heavy metal elements that exist in the form of pure molten metals or plasmatic metallic oxides, instead of hydrogen/helium. In 2008, R. Tylenda’s team at Copernicus Astronomic Center of Poland measured a group of metallic oxides in the molecular cloud ejected during the process of the V1309 Scorpii stellar-merger event (Tylenda et al. 2008), which indicated that the molten plasmatic materials composing the merged single star are very heavy. In other words, if plasmatic fusion is the correct physical mechanism for the Sun to form, then the initial raw materials that made up the infant-Sun can not be hydrogen. Even though these raw materials might contain trace amounts of heavy hydrogen isotopes like deuterium, the conclusion that the infant-Sun, or primordial Sun was composed mostly of hydrogen/helium (98%) is implausible. Therefore, the mechanism by which the Sun produces its energy and synthesizes heavy metal elements in its core is not the hydrogen to helium nuclear fusion reaction.

 

(3) The asteroid sparse region and the asteroid crowded region in the Earth-Sun system and thegeomagnetic sailing effect:

 

In our solar system, any solid metal and rocky planetary object can reflect visible light emitted from the Sun. In the inner solar system, particularly within the scope of the Earth-Sun system, asteroid chunks that reflect visible light show themselves as groups of bright spots distributed in the local space between the Sun and Earth, therefore, the greater the number of bright spots means the larger the amount of asteroidchunks hovering in the local space within the scope of the Earth-Sun system, or the local space between Earth and the Sun. NASA-credited pictures show that in the local space between Earth and Sun there are tiny bight dot-spots in the area near the Sun’s side. Crowded in the space close to the Earth-side are many bright spots that indicate that a far greater number of asteroid chunks are concentrated at the Earth-side, creating two well-stratified areas—the asteroid sparse region and the asteroid crowded region. The best explanation is that strong solar wind can blow these asteroid chunks in the direction of the outer Solar System, leaving very little to no asteroid chunks in orbit around the near-Sun region, since, in the near-Sun region the energy density carried by solar wind is far greater than the region that is far away from the Sun. The asteroid sparse region covers almost over 2/3 of the area between the Sun and Earth. As the energy density of the solar wind diffusively decreases, the momentum of the out-blowing asteroid chunks is reduced, while the gravity force of the Earth’s gravity field becomes stronger, next, more and more asteroid chunks are captured by Earth’s gravitational field, resulting in more asteroid chunks populating the region close to Earth’s-side, and creating an asteroid crowded region. This indicates that the main force factor that the Sun produces is not gravity, but the expansion/repulsive force that is carried by out-blowing solar wind. The gravity force that fixes the Earth in orbit around the Sun is mediated by the Earth-Sun-bonded CTEB system. The Earth-Sun-bonded CTEB system works like a heavy-duty line kite string: When solar wind blows on the magnetosheath of the Earth and heavily deforms the Earth’s magnetosheath, it creates a magnetic-sailing effect which effectively increases the force affection on the cross-section area of the Earth’s magnetosheath and effectively pushes out the Earth in it’s orbit around the Sun (note: the concept of bow shock is a misleading and incorrect concept). Thus, Ju’s co-evolution theory proposes a new force-balancing mechanism to explain the precisely balanced planetary orbits: In the case of the Earth-Sun system, that the combined force factors that come from both Earth’s angular momentum-produced centrifugal force and the solar wind carried repulsive force cancelling out the CTEB-mediated gravitational drag force creates a precisely balanced orbit for the Earth. While in the outer Solar System, the centrifugal force that is produced by high angular momentum becomes more important as the solar wind carried push-out force becomes far weaker than it is in the inner Solar System, yet the gravitational pull still comes from the CTEB-mediated drag force.

 

 

In principle, the aforementioned alternative mechanism of the Sun’s initial formation and of the Sun’s energy production created an alternative force-balancing mechanism to explain the balanced planetary orbits and paved the way for building a grand new model to explain the formation and evolution of our Solar System.

 

Chapter 2

The formation and evolution of the Solar System

 

Ju’s co-evolution theory states that our Solar System formed from a series of stellar-merger events, instead of the gravitational collapse of the so-called pre-solar nebular. The basicmechanism by which the Sun formed is plasmatic-fusion, in the process of a stellar-merger event, the outer layer plasmatic materials of both parent component stars fuse together, coalescing to form a newborn single star, the infant-Sun. While the basic mechanism through which the planets were born iscaryosphere-ejection, in which one of the component stars which has a clutch of massively matured metallic caryospheres gestated in its core, termed the female-component star in laboring-phase, would eject its billion-year-gestated high-density metallic caryospheres out of its photosphere envelope and throw them into local space, giving birth to a clutch of newborn infant-planets and forming the various planets we see today in our Solar System. In this physical scenario, all planets, dwarf planets, and spherical moons we see today in our Solar System were firstly viviparously formed in the core of their parent stars, rather than forming outside the core of their parent stars—accreting materials in the so-called protoplanetary discs surrounding the proto-star (according to Protoplanet Hypothesis). The whole process of planetary formation from the original grain-sized planetary embryo (tiny metallic caryospheres) to their later massively matured status before caryosphere-ejection entirely occurs in the star-core is called the viviparous principle of planetary formation. In this physical scenario, the process of star-core-based nucleosyntheis for the production of heavy metal elements and the star-core-based process of metallic planetary embryos’ growing in mass are totally synchronized into one holistic physical process with the astrophysical mechanism being co-created by both star and its orbiting planets.

 

The process of caryosphere-ejection is powered by the 3-D spatial centrifugal force produced by the accelerating speed of the mutually-orbiting components due to the conservation of angular momentum. As the spatial distance between two components decreases exponentially, the speed of the mutual-orbit also accelerates exponentially, meaning the order of the centrifugal force also increases exponentially. When such a spatial centrifugal force increases to a critical level, the process of caryosphere-ejection will be initiated. Because the baryonic axis of mutually-orbiting components is always in a flip-over status governed by the law of the synchronized spin-flip, the direction of the ejection-pore of the female-component star would dynamically change to any possible direction at any moment during the process of the components merging. In this physical scenario, a female-component star could eject its metallic caryospheres in all directions with an equal probability. This is called the principle of isotropic-ejection. This isotropic-ejection along withsynchronized spin-flip motion is the physical base that is necessary for the creation of an isotropic universal space. It is also a physical base for the formation of the ovary-shaped magneto-heliosheath and ofthe hypothetic orbital ring-crossing ball. It means that if we placed the orbital rings of all planets together we will get a ring-crossed ball somewhat like a rubber-band ball, in which the two adjacent planets will have their hypothetical orbital rings axes remain in an orthogonal intersection status. Altogether the orbital rings of all planets will be orthogonally crossed with each other to form a“rubber-band ball” like orbital ring-crossed spherical structure, instead of a two-dimensional concentric circle structured planetary disc. In this physical scenario, we assert that the widely accepted idea of all the orbits of a system’s planets occupying the same plane is not the case. The orbital rings of two adjacent planets will not form a disc-like concentric circle, but instead will form a three-dimensional ring-crossed net-ball with an in-out orbital-switch at the 180 degree line.Thus, the eccentricity of planetary orbits should not be explained as the planets having “elliptical orbits”, but instead, should be explained as all planets possesing a near circular orbital ring with two adjacent orbital rings in a in-out-switched at the 180 degree line, this is called the orthogonal orbital-switching effect which is produced by interplaying effects of the combined force factors, including the internal Solar System’s gravity-repulsive interaction force and the interstellar gravity-repulsive interaction force (mainly originating from the galactic center). Therefore, thecorrect explanation of the high-eccentricity of some planets should be the principle of planetary orthogonal orbital-switching at the 180 degree line based on the fact that planetary orbit is nearly circular rather than elliptical. The orbital-switch effect is the better solution to solve the eccentricity problem, as opposed to making the nearly circular planetary orbit an elliptical deformation. Furthermore, the “high-eccentricity of comets” should be explained as the suction effect of radial magnetic vortex that is created both by planetary gravitational interaction and the dynamic planetary orbital-ring-switching effect. The great regularity of the occurrence of comet events should be explained through the even distribution of cometary objects in our Solar System and the great regularity of planetary orbits, because these periodically form radial magnetic vortexes created by the planetary orbital-ring-switch effect. The orderly formed radial magnetic vortex works like a black-hole that will periodically suck cometary objects into the vortex center when these cometary objects pass near to the edge of vortex opening. Once the cometary objects are sucked into the magnetic vortex, they will be drawn in the direction of the Sun-core, then, the cometary objects will be completely evaporated into various sized particles, ranging from grain-sized small chunks to dustparticles over the course of the comet’s friction burn, leaving it with no big chunks remaining on its dive into the Sun’s atmosphere. In this physical scenario, the cometary objects that appeared in previously occurred long-term comet events, such as Halley’s comet, are not actually the same object at all, but different cometary objects with approximately equal body mass and body-size leading to almost even lengths and widths of comet tails and manifested in similar spectroscopic color (blue and white). In principle, a single cometary object that has a finite body mass but could endlessly undergo infinite courses of repeated friction burn events and still survive forever in our Solar System is absolutely astounding and implausible. No matter how precisely astrophysists perform their“precise” orbital calculations in trying to explain the so-called eccentricity of cometary orbits, if the physical mechanism of cometary formation that they propose is fundamentally incorrect, then such a“precise calculation” is meaningless (for detail see sector of new mechanism of cometary formation).

 

The basic mechanism by which the Solar System initially formed is magnetic-integration, i.e. the entanglement and intercutting of magnetized quantum streams based on the principle of orthogonal axial intersection, by which the magnetized quantum streams and the magnetic field lines of the infant-Sun and of its contemporary infant-planets that were ejected in the nearby space will be automatically entangled and intercut with each other, forming a 1-on-1 radial configured Sun-planet-connected Celestial Tunneling Electromagnetic Bond systems (CTEB) by which the central Sun and its orbiting planets are gravitationally bound together with the CTEB-mediated gravity-repulsive interaction force, meanwhile, the Sun-ejected diffusive charged particle streams that are carried by solar wind would intercut with the quantized electromagnetic streams that are carried by the magnetized wind generated from the interactions of magnetic fields of planets in different orbits. Altogether, the combined Sun-to-planet electromagnetic interaction and the planet-to-planet electromagnetic interaction would have created an magneto-heliosheath with magneto-heliosheath-pores evenly distributed on the skin that wraps the entire Solar System, making the Solar System a relatively independent, isolated and yet an open system. Thus we have two basic confirmable infrastructures of the Solar System:

 

The first infrastructure is the 1-on-1 radial configured Sun-planet-connected CTEB systems by which the central Sun and its orbiting planet are gravitationally bound together to form a holistic star-planet co-evolution system in which the Sun and planets are able to perform their non-equivalent mass-energy exchange activities through the CTEB-hosted bi-directional flowing particle streams running back and forth between Sun and planets

. 

The second infrastructure is the ovary-shaped magneto-heliosheath that wraps the entire Solar System into a relatively isolated independent system, and protects the system’s members from attack by violent high-energy cosmic rays. However, the Solar System is not an absolutely isolated (or closed)system; it is an open system simply because there is no absolute closed system in our universe. All evolutionary systems are open systems that keep exchanging mass-energy with the outside environment or with another coupled system. The magneto-heliosheath, as one of the by-products of Sun-planet electromagnetic interaction, will produce another two secondary physical structures: (1) the Sun-sized magneto-heliosheath-pores, these giant pores that are evenly distributed on the surface of the magneto-heliosheath work like an opening of the Solar System’s respiratory system, enabling the system to inhale and exhale quantized mass-energy from outside interstellar mediums or exchange information with the outside interstellar environment. (2) the compound radial-direction magnetic vortex-tunneling convection system (CRMVTC) in which bi-directional flowing electromagnetic streams are hosted and the vortex-induced density-increasing hadronic current flows towards the center of the Sun (inverse solar wind vortex currents with the opposite flowing direction to solar wind carried diffusive-protonized particle streams), altogether create a radial-direction vortex convection system, also called the Solar System’s internal magnetic black-hole-energy and white-hole-energy coupled convection system, or the Solar System’s internal double-hole structured dual-energy conversion and convection system.  

 

The sun-sized magneto-heliosheath-pore structure, along with its internal vortex-induced bi-directional flowing electromagnetic streams that carry the bi-directional suction-blowing forces, will enable the entire Solar System to inhale and exhale mass-energy from the outside interstellar environment and also enable the Solar System exchange its mass-energy with the nearest stellar system—the Proxima Centauri system, according to the single-binary-single model, all single star systems can be treated as the component star system of a distant binary system in which the two distant single star systems will physically interact with each other and finally evolve to be a contact binary system as the distance between the two decreases. If an observer viewed our Solar System from a very distant mass-point he would find that our Solar System and the nearest Proxima system are actually a pair of distant binary systems in which the two stellar systems are physically interacting with each other, with each respective rotational axis in a dynamic orthogonal intersection status, called the distant physical Solar-Proxima binary system. 

 

according to the single-binary-single model, each single star system as a whole will evolve to be a component star with a clutch of massively matured metallic caryospheres gestated in its core when 99% of the its planetary system’s mass is transferred into the star-core, governed by the universal law of stellar-end mass-transference, according to the laws of synchronous evolution, when both the Solar System and the Proxima System undergo the same evolutionary process—stellar-end mass-transference, the distance between the two will shorten. This means that the evolutionary process of each single star system is synchronized with the evolutionary process of both single star systems’ coupled distant binary system. When each single star system as a whole evolves to be a component star with its planetary system’s mass transferred into its core and left with no remaining planetary objects in orbit around it, the spatial distance between two single star systems will shrink to a negligible length, thus, the original single star systems’ coupled distant physical binary system will synchronously evolve to be a contact binary system, coupled with two components stars that evolved from their parent single star systems. The distant binary system evolved contact binary system will end it’s evolutionary journey with a violent stellar-merger process by transferring its mass-energy to a next generation single star (infant-star) and next generation infant-planets by means ofsynchronized merge-ejection.  

 

In general, the core change of the Solar System is the change of the Solar System’s mass-distribution status as the system’s mass will be gradually transferred into the Sun’s core from planetary system, therefore, the evolutionary process of the Solar System can be treated as the process of the Solar System’s mass-redistribution (see section of new found laws and new found physical mechanisms). the law of stellar-end mass-transference and the law of planetary-end mass-transference are theoretically consistent with core thought of the Ju’s co-evolution theory.

 

The synchronized physical process of planetary formation and of heavy elements nucleosynthesis Syn—the SPCCSHC & NDA

 

The planetary formation, the heavy element nucleosynthesis, and the Sun’s energy production, are all in one synchronized and unified physical mechanism, called the star-planet co-created superpower hadron collider mechanism and the neutronization degenerate accretion (Syn-SPCCHC & NDA), in a single star system, like our Solar System, all planets are constantly firing their highly condensed hadronic jets to the Sun, and these planet-fired density-increasing hadronic jets will collide with the plasmatic materials of the Sun’s photosphere to create the primary hadron-collider mechanism and the highest energy portion of these planet-fired hadronic jets will penetrate the photosphere and meet in the Sun’s core, colliding with each other and create the secondary collider mechanism to create heavy atomic nucleus, synthesize large scale of heavy metal elements in the Sun ’s core. all these “fresh-made” heavy metal elements will simultaneously condense into the bodies of embryonic metallic caryospheres that have been gestated in the Sun’s core since its initial formation, enable these Sun-core-gestated metallic caryospheres grow in mass until they develop to their massively matured status for next carysphere-ejection event in 6-7 billion years from now. in Ju’s co-evolution theory, all single star systems in our universe are the star-planet co-created and star-core focused superpower hadron collider machines (SPCCSHC), in which the, all kinds of heavy metal elements that are listed in our chemical period table can be fully produced out just in one single-binary-single cycle.Similarly, all kinds of matured galaxy systems are the superpower symmetric hadron-collider system too, in the galactic center, there are plenty of super-heavy metallic elements that could be hundred times heavier than Os/Ir/U can be created, and these super heavy metallic elements will be condensed into bodies of supermassive black-caryosphere that will be ejected out to local space to become a supermassive neutron star when our Milky Way Galaxy merging with the Andromeda Galaxy in next 4-10 billion years. So, the evolution of our Solar System and the evolution the Milky Way Galaxy system are fully synchronized astrophysical process.

 

The Earth-Sun system is an ideal place to study such a superpower hadron collider mechanism,

 

The formation of the asteroid belt and the comets

In traditional astrophysics system, the lack of material plus disruption from proto-Jupiter’s gravitational field are thought have produced asteroid belt, while the comets are treated as the fossil relics of icy planetesimals which was tossed into Kuiper belt and Oort cloud by Jovian world.We believe this is an incorrect mechanism for the formation of asteroid and of comet。In Ju’s co-evolution theory, the asteroid belt and the comet formed by the same unified physical mechanism, i.e.the solar-melting-ripping-blowing mechanism (SMRB), which is associated with the law of synchronous decay of seven planetary parameters, because the process of planetary evolution is essentially the  process of planetary decay with the seven basic planetary parameters progressively decreasing to a negligible value. all infant-planets, as of a clutch of ejected high-density metallic caryospheres that inherited the vast majority of the body mass along with the angular momentum-inheritance from their mother-component star in the course of previously merged binary system, the values of their basic seven planetary paramters peak in their early age, it means that all infant-planets will have the biggest orbital radii, the highest rotational speed, the highest body mass and highest density (highest metallicity), biggest angular momentum, the biggest internal energy, and the strongest magnetic strength in their early ages. An after these newborn infant-planets have their magnetic field lines entangled with the magnetic field of the young Sun, the 1-on-1 Sun-planet-connected Celestial Tunneling Electromagnetic Bond systems (CTEB) would be formed immediately right after the merger of the parent binary system, the formation of the Sun-planet-connected CTEB system means the initial formation of the Solar System, and the initial formation of the Solar System means non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between Sun and its orbiting planets began, then, according the laws of star-planet co-evolution, the planets began to lose their body mass, and their orbital radii are shrinking, and their rotational speed will also slowing down synchronously over the course of planetary evolution, when the orbital decay of an dead core of the passed away planet approaching to the Sun’s coronal sphere, where the million degree Celsius high temperature will be hot enough to melt any metallic core into liquid plasmatic status, and the strong superficial magnetic field will be powerful enough to rip up the molten core into pieces—the debris of the corpse of the died planets that had died before Mercury, the strong solar wind and its radiation pressure will blow away these debris into different regions to become different types of Small Solar System’s bodies, most of these debris will be trapped by Jupiter’s gravitational field and become the members of the asteroid belt, while vary some amount of them will be trapped into the Earth-Moon system become the near-Earth asteroids. The existence of the Solar System’s radial convection systems that formed from the gravitational interaction between planets and the interaction of the out-streaming solar wind and the planets’ magnetic field will send some of these debris into further out regions such as Kuiper belt or Oart cloud to become the long-period and short-period comets.  

 

the confirmation of the law of synchronous decay of seven basic planetary parameters, the confirmable long-term reduced time span of the Earth year and the increased hours the Earth day suggests that both of the Earth’s orbital radius and the rotational speed have decayed significantly and synchronously since its initial formation, study show that the Earth used to have a historical 400-day-Earth-year and a 18-hour-Earth-day, the shortening of the Earth year is the consequence of its orbital decay while the increased hours of Earth day is the consequence of its rotational speed decay. the Earth’s gravitational constant is also decay because of its body mass and mean density have both decayed. In 2007, the 118-year-old international prototype that has been carefully deposited within multi-layer vacuum classes was found losing weight by 50 microgram, one the two best explanations is the body-mass decay of the Earth, while the Earth’s core-to-atmosphere density-decreasingnuclear transmutation chain creates a the quantum-evaporation effect working on the platinum-iridium alloy cylinder makes it loss minor mass—the non-apparent mass-evaporation of platinum family elements. The Earth’s magnetic field strength has been found weakening at a significantly magnitude decreasing. In 2006, American scientists have re-confirmed the fast shrinkage of the Mercury body-volume can also be an indirect but hard evidence to prove that the body mass decay could happen to all planets in our Solar System. []

 

Once we understand the planetary orbital decay is a natural law that all planets’ evolution must follow, then an inevitable process by which the Sun will melt and rip any orbital decayed planetary object that approach its atmosphere becomes understandable. However, the great regularity of the long-period cometary event, such as the famous 75-76-year return of Halley’s comet, have been explained with a set of incorrect mechanisms. Number 1, the formational mechanism of the comet is fundamentally incorrect (as aforementioned). Number 2, the great regularity of its periodicity has been explained fundamentally incorrect, the fiction burn event of the Halley’s comet has been explained with“perihelion approach” and the high eccentricity elliptical orbit, we believe that both of ideas of the Halley’s perihelion approach and the Halley’s high eccentric elliptical orbit arefundamentally incorrect based on their incorrect formational mechanism, we believe that the great regularity of Halley’s comet “return” is because of the even distribution of scattered cometary debris and the periodically occurring short-lived Solar System’s radial magnetic vortex. the even distribution of cometary debris is due to the even radiation pressure and even expanding force produced by even out-streaming solar wind because the Sun is ideal gaseous spherical body, when a given dead core of died planet approaching to its coronal sphere, the solar melting-ripping process occurred within a limited region, called the planetary core-broken point, the broken debris will be first blown away towards the outer Solar System, and then, the Sun’s rotation and the gravitational interactions of  planets plus the stirring effect of the internal solar system’s radial convection systems, all together will have the debris being evenly distributed in different orbits. The detail process is that the planet-to-planet gravitational interaction and the planet-to-Sun magnetic interaction will create a multiple groups of radial convection zone and radial magnetic vortex, that will makes the debris scattered more and more averagely, altogether, the makes the cometary debris being distributed in quite even population, this means that the distance between each cometary chunks are quite even, when the cometary chunks are sucked into the periodically occurring short-lived radial magnetic vortex, the even distance gap between two sucked chunks will manifested as the even time intervals which showed us the great regularity expressed in the predictable comet return events. in this physical scenario, the repeating Halley’s comet returns are not caused by the same cometary object, but different objects with nearly equal body mass, equal body size, and equal return schedule.It is understandable that a limited sized Halley’s comet (16 by 8 by 8 km) with a vary limited body mass simply could not endlessly endure repeating violate fiction burns. The so-calledperihelion approach is caused by curved head section of radial magnetic vortex that heading to the Sun’s coronal sphere due to the differential rotation of the Sun, which makes the comet’s diving path a first straight line path but later a trajectory path when approaching to the near-edge of coronal sphere. In each comet fiction burn event, the coronal approaching comet object will be totally evaporated into dust grain and atomic scale particles, no chance for them to survive such a violate fiction burn, the projected next time “comet return event” is caused by different object that have nearly equal body mass and body size, which makes an “illusion” that has been misleading scientists for hundreds of years. Halley’s correct prediction based on his correct statistics method has covered his wrong mechanism postulation. Creating a “truth-false sandwich”.

 

 In all types of comet fiction burn event, only some Sungrazer family comets were thought to becompletely burn out, but the most of the long-period comets’ perihelion approaching events were thought to be a comet return event that caused by a same object that periodically return from Kuiper belt or from Oart cloud. the terms of “long-period comet return” and of the perihelion approach are highly misleading concepts created depending upon an incorrect physical mechanism of comet formation and upon a incorrect physical process of comet evolution.

 

In Ju’s co-evolution theory, in all comets’ fiction burn events, no matter these comets’ fiction burn events are caused by a long-period comet or by a short-period comet, all objects will be completely burn out and evaporated to mini-sized particles when they diving towards the coronal sphere of the Sun. No comet can endure endlessly repeating fiction burn events, no comet can survive such a violate fiction burn process.

 

The chemical composition of all types of asteroid and of all types of comets are about the same, they all composed mainly of water-poor and carbon-rich or metal-rich materials. simpley because most of the Small Solar System’s bodies are debris that came from the dead core of aged planets that had died before Mercury, in a process called the solar-melting-ripping-blowing, the “solar funeral process”. associated with the mechanism of planetary orbital decay. at this point, the asteroid belt can be treated as the “public cemetery” available for all died planets to temporarily deposit their ashes before the entire planetary system disappear from Solar System when Solar System as a whole evolve to be female-component star of future contact binary system (the Solar-Proxima binary system),  therefore, we concluded that none of the comet is composed of water-rich chunks. The molecular oxygen or water molecules that found on comets by space probe are the byproducts of density-decreasing trended nuclear transmutation. The mineral water contained in some rocky asteroid chunks that landed on Earth might come from water vapor absorption when they were cooling down on Earth. Because no water molecules that contained inside the asteroid, if any, can survive several thousands degree Celsius hottemperature generated by the process of violate fiction burns.

 

Mathematics of the formation and evolution of the Solar System

 

(1) the mathematics of stellar-merger event

 

the mathematic formula of the mass-transferring process is based the principle of bilateral mass-inheritance and the principle of multi-sourced mass-inheritance. The bilateral mass-inheritance means that, in a given stellar-merger event, the newborn single star would have inherited masses from both parent component stars as the mechanism by which newborn single star formed is 2 in1 style merger process, in which the plasmatic materials of both parent component stars fused together, coalesced to form a newborn single star, while the masses that the a clutch of newborn infant-planets inherited came from their parent component star that originally evolved from a single-star system, from which all parent planets have transferred their masses into the star-core to be converted into the body mass of the star-core-gestated metallic caryospheres.

 

Mc1＋ Mc2 ＝ Mss ＋ (Mp1＋Mp2＋Mp3….. ＋Mpn)＋(Mmc ＋E)

 

Where:

 

Mc1 denotes the mass of component 1 (if the component 1 is treated as the female component star, then it will have a clutch of metallic caryospheres gestated in its core )

 

Mc2 denotes the mass of component 2

 

Mss denotes the mass of newborn single star that has inherited masses partially from both its parent component stars.

 

Mp1＋Mp2＋Mp3….. ＋Mpn denotes masses of all ejected metallic caryospheres by their mother-component star, and later these ejected caryospheres would become the newborn infant-planets, and the Mpn denotes number of metallic caryosphere ejected.

 

Mmc denotes the mass of emitted gaseous molecules that composed mainly of the metal oxides and later the hot gas will cool down to become the opaque molecular cloud that surrounding the newborn single star system.  

 

E   denotes the energy released from the merged binary star system as photon streams or high-energy gamma rays.

 

If the Mc1 is treated as the female-component star or mother-component star, while the Mc2 is treated as male-component star that only has most of its whole body mass merge with the plasmatic outer layer material of female-component star to form a newborn daughter single star, and ejected some energy to surroundings equivalent to  a negligible mass, then:

 

 Mc1＋(Mmc＋E) ＝﹛Mss ＋ (Mp1＋Mp2＋Mp3….. ＋Mpn) ﹜－Mc2

Dr. we ju

 May 8, 2017,

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