Dr. we ju

25 August, 2017

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Chapter 1

The core ideas of the theory of star-planet co-evolution

My name is Wei Ju, I am a Chinese doctor and an enthusiast of astrophysics. I have propounded a new theory, called the co-evolution of star and planets, to explain the formation and evolution of the Solar System with a set of new viewpoints, suggested laws, and alternative physical mechanisms. One of the seminal ideas proposed in this theory is the linking of the stellar-merger event to the origin of the Solar System. According to a reliable axiom that the most fundamental laws or physical mechanisms must be hidden behind the most commonly seen natural phenomena, the modern astronomical observations suggest that the most of the stellar systems in our Milky Way Galaxy are binary star systems of various kinds, [] I have further postulated that, if an observer view our Solar System from far distant point of space, she or he might find out that our Solar System and the nearest Proxima System are actually one pair of physically interacted distant binary system, called the Solar-Proxima binary system (S-P binary system). Both of the Solar System and Proxima System can be treated as two paired component stellar systems of the S-P binary system. We have further hypothesized that the Solar-Proxima binary system will merge into one more massive single star system in about 5-7 billion years when both stellar systems evolve to be the component stars. The potential observational evidence to support this hypothesis is the measurable distance-decreasing between the Solar System and the Proxima system. the rule of stellar systems paring also holds to be true in large scale space, For example, the Milky Way Galaxy and the Andromeda Galaxy are actually one pair of physically interacted binary galaxy system, called the Milky Way-Andromeda binary galaxy system (M-A binary galaxy system), In this physical scenario, both Milky Way and Andromeda can also be treated as two component spiral galaxies of the M-A binary galaxy system, scientists have predicted that the Milky Way-Andromeda binary galaxy system will merge into one spherical galaxy system in about 4 billion years. [] As we all known that our Solar System is just an ordinary single star system of multiple planets type, by axiomatic reasoning, its origin must be linked to the widely seen binary system phenomena and the stellar-merger event. so far, the observational evidences we collected strongly suggest that the mystery of the origin of our Solar System must be hidden behind the binary star systems’ clustering phenomena and the process of stellar-merger events. The basic premise in the understanding the formation and evolution of the Solar System is the discovery of new fundamental laws, rules, and physical mechanisms that govern the formation and evolution of single star system and of the binary stars system. A correct theory must physically explain the relationship between the formation and evolution the Solar System and of the binary star system along with the stellar-merger event. we believe that, A correct theory must be an unified astroparticlephysical theory with two basic criteria:

(1) Tt can not only unify the processes of the formation and evolution of both single star formation system and of the binary stars system into one framework of cyclical single-binary-single model (SBS model).

 (2) But it also can unify the formation and evolution of celestial system and the formation and transmutation of the chemical elements into one synchronized astroparticlephysical process, it means that the formation and evolution of celestial system is the collective processes of formation and transmutation of chemical elements that make up the celestial bodies. we called this theory the Grand Unified Astroparticlephysical Theory (GUAT), this is the physical basis for the unification of so-called four fundamental interaction forces into one framework of the theory of everything  (ToE). The suggested new laws, new principles, and new physical mechanisms that are proposed in such a GUAT must be perfectly match the observational evidences and are 100% self-consistent. Any observational contradiction, self-discrepancy, and the far-fetched incorrect interpretations of natural phenomena will lead to a fallacious theory, or at least the “truth-false-sandwich” theory. We believe that the modern astrophysical theory that based on the Nebular Hypothesis and the Big Bang cosmology are fundamentally incorrect, simply because it contains too many incorrect comological perspectives, observational contradictions, self-inconsistencies, and a lot of far-fetched interpretations of natural phenomena. So far all our proposed new physical laws, principles, and mechanisms contained in the theory of star-planet co-evolution are supported by the new observational evidences and is theoretically self-consistence, for example, we have proposed a new physical mechanism to explain the star-core-based heavy element synthesis and the source of solar energy, called the solar magnetic-field-confined super power hadron collider mechanism (SMCSHC) that is an unified astrophysical mechanism co-created and co-participated by both central Sun and its orbiting planets ( also referred to as the full-interaction principle), which states that all system’s planets will periodically fire their lance-shaped high-density hadron jets to the Sun from different directions and these planet-fired high-density hadron jets will be injected into the Sun’s core by penetrate the Sun’s photosphere envelope and collide with each other in the core, creating what we have called the solar magnetic-field-confined super power hadron collider mechanism, which is an more implausible physical mechanism to explain the process of heavy element synthesis and the source of Sun’s energy, as opposed to the traditional astrophysics described hydrogen-fueled nuclear fusion reaction. The new  hypothesized heavy-element-forming mechanism is based on our discoveries of the three major photospheric effects that are displayed in many NASA-credited astronomic pictures that reflect the real physical scenario within scope of Earth-Sun system, including: the photospheric-splashing effect, photospheric-cutting effect, and the photospheric-piercing effect, the three major photospheric effects strongly suggest that, in the solar maximum period, the Earth can fire its lance-shaped high-density hadron jets to the Sun, the energy-density of the Earth-fired lance-shaped high-density hadron jets is so high that it will cause the bow-shaped photospheric-splashing effect occurring on the near-earth-side of photosphere when the Earth-fired hadron jets colliding on the photosphere envelope of the Sun, the photospheric-cutting effect is also caused by Earth-fired high-density hadron jets due to the orbiting of the Earth, in this physical scenario, the Earth-fired lance-shaped high-density hadron jets works like a shifting high-energy laser-beams that serves as a laser-knife cutting through the relatively thin photosphere envelope, leaving multiple cuts on the near-earth-side of the Sun, when energy-density of the Earth-fired hadron jets reach the maximum high level, that the entire Sun can be easily shot through from its near-Earth-side to its far-Earth-side, creating three notIceable phenomena appeared on the straight lines connecting the Sun and Earth: (1) The edge-symmetric photospheric splashing effect appear at the jet-entry-point on the near-Earth-side. (2) The multiple spots of solar-flare-chain appeared on the straight lines of the Earth-fired hadron jets towards the injection point. (3) The back-break-through-point appeared on the far-Earth-side of Sun’s photosphere envelope. It was inspired by these observational evidences, we have further figured out the formational mechanism of large scale sunspots, called the Sun-planet co-created photosphere-hole-puncture mechanism, which states that the large scale sunspots that appeared on the near-Earth-side of the Sun’s photosphere are group of photospheric holes that are punctured by the Earth-fired high-density spinning hadron jets when they these hadron jets inject into the Sun’s core by penetrating the Sun’s photosphere envelope, which serve as an electric spinning screw driver can easily punch many paired photospheric holes on the relatively thin photosphere envelope of the Sun, if the sunspots appear on the other side of sun, then, they are caused by the other planet-fired high-density hadron jets that are fired by other planets from different directions (see section: the proposed new physical mechanism of sunspot formation). The profound physical implications of the discovery of the three major photospheric-effects is that, we can establish a new notion of bi-directional flowing particle streams that running back and forth between Sun and each orbiting planets in our mind, through which, we have proposed what we have called the star-planet-connected Celestial Tunneling Electromagnetic Bond System (CTEB) and the suggested four  laws of star-planet co-evolution, these crucial observational evidences provide us a new insights in understanding the mechanism of the star-planet co-evolution.

In this physical scenario, the theory of star-planet co-evolution states that the Solar System formed from a series of stellar-merger events that occurred in an area where existed a crowded compact binary star systems of various mass-energy scales, rather than forming from a gravitational collapse of a large scale hydrogen cloud (Nebular Hypothesis), the fundamental physical mechanism by which the Sun formed is plasmatic-fusion, an unified astrophysical process by which the plasmatic metallic materials contained in the outer layers of both two component stars fused together, coalesced to form a newborn single star, thus, forming the infant-Sun, it means that the initial materials that formed the infant-Sun is heavy plasmatic metal elements and plasmatic metal oxides, rather than hydrogen/helium. while the fundamental physical mechanism by which the planets formed is metallic caryosphere-ejection, an unified astrophysical process by which one of the component star who has a clutch of massively matured embryonic metallic caryospheres gestated in its core, called the female-component star, ejected these massively matured metallic caryospheres out into local space, giving birth to a clutch of newborn infant-planet, forming the various planets we see today in our Solar System, it means that all planets firstly formed from inside core of their “mother-star” as gestated metallic planetary embryos that grow in mass through aforementioned the star-magnetic-field-confined super power hadron collider mechanism (SMCSHC), rather than forming from of out-star-core accretion of residual materials leftover from the proto-Sun. the force that power the caryosphere-ejection is the 3-D spatial centrifugal force generated by the accelerate mutual-orbiting of two merging components because of the law of conservation of angular momentum, because all interacting and competing forces is balanced by “pushes and pulls” in universe, therefore, no absolutely “pure repulsive force” or “pure attraction force” (pure gravity force) can independently exist in universe, in any given scopes of local space, the gravitational attraction force is always balanced by a competing repulsive force, this holds true in the case of the stellar-merger event, the centrifugal force (here represent push) is balanced with another attraction force that is also generated within merging binary system, in this physical scenario, when a female-component star is doing its caryosphere-ejection by using the 3-D spatial centrifugal force, it will simultaneously produce a local vacuum space in its core, where the vacuum-generated sucking-force will absorb the materials from another male-component star to promote the process of stellar-merger event. This kind of centrifugal-vs-suck balanced interaction forces will lead to a result of the same “birth day” of the newborn infant single star and the newborn infant-planet, In this physical scenario, the initial formation of a newborn infant single star and of the newborn infant planet occurs at the same time. because the baryonic axis of two mutually orbiting components is always stay in flip-over status, then the opening of ejection-pore of female-component star will always change its direction, this will result in the isotropic-caryosphere-ejection, it means that the female-component star will eject it embryonic planetary embryos to any direction with equal probability, the law of isotropic baryonic axis flip-over is important for the explanation of the isotropic property of the universal space, which has no relationship to the hypothetical Big Bang cosmology. The physical mechanism by which the entire Solar System formed is magnetic-integration, an unified astrophysical process by which the magnetic field lines along with the magnetized quantum streams of both newborn single star and the newborn infant-planets will automatically entangle and intercut with each other following the principle of orthogonal axial intersection, this process will create a radius pipe-shaped force-mediating bond structure connecting central star and its orbiting planets, called the Celestial Tunneling Eletromagnetic Bond Systems (CTEB) by which the central star and its orbiting planet are gravitationally bonded together to form a holistic star-planet co-evolution system in which the central Sun and each planet began to co-evolve by performing their bilateral and non-equivalent mass-energy exchange activities, at this point, the process of the initial formation of the Solar System is done after the Sun-planet-bonded CTEB systems were created within the co-evolution system.

The bilateral and non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between Sun and planets will lead to the result of the solar-end mass-transference (the stellar-end mass=transference) in an unified co-evolution process by which the system’s mass will be gradually transferred into the Sun’s core from planetary system, it means that all planets will ultimately disappear from their orbits around the Sun due to the suggested law of planetary evolution—the law of synchronous decay of seven fundamental planetary parameters, in other words, the evolution of the Solar System is actually the astrophysical process of the system’s mass-redistribution from planetary system to the Sun’s core, when 99% of the masses of all system’s planets are being transferred into the Sun’s core, the Solar System as a whole will evolve to be a massive metallic-caryosphere-gestated female-component star of merging compact binary stars system, repeating the perpetually recurring cyclical single-binary-single processes, that is why we see most of the stellar systems in our Milky Way Galaxy are binary stars systems of various kinds. Similar astrophysical process will also happen to the Milky Way-Andromeda Binary Galaxy System, the difference is that the super massive and super condensed black-metallic-nuclei (super black planet) will be ejected out to the far-reached large scale space when both of the Galactic-merger and the Super Black-Metallic-Nuclei-Ejection event will have happened, the ejected super massive and super condensed galactic nuclei will evolve to be a super massive and condensed neutron star with its far-reached magnetic curve lines extended to the same diameter size equal that of current Milky Way Galaxy, and with its super luminous light far-reached to billions of light years away served as the “universal light house”.

For better understanding of the working mechanism and the physical properties of the paired components of merging binary system, we have introduced a celestial gendering method to distinguish the characteristics of two components by the definable fundamental functions. According to an ancient Chinese natural philosophy of Yin-Yang theory: all the paired physical systems must be classified into Yin and Yang subset component systems by rendering them with gender-associated biophysical properties respectively, such as the male-component star and the female-component star, each with a rigorous definition based on their physical property and physical function, the ancient Chinese people believe that this is best way yet efficient way to achieve better understanding of nature, the definition of the female-component star is that, in a given compact binary stars system, a component who has at least one or one more massively matured high-density metallic caryospheres gestated in its core, and it will eject out these caryospheres into local space and give birth to a newborn infant-planet, a component who has this kind of reproductive function is called the female-component star, for comparison, the male-component star is defined as a component star that does not have any massive high-density metallic caryosphere gestated in its core and it does not eject any massive metallic caryosphere into local space, but instead, it will have most of its body mass merge with the female-component star in order to form a newborn single star, a component star that does not responsible for the metallic caryosphere-ejection is called the male-component star.

In this physical scenario, all planets in the universe are firstly formed from inside the core of their mother-female-component star in forms of the mass-growing metallic planetary embryos, rather than forming from outside star-core on the hypothetical protoplanetary disc by accreting residual materials left over by  the Proto-Sun (Protoplanet Hypothesis), to distinguish our method of planetary formation from that of Protoplanet Hypothesis described method, we have proposed a notion of the viviparity principle of planetary formation, which states that all planets and spherical massive moons are firstly formed inside the core of their parent stars, the celestial pregnant process starts from a grain-sized metallic planetary embryos till they become massively matured ready for caryosphere-ejection process. this kind of star-core-derived process of planetary formation is called the viviparous principle of planetary formation.

 The principle of the unified and synchronized physical processes of microscopic quantum system and macroscopic celestial system

In traditional astrophysical theory, there are many unsolved inconsistences between quantum mechanics and classical mechanics, the basic reasons, we believe, is that the traditional astrophysics failed to unify the physical processes of the formation and evolution of macroscopic celestial system and the formation and transmutation of microscopic chemical elements into one synchronized holistic astroparticlephysical theory. However, the theory of star-planet co-evolution trying to solve these problems by unifying two microscopic and microscopic physical processes into one fully synchronized holistic physical process, also referred to as the Grand Unified astroparticlephysical theory (GUAT), which states that, in a given single star system, the processes of the heavy metal elements synthesis and the mass-growing of metallic planetary embryos (metallic caryospheres) are fully synchronized one holistic astroparticlphysical process with the core ideas highly consistent with the theory of star-planet co-evolution, the mechanism to describe this process is called the synchronized stellar (solar) magnetic-field-confined super power hadron collider mechanism and the neutronization-degenerate-accretion (Syn-SMCSHC & DNA), this is an unified physical process that is co-created and co-participated by both central star and its orbiting planets, rather than by central star only. In this physical scenario, all planets can fire lance-shaped high-density hadron jets to the star-core, creating the primary colliding process on the photosphere envelope of the star and the secondary colliding process in the star-core, both primary and secondary colliding hadron colliding processes are confined within the Sun’s magnetic field, through such a star-planet co-created and co-participated central star’s magnetic-field-confined super power hadron collider mechanism, the single star system as a whole can synthesize the all kinds of heavy metal elements in both the photosphere envelope and the star-core. through a what we have called the convectional-even-mass-coating mechanism, the “freshly made” heavy metal elements will be immediately condensed into the rigid bodies of the star-core-gestated fast-spinning metallic caryospheres, enable these metallic planetary embryos grow in mass at a ever increasing rate until they become massively matured, in this physical scenario, the process of planetary formation and the process of heavy element production are successfully unified into one synchronized holistic astroparticlephysical process, This new physical mechanism is not only comply with the core ideas of the star-planet co-evolution, but is also agreed with the modern astronomic observations. In many NASA-credited astronomic pictures, especially those who captured the images within the scope of Earth-Sun system, we can easily observe that the Earth-fired lance-shaped high-density hadron jets and the other planet-fired lance-shaped high-density hadron jets are injected into the Sun’s core at the same time, creating what we called the three major photospheric effects: the photospheric-splashing effect, photosphere-cutting effect, and the photospgeric-piercing effect. the new physical mechanism we have proposed has five major different viewpoints that are distinguished from the traditional steller-nucleosynthesis :

(1) the co-evolution idea vs non-co-evolution idea, we believe that the stellar nucleosynthesis is, by nature, not the astrophysical activities that is done independently by the central star itself, but it is a astrophysical activity co-participated by both central star and its orbiting planets, the simple description for this idea is the principle of star-planet’s co-creation and co-participation.

 (2) The solar magnetic-field-confined hadron-colliding mechanism (co-evolution theory) vs the hydrogen-fueled nuclear fusion reaction (the Eddington-Foyle’s model).

(3) The main raw materials for the heavy metal elements synthesis : the theory of star-planet co-evolution states that the primary raw materials of the heavy element synthesis is the subatomic high-density hadron jets that are fired by planets, as opposed to the method of hydrogen-fueled nuclear fusion reaction. and our model states that, there is no massive hydrogen inventory existed in both of the infant-Sun and the current evolved Sun at all, from its initial formation of the newborn infant-Sun to its current evolving status, the Sun never get chance to acquire large scale hydrogen elements, the raw materials for the Sun’s initial formation is the heavy metallic plasmatic materials contained in outer layers of both parent component star, while current raw materials for Sun to burn its energy is the subatomic high-density hadron jets that are fired by its orbiting planets, it means that the Sun does not have any “massive hydrogen inventory” stored in its core as we previously thought.

(4) the solar magnetic-field-confined super power hadron collider mechanism is associated with the formation and mass-growing of star-core-gestated metallic caryospheres—the planetary embryos of infant-planets of next generation, while the traditional stellar nucleosynthesis theory views the processes of heavy metal elements and the formation of planetesimals or protoplanets as two separated physical processes, in traditional physical scenario, the heavy metal elements are synthesized in star-core while the planetesimals and protoplanets are formed from outside star-core by method of residual materials accretion on the protoplanetary disc.

(5) the theory of star-planet co-evolution states that the physical processes for the formation and transmutation of chemical elements has no relationship to the Big Bang cosmology, the new theory maintains that all chemical elements that are listed in the periodical table can fully produced in just one single-binary-single cycle of stellar systems’ evolution, the theory of star-planet co-evolution doe not require a hypothetical Big Bang nucleosynthesis to be the initial physical process to produce the lightest two elements—the hydrogen and helium. While the traditional stellar nucleosynthesis is totally based on the Big Bang cosmology, which maintains that the Big Bang nucleosynthesis produced the lightest two elements—hydrogen/helium and trace amount lithium, while all other heavy metal elements are produced by the first and second generations of stars by means of various stellar nucleosynthesis, such as the proton-proton chain nuclear fusion reaction and the CNO cycle, etc.

Our studies strongly suggest that all kinds of chemical elements that had listed in our periodical table can be fully produced out in just one complete single-binary-single cycle of stellar system evolution. the hydrogen/helium naturally occurring on the Earth is simply produced by the mechanism of hydrogen-end elemental transmutation, or the asymptotic density-decreasing trended nuclear transmutation, ultimately the gas elements naturally occurring on Earth are collectively derived from the heavy metal elements through the CTEB-induced density-deceasing trended elemental transmutation, the various of forms of bilateral and non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between Sun and planets, rather than being synthesized by Big Bang nucleosynthesis. The creation and transmutation of various species of chemical elements proposed in theory of star-planet co-evolution does not require a Big Bang nucleosynthesis to produce the hydrogen and helium.

The biggest defect that the traditional stellar nucleosynthesis has is that the traditional astrophysical theory views the physical process of heavy element production and the process of the planetary formation as two separated non-synchronized process, which the physical process itself can be done independently by the central star itself, rather than co-created and co-participated by both star and planets, the planets as a group of important system’s members do not participate the system’s important physical activities, this is absolutely astounding and implausible. However, the theory of star-planet co-evolution states that the two macroscopic and microscopic physical processes is one unified and synchronized holistic astroparticlephysical process which is co-created and co-participated by both central star and its orbiting planets (for detail see formation and transmutation of chemical elements).

Because the plasmatic-fusion and the metallic caryosphere-ejection are unified and synchronized into one physical process, it means that the two macroscopic process and microscopic process are happening in the same time, therefore, the formation of infant-single-star and the formation of infant-planets always occur in the same time. but in the case of single star system of multiple planets, the single star acquired new plasmatic materials from different stellar-merger events while each planet has its unique age or unique “planetary birth-day”, because each planet might represent one previously occurred caryosphere-ejection event, while the materials that make up body of central star might come from multiple parent component stars of previously merged parent binary systems. because the body mass-gene of a newborn daughter single star is inherited from both of its mother-female-component and father-male-component, then the bio-astrophysical process of newborn single star formation follow the rule of bilateral celestial-mass-gene inheritance. While the mass-genes that the newborn infant-planets inherited mostly from their mother-female-component star is called the rule of celestial maternal mass-genetic inheritance. but why the form and evolution of celestial systems have something in common shared by advanced terrestrial life systems, the answer is that there exists an Omnipotent Physical System (OPS) existed in universe, such an omnipotent physical system, or the physical system/mechanism of everything (PSoE) is physical system that govern the formation and evolution of everything in the universe, it is the creator of both philosophical principles and physical laws, we have hypothesized this omnipotent physical system is the white-hole effect and black-hole effect coupled and conjugated dual-energy-conversion system, also referred to as Super-symmetric Double-hole structured Dual-energy Conversion System(SUSY-DHDEC), it’s exists everywhere to dominate the physical processes of everything, such an omnipotent physical system has infinitive space-time scales and mass-energy scales, from large scale galactic level to microscopic quantum level, its typical large scale manifestation is the super-symmetric Fermi Bubble structure of the Milky Galaxy, while its typical microscipic manifestation in macroscopic world is the super-symmetric electron cloud of hydrogen (for detail see section of omnipotent physical system and the theory of everything).

The aforementioned star-planet-connected CTEB system has three fundamental functions:

(1) To mediate the gravity-repulsive competing and interacting forces.

(2) To promote the bilateral and non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between central star and its orbiting planets.

(3) To promote the bi-directional mass-density changes in elemental transmutation, the hydrogen-end transmutation (the long-term density-decreasing trended nuclear transmutation) and the uranium-oriented elemental transmutation (the long-term density-increasing trended nuclear transmutation).     

The principle of bilateral and nonequivalent mass-energy exchange states that, in a given interval time, the sum of mass-energy that plants collectively transferred into the Sun’s core through planet-fired high-density hadron jet-injection (contain mainly cold neutron streams) is far great than that of mass-energy that the Sun returns to all system’s planets through the radiation of diffusive charged particle streams (protonized particle streams). this exchange surplus value will be converted into star-gained-mass for the mass-need of heavy element synthesis and the mass-growth of star-core-gestated metallic caryospheres, which leads to a result of the solar-end (stellar-end) mass-transference, in this physical scenario, Solar System’s mass will be gradually transferred from planetary system into the Sun’s core, as 99% of the collective mass of all planets are transferred into Sun’s core, the Solar Ssytem as a whole will evolve to be a female-component star of next generation merging binary system, the recurring stellar-merger event will lead to a newborn infant-single star and newborn infant-planets of next generation. Therefore, we view the evolution of Solar System as the physical process of the Sun-planet co-evolution and of the re-distribution of system’s mass. The current Solar System is undergoing such a mass-redistribution process, the masses of all system’s planet, including our Earth, are undergoing an exponentially mass-decay process. it means that our Earth will become lighter and lighter and its gravitational constant will decrease over time, along with its other planetary parameters including : its mean mass-density, spin speed, orbital radius, magnetic field strength, angular momentum, internal energy, etc, all these seven fundamental planetary parameters of the Earth will decay synchronously and exponentially. This kind of universal unified evolutionary process has been summarized into the group of proposed law of planetary evolution—the synchronous decay of seven planetary parameters. Conversely, the six fundamental stellar parameters of the Sun will increase synchronously and exponentially. This process of stellar evolution has been summarized into the proposed law of stellar evolution—the synchronous increasing of six fundamental stellar parameters at exponentially increasing rate.  

To achieve a high level of self-consistency of the single-binary-single model, a principle of macro-micro synchronization is introduced in the theory of star-planet co-evolution. in this physical scenario, the physical process of the formation-and-evolution of macroscopic celestial systems and the formation-and-transmutation of microscopic chemical elements are unified into one framework of self-consistent theory, called the grand unified astroparticlephysical theory (GUAT). In this model, we introduce a principle of bi-directional mass-density changes in two opposite elemental transmutation chains, in this physical-chemical scenario, the stellar-end mass-transferring process is divided into two sub-processes, the synchronous decay of seven fundamental planetary parameters and the synchronous increasing of six fundamental stellar parameters. the mass-decay of each planet is associated with the rule of hydrogen-end elemental transmutation, or the mass-decay of planet’s mass must satisfy the rule long-term density-decreasing trended nuclear transmutation, while the mass-gain of central star is associated with the rule of uranium-oriented elemental transmutation, or the long-term density-decreasing trended nuclear transmutation. According to these proposed mutually consistent laws, rules, and mechanisms, we hypothesized that, on our Earth, there exists an invisible but confirmable uranium-to-hydrogen elemental transmutation chain extended from Earth’s core to its upper atmosphere (end in the hydrogen-shell), our study implies that all chemical elements that are listed in the periodical table can be fully produced out in just one complete single-binary-single cycle, typically, we believe that, the formation of lightest two elements, the naturally occurrence of terrestrial hydrogen/helium, does not need a hypothetical “Big Bang nucleosynthesis” (see section of formation and transmutation of chemical elements).

The general theory of the formation and transmutation of chemical elements is defined as the bi-directional elemental density-changes, the asymptotic density-increasing change of elemental transmutation or the uranium-end elemental transmutation occurs in star-core and the asymptotic density-decreasing change of elemental transmutation or the hydrogen-end transmutation occurs on planet:

Many observational evidences strongly suggested that, form Earth’s core to its upper atmosphere, there exists an uranium-to-hydrogen marked inter-elemental transmutation chain or the density-decreasing trended nuclear transmutation chain in which heavy metal elements will collectively transmute into light gas elements via various transmutation mechanisms, including: various modes of radioactive decay, mass-energy transition of isomer,  the suggested non-prominent quantum evaporation and the suggested critical leap stable-to-unstable isotopic elemental transmutation, etc. in radioactive decay theory, the uranium-to-lead decay chain views the all kinds naturally occurring isotopes of lead as stable isotopes, but in the theory of star-planet co-evolution, all “stable” isotopes of various elements are only observationally stable and relatively stable in a limited time scale,  over a long period of time, no isotopes of any kind of element is absolutely stable, no subatomic particle and subnucleon particle is absolutely stable, the reason is simple, over time, say in 5-7 billion years from now, due to the law of planetary evolution-synchronous decay of seven fundamental planetary parameters at exponential decay rate, then, the entire Earth will disappear from its orbit as its body mass will be gradually transferred into the Sun’s core through the mechanism of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange, the body mass of the current Earth will to be converted into the mass of new generation of chemical elements through the solar magnetic-field-confined super power hadron collider mechanism, and the freshly produced heavy metal elements that will be condensed into the bodies of the Sun-core-gestated metallic caryopheres in terms of metallic planetary embryos of next generation. if the entire Earth is disappear from its orbit, how can the chemical elements that make up the Earth survive? The answer is that no isotope of any stable chemical elements can survive in a timescale longer than the lifetime of the Earth. in this astroparticlephysical scenario, we extended the uranium-to-lead radioactive decay chain to the uranium-to-hydrogen chain marked elemental transmutation chain by using the uranium to represent the standard heaviest element as the hypothetic star up point of elemental transmutation chain, and the hydrogen as the standard terminal product of the elemental transmutation chain, we proposed that, from Earth’s core to it upper atmosphere to the hydrogen-shell, there exist an invisible but confirmable uranium-to-hydrogen chain of elemental transmutation, in physical scenario, the hydrogen can derive from the uranium through various mechanisms of elemental transmutations, these elemental transmutation mechanisms can be generally classified into two categories:

(1)   the long-term asymptotic sequential elemental transmutation by following the gradual mass-density decreasing trend which is associated with the reduction of atomic number.

(2) the short-cut pathway of elemental transmutation, in latter case, the hydrogen and helium can be largely produced out in deep crust through alpha-decay mechanism, the positively charged alpha particles emitted from uranium or thorium, on its pathway, the positively charged alpha particle will capture free electrons to become the neutral helium, or the alpha particle is directly being further disintegrated into atomic nuclei of the deuterium core and protium core, or, the both neutral helium and nude alpha particle can be further broken down to atomic nuclei of the deuterium core and protium core (the hydrogen-1) through cosmic ray spallation, the various mechanisms of the elemental transmutations naturally occurring on Earth can be generally viewed as the consequences of the Sun-Earth interaction based on their bilateral and non-equivalent mass-energy exchange.

Our study also implies that such a microscopic elemental transmutation is fully governed by interaction of the Sun and Earth through what was we called the CTEB system-conducted bilateral and non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between Sun and Earth. in this physical scenario, all light gas elements are derived originally from heavy metal elements, that is to say, the heavy metal elements can be collectively viewed as the grand-father elements of the grand-daughter gas elements, and vice versa, for example, the lightest two elements—hydrogen and helium are derived from heavy metal elements through long-term density-decreasing trended elemental transmutation and the short-cut pathway via alpha-decay radioactive process by which the uranium-238 emit positive charged alpha particles which in turn capture free electrons to become neutral helium atoms, the helium will be further broken down to deuterium and protium through various elemental transmutation mechanisms, including cosmic ray spallation, thus forming the hydrogen element, at least the hydrogen and helium naturally occurring on Earth are the terminal products of the hydrogen-end transmutation, unlikely to be the products of the hypothetical Big Bang nucleosynthesis. We have proposed a law of elemental transmutation, which states that: (1) all chemical elements that listed in our periodical table can be fully produced out in just one complete single-binary-single cycle of stellar systems’ evolution. (2) the physical mechanism of stellar-nucleosynthesis is the suggested magnetic-field-confined super power hadron collider mechanism that is co-created and co-participated by both central star and its orbiting planets, as opposed to the hypothesized mechanism of hydrogen-fueled nuclear fusion reaction, the traditional stellar nucleosynthesis is basically treated as a star-self-doing activity done independently by star itself, which has no relationship to its orbiting planets. (3) the elemental transmutation on all planets in a single star system follow the law of hydrogen-end elemental transmutation (density-decreasing trended elemental transmutation), while the elemental transmutation in central star of all single star system follow the law of uranium-oriented elemental transmutation (density-increasing trended elemental transmutation). The two hypothesized laws of elemental transmutations will enable us to physically unify the macroscopic formation-and-evolution of stellar system and the microscopic formation-and-transmutation of chemical elements into one frame of grand unified astroparticlephysical model (GUAT).

The core ideas of the theory of star-planet co-evolution summarized into the four suggested laws of star-planet co-evolution:

The first law of star-planet co-evolution states that: no single star or single planet in our universe can evolve independently by themselves, but instead, one single star must always couple with one or more its orbiting planets and co-evolve within a holistic celestial co-evolution system, in physical scenario, all natural processes occur either in the body of central star or in the bodies of orbiting planets must be viewed as the consequences of star-planet’s interactions or of the star-planets’ co-evolution, this is also referred to as the principle of full-interaction. We believe this principle cold be a golden rule to pre-judge the correctness of an astrophysical theory, that is to say, all the full-interaction-violated or the star-planet’s co-evolution-violated astrophysical models or theories can be pre-judged fundamentally incorrect. the physical basis for the co-evolution of star and planets is the bilateral and non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between central star and its orbiting planets, the physical system that conduct such a star-planet’s mass-energy exchange is the hypothesized Celestial Tunneling Electromagnetic Bond System (CTEB) in which there exist a bi-directional flowing particle streams running back and forth between central star (e.g. the Sun) and its orbiting planets, the formational mechanism of the CTEB system is the entanglement and intercutting of magnetic field limes of both central star and its orbiting planets. Because of the existence of the star-planet-connected CTEB systems, the central star and its orbiting planets are gravitationally bonded together in a 1-on-1 radial configuration to form a holistic star-planet co-evolution system, the three fundamental functions of the CTEB system are : (1) To mediate the gravity-repulsive interacting-and-competing forces (2) To promote the bilateral and non-equivalent mass-energy exchanging between star and planets, which leads to the result of the stellar-end mass-transference, which is enable a single star system as a whole evolve to a component star of merging binary system. (3) To promote the hydrogen-end elemental transmutation on planet (the long-term density-decreasing trended nuclear transmutation) and to promote uranium-oriented elemental transmutation in star-core. Equivalently, no single celestial system in the universe can evolve without doing non-equivalent mass-energy exchange with another physically interacted celestial system. The star-planet co-evolution always accompany with the changes of their fundamental parameters in a coherent and synchronous pattern.

 when this law is extended to microscopic particle system, we get a more general law which states that : no physical system can exist and evolve without doing non-equivalent mass-energy exchange with other physically interacted physical systems, conversely, the premises for a physical system to exist and evolve is the performing non-equivalent mass-energy exchange with other surrounding systems. the axiom of non-absolute isolation states that there is no absolute isolated and closed physical system existed in the universe, all physical systems (from a definable microscopic quantum system to large scale celestial system) are open systems which constantly performing non-equivalent mass-energy exchange with another coupled system or surrounding quantum systems. this rule will lead to the breaking of well-established conservation laws, for example, the conservation of mass-energy can only hold to be true within a limited scope of space scale, limited time scale, and limited mass-energy scale, beyond certain amount of time scale, all conservation laws will be subjected to breaking, for example, the Earth will disappear from its orbit due to the non-equivalent mass-energy exchange with the Sun and the stellar-end mass-transferring process, in this physical scenario, in about 5-7 billion years from now, the 99% of Earth’s mass will be transferred into the Sun’s core to be converted into the raw materials for solar nucleosynthesis and the mass-growth of Sun-core-gestated metallic caryosphere (metallic planetary embryo of next generation), then the observed conservation of mass or conservation of energy occurring in a limited time scale within a limited space-time scale is only “observationally conserve”, as the Earth itself as a big set physical system will disappear from the its orbit, then the laws of conservation of mass-energy that is used to describe the mass-energy transformation processes occurring between few defined subset physical-chemical systems will not hold to be true. that is to say, the currently observed conservation of mass-energy is only observationally conservation, or they are time-limited conservation. Any conservation of mass-energy described within a scope of definable subset physical systems will be subjected to breaking over time. so all the “well-established” conservation laws must be modified to “relative conservation laws” (see chapter of breaking of conservation laws)

The second law of star-planet co-evolution states that: in a single star system, the all mass-energy exchange performed between central star and its orbiting planet follow the rule of non-equivalent exchange, it means that, in a given interval of time, the volume of mass-energy that each planet transfers into the star-core through observable planetary hadron-jet-injection is far greater than that of the mass-energy returned by star, and the total volume of mass-energy gained by central star is approximately equal to the sum of the mass-energy that all the system’s planets have collectively lost. In colloquial language, the Sun or any central star always receive more mass-energy than its give out, while the planets always give out more mass-energy to the central star than they receive from the star. This leads to the inevitable result of stellar-end mass-transference. Ultimately, a single star system like our Solar System as a whole will evolve to be a what we called female-component star of merging-binary system, because of the relative conservation of angular momentum, the 3-D spatial centrifugal force derived from the acceleration of baryonic mutual-orbiting of two components will enable the female-component star to eject its billion-year-gestated massively matured metallic caryospheres out into local space, giving birth to a clutch of newborn infant-planets, in the meantime, the plasmatic materials contained in the outer layers of both female-components and male-component will merge into a newborn infantile infant-single-star. all the newborn infant-planet will have its seven fundamental planetary parameters in peak values, it means that all infant-planets will have the highest mass-scale, highest mass-density (associated with its metallicity), biggest orbital radii, highest spin-speed, strongest angular momentum, and strongest magnitude of magnetic strength. All these fundamental planetary parameters will undergo a synchronous decay over time, the law that govern the synchronous-decay of seven planetary parameters is the second law of star-planet co-evolution. the evolutionary process of planet result in the discovery of a universal law of planetary evolution, that is the synchronous decay of seven fundamental planetary parameters over time.

The direct observational evidences that can be used to support the second law of star-planet co-evolution are what we called three major photospheric effects observable to the many NASA-credited astronomic pictures: the photospheric-splashing effect, photospheric-cutting effect, and the photospheric-piercing effect, all three major photospheric effects are caused by the Earth-fired lance-shaped high-density hadron jets with different energy levels, the photospheric-piercing effect implies a highest energy level of Earth-fired high-density hadron jets that can easily shot through the entire photosphere envelope of the Sun from its Near-Earth-side to its far-earth-side, carting a clear solar-flare-chain appeared along the straight lines of the Earth-fired hadron jests, together with other planet-fired high-density hadron jets, all these planet-fired high-density hadron jets that constantly inject into the Sun’s core from different directions by penetrating the relatively thin photosphere envelope of the Sun. creating what we have called the magnetic-field-confined hadron colliding mechanism which is a more plausible physical mechanism for the production of heavy metal elements and the production of the solar energy. While the indirect evidences that can be used to support the second law of star-planet co-evolution is the synchronous decay of seven fundamental planetary parameters (see explanations in chapter 2).

(3) The third law of star-planetary co-evolution states that: the mode of star-planet mass-energy exchange follows a positive-feedback law (or positive-correlation law), which means that, in a given interval time, the greater the volume of mass-energy (carried by the planet-injected hadron jets or planet-injected cold neutron beams) that the planets inject into the star core, the greater the volume of mass-energy that will be returned by the central star to its exchange partners – the orbiting planets – via the CTEB system, this is also called the positive-feed-back law. This law together with the new-found formational mechanism of sunspots will physically explain all kinds of anomalous natural phenomena that occur at Earth’s crust and in its atmosphere during the period of sunspot maximum or the solar maxima.

The fourth law of star-planet co-evolution states that: the formation-evolution of macroscopic celestial systems and the formation-transmutation of microscopic particle systems that make up the celestial systems is fully synchronized and unified one holistic astroparticlephysical process, also referred to as the grand unified astroparticlephysical process or mechanism (GUAP orGUAM). Equivalently, the Celestial Tunneling Electromagnetic Bond system (CTEB) that govern the macroscopical evolution of star and planets will also govern the transmutation process of the microscopic particle systems that make up the celestial systems, in a given single star system, the long-term mass-transferring direction and the long-term mass-density changing direction of the celestial system is rigorously in accord with the mass-transferring direction and the long-term trended mass-density change direction. For example, in Earth-Sun system, the mass-energy transferring direction follows the solar-end mass-transferring direction or the rule of stellar-end mass-transferring, the Earth’s total mass-scale and mean mass-density will undergo long-term decay, therefore, the chemical elements that make up the Earth will transmute from higher mass and higher density to lower mass and lower density, that is to say, during the uranium-to-hydrogen transmutation chain, the elemental transmutation on Earth following the long-term density-decreasing trended nuclear transmutation, if we set the uranium as the representative standard heavy metal element (even if the iridium and osmium are both heavier than uranium, it but does not affect the correctness of this law), and we set the hydrogen as a representative lightest element as a terminal transmutation product, then we get a law statement: the elemental transmutation process on all planets follow the law of the hydrogen-end transmutation. In this physical-chemical scenario, in the case of Earth-based elemental transmutation, the concrete observational evidences imply that the probability of a given heavier father element transmute into a lighter daughter element is far greater than that of a lighter father element transmute into a heavier daughter element, we do sometimes see some cases in which a lighter father element transmute into a heavier daughter element, for example, in the uranium-to-lead decay chain, the long-term density-change-trend is decreasing, when most of the uranium-238 collectively transmute into lead-206, the mean-density of uranium element (19.05g/cm3) will decrease significantly to much lower mean-density of lead element (11.34g/cm3), even though, some intermediate decay processes show the density-increasing changes, such as thorium-234 (density, 11.724g/cm3) decays to protactinium-234(density, 15.37g/cm3), radium-226(density, 5.0g/cm3) decays to radon-222(density, 0.009g/cm3), we see some short-term cases of lighter father element will decay into heavier daughter element, but these intermediate low-to-high density-increasing trended decay processes can not inverse the long-term density-decreasing trend, because of the law of hydrogen-end elemental transmutation on all planets is the same. So the long-term trended elemental transmutation obey the law of the general law of the long-term density-decay of elemental transmutation of planet. Equivalently, the rule of macroscopic CTEB system govern the microscopic QTEB Systems.

The physical implication of the forth law of star-planet co-evolution is that, together with the discovery of the omnipotent physical system, the super-symmetric double-hole-structured dual-energy-conversion system, it has theoretically unified the evolution processes of both macroscopic celestial system and the microscopic quantum system into one simple grand unified astroparticlephysics theory (GUAT), the forth law of star-planet co-evolution has laid the foundation for the explanation of the origin of the terrestrial water (see the formation of terrestrial water).

The relationship between macroscopic CTEB system and the microscopic chemical bond system

The physical nature and the fundamental physical functions as well as the formational mechanism of both macroscopic CTEB system and the microscopic chemical bond system are exactly the same:

(1)                        the macroscopic the CTEB system is the celestial bond system that gravitationally bind the central star and orbiting planets together to form a holistic co-evolution system in which the central star and its orbiting planets are performing 1-on-1 bilateral and non-equivalent mass-energy exchange activities, while the microscopic chemical bond is the microscopic electromagnetic bond system that electromagnetically bind atoms together to form a holistic molecular system, in which the bond-state atoms are collective performing the bilateral or multilateral non-equivalent mass-energy exchange from each other. That is to say, if the macroscopic CTEB system is understood as celestial tunneling electromagnetic bond system that has the fundamental function of promoting the bilateral and non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between central star and its orbiting planets, then the microscopic chemical bond system should be understood as the quantized tunneling electromagnetic bond system (QTEB) at the atomic-to-molecular level, in which all bond-state atoms are collecti9vely performing their non-equivalent mass-energy exchange with each other.

(2)                        The relationship between macroscopic CTEB system and the microscopic chemical bond system, or the generalized QTEB system at both atomic-molecular level and the subatomic even subnucleon level, is that the CTEB system govern the QTEB system, manifested as the mass-transferring direction and the long-term trended mass-density changes must agree with each other, for example, the non-equivalent mass-energy exchange will lead to the result of stellar-end mass-transference and the synchronous decay of seven fundamental planetary parameters, and the synchronous increasing of the six stellar parameters (the suggested law of central star evolution), then the mass-transference in chemical bond system, the atomic mass-trensference follows the law of oxygen-end mass-transference or hydrogen-end mass-transference, at subatomic-to-subnucleon level, it will manifested as the observational result shows that the elemental transmutation on Earth follows the law of hydrogen-end elemental transmutation, in this physical scenario, all heavy metal elements will finally transmute into hydrogen element through various physical mechanism, such as the density-decreasing trended radioactive decays, and the proposed critical leap isotopic transmutation by which a stable isotopes of the same element can transmute into different unstable isotopes of the same element, which in turn immediately transmute into the different unstable isotopes of other elements usually through ± beta-decay mechanism. then the unstable isotopes given element will transmute into stable isotopes  through various modes of nuclear transmutation. another possible mechanism of elemental transmutation that can used to explain the long-term mass-reduction of noble metals is the non-prominent quantum evaporation. The typical example of this mechanism is the 50 mmg weight-lost of international standard prototype that is deposited at underground environment inParis. [] the widely seen chemical process of iron oxidation is another typical example of the oxygen-end mass-transference,  in this physical-chemical scenario, the system’s masses of iron oxides is gradually transferred from high-density iron to low-density oxygen. In the case of the Earth based elemental transmutation, the terminal product of the naturally occurring elemental transmutation is the hydrogen atoms trapped in hydrogen-shell lies in upper atmosphere of four-shell-stratified heterosphere, the hydrogen atoms of hydrogen shell will be finally disintegrated into proton and electrons and other subnucleon particles that collectively retained in the Van Allen Radiation Belt to become the Earth-sourced substomic and subnucleon particles that is the main source of the particle provider, it means that the compositions of ionized atomic and subatomic particles contained in the Van Allen Radiation Belt does not come from solar-sourced charged particles as we previously thought, in other words, the solar wind only contributed a small fractional volume of the protons and electrons, positrons in Van Allen Radiation Belt, most of them derived from the hydrogen-shell of the Earth’s upper atmosphere through mainly the physical mechanism of comic ray spallation at the region between upper most Van Allen Radiation and the central area of the outer edge of magneto sheath—the main entrance of incoming solar energetic charged particles, the interaction of incoming solar energetic particles and the Earth’s magnetic filed and the Earth-sourced protons and electrons will create the geomagnetic field confined hadron collider system in which the terrestrial subatomic particles that derived from the Earth’s hydrogen-shell via cosmic ray spallation，including terrestrial protons, terrestrial electrons, and terrestrial neutrinos and part of the incoming solar energetic particles will recombine to form the Earth-fired thermal neutron jets at the center area of what is called the bow shock area through the mechanism of geomagnetic-field-confined hadron collider system, at the outer edge of the magneto sheath of the Earth, the thermal neutrons streams begin to be condensed into high-density cold neutron streams that is fired by the Earth to the Sun’s core, the Earth-fired thermal neutron streams will collide both with the plasmatic materials the Sun’s photosphere envelope and also collide with the other sourced thermal neutron streams that are fired by other planet from different directions to participate in the Sun-core-based hadron collider mechanism, termed the solar magnetic-field-confined super power hadron collider mechanism (SMCHC), by which the heavy metal elements are produced in the Sun’s core while the solar energy is radiated in form of out-streaming solar wind, in general, all single star system can be viewed as a naturally occurring super power star-core-focused magnetic-field-confined hadron collider machine, or system. and all matured spiral galaxy systems, such as our Milky Way Galaxy System can also be viewed as a naturally occurring large scale space hosted super power magnetic-field-confined hadron collider machine too. (for detail see chapter 2)

Chapter 2

The formation and evolution of the Solar System

The theory of star-planet co-evolution states that our Solar System formed from a series of stellar-merger events, say, not a single one, there might be dozens of previously merged parent binary systems had involved in the early construction of the infant Solar System, rather than one event of gravitational collapse of a hydrogen molecular cloud (Nebular Hypothesis). The basic mechanism by which the Sun formed is plasmatic-fusion, an unified astrophysical process in which the plasmatic metallic materials contained in the outer layer of both parent component stars fuse together, coalescing to form a newborn single star, forming the infant-Sun. While the basic mechanism through which the planets were born is caryosphere-ejection, an unified astrophysical process in which one of the component stars which has a clutch of massively matured metallic caryospheres gestated in its core, termed the female-component star in laboring-phase, would eject its billion-year-gestated high-density metallic caryospheres out of its photosphere envelope and throw them into local space, giving birth to a clutch of newborn infant-planets and forming the various planets we see today in our Solar System. In this physical scenario, all planets, dwarf planets, and spherical moons we see today in our Solar System were first viviparously formed in the core of their parent stars as groups of high-density nearly pure metal-ball, rather than forming outside the core of their parent stars—accreting materials in the hypothetical protoplanetary discs surrounding the proto-star (according to the Protoplanet Hypothesis). The whole process of planetary formation from the original grain-sized planetary embryo (tiny metallic caryospheres) to their final massively matured status preceding caryosphere-ejection entirely occurs in the star-core, and is called the viviparous principle of planetary formation. The physical mechanism that makes the viviparous principle work is the synchronized stellar magnetic-field-confined super power hadron collider process and the neutronization-degenerate-accretion (Syn-SMC-SHC & NDA), in which all planets in a single star system will fire their lance-shaped high-density hadron jets to the star-core to participate the star-core-focused and the stellar magnetic-field-confined hadron colliding process, the planet-fired high-density hadron jets will first collide with the photosphere envelope of the star, causing the primary photospheric-colliding and synthesizing some thermal heavy nucleons in the plasmatic granules and some higher energy part of the hadron jets will penetrate the photosphere envelope and inject into the star-core, where all planet-fired high-density hadron jets will meet and collide with each other, to participate the solar magnetic-field-confined super hadron collider mechanism, creating heavy metal elements of various species in the Sun’s core, the freshly produced thermal heavy metal elements will be immediately condensed into the bodies of star-core-gestated metallic caryospheres and enable the planetary embryos to grow in mass until they become massively matured waiting for the cayrosphere-ejection process as the single star system as a whole evolve to be a female-component star of merging binary system, the process that the thermal nucleons being condensed into the bodies of metallic caryospheres require a cryogenic environment existed in the interior photosphere envelope with cold temperature probably as low as hundred degrees Celsius below zero, rather than million degrees Celsius hot temperature, which is good for hot plasmatic heavy metal elements to be condensed into solid bodies of star-core-gestated metallic caryospheres, in this physical scenario, the Sun should an “inner-cold and outer-hot” object, one of the observational evidence to prove this kind of “inner-cold and outer-hot” temperature distributions is the 500 degrees temperature difference between umbra and penumbra of the sunspot, since our proposed mechanism of the sunspot formation is the photospheric holes punctured by planet-fired high-density hadron jets, the 500 degrees Celsius colder in sunspots’ umbra indicates that there exists a cold-dark-zone of interior solar photosphere envelope, the observational evidence is contradicted to what the traditional theory described scenario in which the core temperature of the Sun can reach up to 15 millions degrees Celsius high. The proposed solar magnetic-field-confined super hadron collider mechanism is evidentially supported by the observational three major photospheric effects that are displayed in many NASA-credited astronomic pictures, including : the photospheric-splashing effect, photospheric-cutting effect, and the photospheric-piercing effect, the photospheric–piercing effect implies the highest energy-density carried by the Earth-fired lance-shaped hadron jets that can easily shot through the entire Sun’s photosphere envelope from its near-Earth-side to its far-Earth-side, creating a clear multi-spotted solar flare-chain appeared on the straight line of the Earth-injected hadron jets which is also match the straight line of the Sun-Earth-connected CTEB system, [] In this physical scenario, the process of star-core-based nucleosynthesis for the production of heavy metal elements and the star-core-based mass-growing process of metallic planetary embryos’ are totally synchronized into one holistic physical process with the astrophysical mechanism being co-created and participated by both parent star and parent planets, rather than being done by star itself. None of naturally occurring physical processes can be independently done either by central star itself or by planet itself. Everything has to be done through the participation of both central star and its orbiting planets.

The process of caryosphere-ejection is powered by the 3-D spatial centrifugal force produced by the accelerating speed of the mutually-orbiting components, thanks to the conservation of angular momentum. As the spatial distance between two components decreases exponentially, the speed of the mutual-orbit also accelerates exponentially, meaning the order of the centrifugal force also increases exponentially. When such a spatial centrifugal force increases to a critical level, the process of caryosphere-ejection will be initiated. Because the baryonic axis of mutually-orbiting components is always in a flip-over status governed by the law of the synchronized spin-flip, the direction of the ejection-pore of the female-component star would dynamically change at any moment to any possible direction during the process of the components merging. In this physical scenario, a female-component star could eject its metal-caryospheres in all directions with an equal probability. This is called the principle of isotropic-ejection. This isotropic-ejection along with synchronized spin-flip motion is the physical basis that is necessary for the creation of an isotropic universal space. It is also a physical basis for the formation of the ovary-shaped magneto-heliosheath and of the hypothetic orbital ring-crossing ball. It means that if we placed the orbital rings of all planets together we would get a ring-crossed spherical shaped structure somewhat like a rubber-band ball, in which the two adjacent planets will have their hypothetical axes of their orbital rings remain in a dynamically orthogonal intersectional status. Altogether the orbital rings of all planets will be orthogonally crossed with each other to form a “rubber-band ball” like structure, which is called the 3-D orbital ring-crossed spherical structure, instead of 2-D concentric orbital plane. Because the hypothetical axis planetary orbit of a given planet is always in a dynamically flip-over status, therefore, even we put each completed orbital ring together, we would also get a orbital-ring-crossed rubber-band-ball like structure. In this physical scenario, we assert that the widely accepted idea of all the orbits of a system’s planets occupying the same plane in a concentric arrangement is not the case. The scientists got this 2-D concentric structured collective planetary motion pictures is due to their time-limited observations, in a given time, there is always possible few planets stay in the 2-D plane, but not all of them, this is because the slow motion of the planetary orbiting, over time, the orbital trails of all the planets forms a rings-crossed rubber-band-ball like structure. The orbital rings of two adjacent planets will not form 2-D disc-like concentric circles, but instead will form a 3-D ring-crossed “net-ball” with an in-out orbital-switch occurring at the 180 degree line. This summarized into the laws of planetary motion as planetary orbital switching effect. Thus, the eccentricity of planetary orbits should not be explained as the planets having “elliptical orbits”, but instead, should be explained as all planets possessing a near circular orbital ring with two adjacent orbital rings undergo an orbital-switching process at the 180 degree line, termed the intrinsic planetary orthogonal orbital-switching effect which is produced by the interplaying effects of combined force factors, including the internal Solar System’s gravity-repulsive interaction force and the interstellar gravity-repulsive interaction force (mainly originating from the galactic center). Therefore, the correct explanation of the high-eccentricity of some planets should be the principle of planetary orthogonal orbital-switching at the 180 degree line – based on the fact that planetary orbit is nearly circular rather than elliptical. The orbital-switch effect is a better solution to solve the eccentricity problem, as opposed to making the nearly circular planetary orbit an elliptical deformation. Furthermore, the “high-eccentricity of comets” should be explained as the suction effect of the radial magnetic vortex that is created both by planetary gravitational interaction and the dynamic planetary orbital-ring-switching effect. The great regularity of the occurrence of comet events should be explained through the even distribution of cometary objects in our Solar System and the great regularity of planetary orbits, because these periodically form radial magnetic vortexes created by the planetary orbital-ring-switch effect and orbital interactions. The orderly formed radial magnetic vortex works like a black-hole that will periodically suck cometary objects into the vortex center when these objects pass near the edge of the vortex opening. Once the cometary objects are sucked into the magnetic vortex, they will be drawn in the direction of the Sun-core, then, the cometary objects will be completely evaporated into various sized particles, ranging from grain-sized small chunks to dust particles over the course of friction burn caused by out-streaming solar wind. leaving it with no large chunks remaining on its dive into the Sun’s atmosphere. In this physical scenario, the cometary objects that appeared in previously occurring long-term comet events, such as Halley’s comet are not actually the same object at all, but different cometary objects with approximately equal body mass and body-size leading to almost even lengths and widths of comet tails and manifested in similar spectroscopic colours (blue and white). In principle, a single cometary object that has a vary limited body mass but could endlessly undergo several thousand times repeated friction burn events and can still survive with a negligible body-mass-reduction is absolutely astounding and implausible. No matter how precisely astrophysists perform their “precise” orbital calculations in trying to explain the so-called eccentricity of cometary orbits, if the physical mechanism of cometary formation that they proposed is fundamentally incorrect, then such a “precise calculation” is meaningless (for detail see sector of new mechanism of cometary formation).

The basic mechanism by which the Solar System initially formed is magnetic-integration, i.e. the entanglement and intercutting of magnetized quantum streams based on the principle of orthogonal axial intersection, by which the magnetized quantum streams and the magnetic field lines of the infant-Sun and of its contemporary infant-planets that were ejected in the nearby space will be automatically entangled and intercut with each other, forming a 1-on-1 radial configured Sun-planet-connected Celestial Tunneling Electromagnetic Bond systems (CTEB) by which the central Sun and its orbiting planets are gravitationally bound together with the CTEB-mediated gravity-repulsive interaction force, meanwhile, the Sun-ejected diffusive charged particle streams that are carried by solar wind would intercut with the quantized electromagnetic streams that are carried by the magnetized wind generated from the interactions of magnetic fields of planets in different orbits. Altogether, the combined Sun-to-planet electromagnetic interaction and the planet-to-planet electromagnetic interaction would have created an magneto-heliosheath with magneto-heliosheath-pores evenly distributed on the skin that wraps the entire Solar System, making the Solar System a relatively independent, isolated and yet an open system. Thus we have three basic confirmable infrastructures of the Solar System:

The first infrastructure is the 1-on-1 radial configured Sun-planet-connected CTEB systems by which the central Sun and its orbiting planet are gravitationally bound together to form a holistic star-planet co-evolution system in which the Sun and planets are able to perform their non-equivalent mass-energy exchange activities through the CTEB-hosted bi-directional flowing particle streams running back and forth between Sun and planets

.

The second infrastructure is the ovary-shaped magneto-heliosheath that wraps the entire Solar System into a relatively isolated independent system, and protects the system’s members from attack by violent high-energy cosmic rays. However, the Solar System is not an absolutely isolated (or closed) system; it is an open system simply because there is no absolute closed system in our universe. All evolutionary systems are open systems that keep exchanging mass-energy with the outside environment or with another coupled system. The magneto-heliosheath, as one of the by-products of Sun-planet electromagnetic interaction, will produce another two secondary physical structures: (1) the Sun-sized magneto-heliosheath-pores, these giant pores that are evenly distributed on the surface of the magneto-heliosheath work like an opening of the Solar System’s respiratory system, enabling the system to inhale and exhale quantized mass-energy from outside interstellar mediums or exchange information with the outside interstellar environment. (2) the compound radial-direction magnetic vortex-tunneling convection system (CRMVTC) in which bi-directional flowing electromagnetic streams are hosted and the vortex-induced density-increasing hadronic current flows towards the center of the Sun (inverse solar wind vortex currents with the opposite flowing direction to solar wind carried diffusive-protonized particle streams), altogether create a radial-direction vortex convection system, also called the Solar System’s internal magnetic black-hole-energy and white-hole-energy coupled convection system, or the Solar System’s internal double-hole structured dual-energy conversion and convection system.

The third infrastructure is the radius electromagnetic convectional systems composed of the Sun-oriented radius magnetic vortexes and the out-streaming solar wind, which is created by interactions between out-streaming solar wind and the magnetic fields of planets, and the magnetic-interactions between planet and planet. such a radius magnetic vortexes will periodically suck in the approached cometary objects like Halley’s comets and create the comet friction event (see the new formational mechanism of SSSBs and the comet-diving and comet-friction burn events).

The sun-sized magneto-heliosheath-pore structure, along with its internal vortex-induced bi-directional flowing electromagnetic streams that carry the bi-directional suction-blowing forces, will enable the entire Solar System to inhale and exhale mass-energy from the outside interstellar environment and also enable the Solar System exchange its mass-energy with the nearest stellar system—the Proxima Centauri system, according to the single-binary-single model, all single star systems can be treated as the component star system of a distant binary system in which the two distant single star systems will physically interact with each other and finally evolve to be a contact binary system as the distance between the two decreases. If an observer viewed our Solar System from a very distant mass-point he would find that our Solar System and the nearest Proxima system are actually a pair of distant binary systems in which the two stellar systems are physically interacting with each other, with each respective rotational axis in a dynamic orthogonal intersection status, called the distant physical Solar-Proxima binary system.

There are a dozens of previously merged parent binary systems had involved in the early formation of the Solar System, however, it is impossible to determine exactly how many previously merged parent binary system had involved in the early construction of the infant Solar System since some passed-away planet already had its core be disintegrated into debris through the mechanism of thermal-magnetic spallation (also referred to as the thermal-magnetic ripping effect) because of the proposed law of synchronous decay of seven fundamental planetary parameters, plus, there might be a potential planet not be found yet, the precisely calculation of how many previously merger parent binary systems had involved in the early age construction of the Solar System is impossible and yet meaningless. The most important thing is to understand the what king of physical laws and mechanisms that govern the initial formation and the subsequent evolution f the Solar System. Now the only thing we do is doing the approximate estimation by using the number of known planets plus known number of dwarf planets plus some massive and spherical moons, that number might be 10-20 something, since we have the 8 known planets, each of which has its unique chemical-physical properties, then we assume that there might be more than 8 massive binary systems had ejected more than 8 massive embryonic metallic caryospheres out into local space, forming a dozen of  planets, but some of them already died before Mercury and their dead core had been melted and ripped up into debris via mechanism of the thermal-magnetic spallation and being blow away into different regions to form various Small Solar System’s bodies (SSSBs), including long-period and short-period comets, while few massive Dwarf planets might also be the metallic caryospheres ejected by their parent binary systems. In the case of the formation of the Earth-moon system, we have hypothesized that there might be two previously merged parent binary systems had involved in the formation of the Earth-moon system, the Earth was the bigger metallic caryosphere that was ejected by one pair of bigger parent binary system, while the moon was a smaller metallic caryosphere that was ejected by one pair of smaller parent binary systems, because the two parent binary systems had merged about the same period, the two metallic caeyospheres had been ejected into the same local space, once the two ejected metallic caryospheres approaching to each other, their early strong magnetic field lines would entangle with each other, produced a strong entanglement gravitational pull effect, which would bond the infant-Earth and infant-moon together to form a body-to-body fiction-touch space relationship and keep their rotational axes staying in a orthogonal intersection status, such an orthogonal axial intersection configuration does not change while the zero-inch body-to-body fiction-touching space relationship have changed a lot up to present 380,000 km with annual lunar-recession rate of 38 cm, the physical mechanism of lunar recession is due to the law of synchronous decay of seven basic planetary parameters. as the masses and magnetic fields of both planetary objects have been synchronously decayed, the magnetic entanglement-pull effect are weakening, therefore, we can use both Newton’s gravity law plus  the new law of gravity production to physically explain the lunar recession phenomena. The significant chemical-physical property dissimilarity between Earth and Moon can be well-explained with the two-parent-binary principle like two kids were born from two couples. While the significant chemical-physical dissimilarity between planet and planet can be well-explained with many-parent-binary principle, by which more than 8 previously merged parent binary systems had given birth to the 8 infant-planets. some moons and dwarf planet with add shape or big shape defects can be explained as they were born with gentical defects, called the celestial mass-gene defect. They non-perfect products like our human being’s genetic defect kids, because even in celestial society, no one guarantee that every planet, dwarf planet, and moon, are born with perfect round shape, but one thing for sure, that the factors determining a given planetary objects’ round shape or odd shape is not by their mass scale, but related to the production process when they are grow in mass in the core of their parent star, if the mass scale is determining factors that determine whether a given planetary is round-shaped or odd-shaped, then all atoms or low-mass moon should be odd shaped. We proposed a mechanism to explain the round-shaped planet called the mechanism of even-condensation of thermal element, when the freshly produced thermal atoms are condensed into the bodies of star-core-gestated metallic caryosphere, they are evenly condensed to each spot of the mass-growing caryospheres because of the fast spinning of these caryospheres.        

According to the single-binary-single model, each single star system as a whole will evolve to be a component star with a clutch of massively matured metallic caryospheres gestated in its core when 99% of the its planetary system’s mass is transferred into the star-core, governed by the universal law of stellar-end mass-transference, according to the laws of synchronous evolution, when both the Solar System and the Proxima System undergo the same evolutionary process—stellar-end mass-transference, the distance between the two will shorten. This means that the evolutionary process of each single star system is synchronized with the evolutionary process of both single star systems’ coupled distant binary system. When each single star system as a whole evolves to be a component star with its planetary system’s mass transferred into its core and left with no remaining planetary objects in orbit around it, the spatial distance between two single star systems will shrink to a negligible length, thus, the original single star systems’ coupled distant physical binary system will synchronously evolve to be a contact binary system, coupled with two components stars that evolved from their parent single star systems. The distant binary system evolved contact binary system will end it’s evolutionary journey with a violent stellar-merger process by transferring its mass-energy to a next generation single star (infant-star) and next generation infant-planets by means of synchronized merge-ejection.  

In general, the core change of the Solar System is the change of the Solar System’s mass-distribution status as the system’s mass will be gradually transferred into the Sun’s core from planetary system, therefore, the evolutionary process of the Solar System can be treated as the process of the Solar System’s mass-redistribution (see section of new found laws and new found physical mechanisms). the law of stellar-end mass-transference and the law of planetary-end mass-transference are theoretically consistent with core thought of the Ju’s co-evolution theory. In this physical scenario, we assume that the infant-Sun was a Red Dwarf with much lower mean-temperature of its body, and much lower body mass, and much lower luminosity, scientist already calculated that the Sun’s luminosity will increase by 10% every billion years, it is kind of hard for us to make judgment if this luminosity-increasing rate is accurate or not, but the luminosity-increasing trend of the Sun is correct. However, the mechanisms of solar luminosity-increasing has different explanations, the traditional explanation is based on the Sun’s independent nuclear fusion reaction by burning the hydrogen fuel, while the explanation of Ju’s theory is based on the laws of star-planet co-evolution and the mechanism of Sun-planet’s co-created superpower hadron colliding, as more and more mass-energy has been transferred into the Sun’s core, the energy-density of the planet-fired hadronic jets that are constantly colliding on the Sun’s photosphere envelope becomes stronger and stronger, then both of the violate superficial hadron colliding effect and the photospheric electric-arc steel making effect will become stronger and stronger, thus, the luminosity of the Sun become increasingly higher with the passage of time.

The synchronized physical process of planetary formation and of heavy elements nucleosynthesis—the Syn-the SPCC-MC-HC & NDA

The planetary formation, the heavy element nucleosynthesis, and the Sun’s energy production, are all in one synchronized and unified physical mechanism, called the star-planet co-created magnetic-field-confined superpower hadron collider mechanism and the neutronization degenerate accretion (Syn-SPCC-MC-HC & NDA), in a single star system, like our Solar System, all planets are constantly firing their highly condensed hadronic jets to the Sun, and these planet-fired density-increasing hadronic jets will collide with the plasmatic materials of the Sun’s photosphere to create the primary hadron-collider mechanism and the highest energy portion of these planet-fired hadronic jets will penetrate the photosphere and meet in the Sun’s core, colliding with each other and create the secondary solar magnetic-field-confined hadron collider mechanism to create heavy atomic nucleus, synthesize large scale of heavy metal elements in both Sun’s photosphere envelope and the Sun ’s core, but the heaviest elemental beings are produced in the core. All these “fresh-made” heavy metal elements will simultaneously condense into the bodies of embryonic metallic caryospheres that have been gestated in the Sun’s core since its initial formation, enable these Sun-core-gestated metallic caryospheres grow in mass until they develop to their massively matured status for next carysphere-ejection event in 6-7 billion years from now. in Ju’s co-evolution theory, all single star systems in universe can viewed as the unified stellar magnetic-field-confined super power hadron collider machine (SMCHCM), by this unified astroparticlephysical process, all kinds of heavy metal elements that are listed in our chemical period table can be fully produced out just in one single-binary-single cycle. Similarly, all kinds of matured spiral galaxy systems are the superpower super-symmetric magnetic-field-confined hadron-collider systems too, in the galactic center, there are plenty of super-heavy metallic elements that could be hundred times heavier than Os/Ir/U can be created in the forms of degenerated super massive bound state neutron-proton nuclei, and these super heavy metallic elements will be condensed into bodies of the supermassive and super-condensed black-metallic-caryosphere, or the super-condensed black planetary embryos, that will be ejected out to local space to become a supermassive neutron star when our Milky Way Galaxy merging with the Andromeda Galaxy in next 4-10 billion years. The diameters of the magnetic field lines can extend to a space range approximately equal to the diameter of the galactic plane of current Milky Way Galaxy (see section of proposed mechanism of neutron star formation), So, the evolution of our Solar System and the evolution the Milky Way Galaxy system are governed by the same unified macro-micro synchronized astroparticlephysical process.

The Earth-Sun system is an ideal place to study such a superpower solar magnetic-field-confined hadron collider mechanism that is co-created by both Sun and Earth. especially the aforementioned three major photospheric effects—the photospheric-splashing effect, the photospheric-cutting effect, and the photospheric-piercing effect, have great evidence value in the study of such a naturally occurring superpower colliding mechanism termed as the synchronized solar magnetic-field-confined super power hadron collider mechanism and the neutronized degenerate accretion, short form of this mechanism is Syn-SPCC-SMC-SHC & NDA. with this astroparticlephysical mechanism, the process of macroscopic planetary formation and of the microscopic heavy element formation are well-unified into one framework of the Grand Unified Astroparticlephysical Theory( GUAT), or the grand quantum astrophysical theory (GQAT).

Chapter 3

The formation of asteroid, asteroid Belt, and comet, and Kuiper belt

We believe that the mechanisms described in Protoplanet Hypothesis for the  asteroid and comet formation, and the asteroid Belt and Kuiper belt formation, are fundamentally incorrect. According to this model, the random collisions between planetesimals produced asteroids, the lack of material plus the disruption from proto-Jupiter’s gravitational field produces asteroid belt, while the comets were viewed as the fossil relics of icy planetesimals being tossed into the Kuiper belt and the hypothetical Oort cloud by Jovian world, becoming the source of short-period and long-period comet. []  In any event, the formation of the asteroid and comet has neither been treated as the result of the planetary evolution, nor the remnant debris of the ripped-core of dead planets that had died before Mercury because of the law of planetary orbital decay.  

We have proposed a new physical mechanism to explain the formation of asteroid and comet, called the solar thermal-magnetic-spallation (STMS) or the solar thermal-magnetic-ripping (STMR), in this physical scenario, the various asteroids or comets are collectively viewed as the core-ripped remnant debris of life-ending planets that had died before Mercury due to the orbital decay of aged planet, when an old planet is dying, its body-mass and orbital radius will have already decreased dramatically, in the meantime, its all other fundamental planetary parameters, such as the rotational speed, angular momentum, and magnetic field strength, will have also decayed dramatically, the law that govern this planet’s evolutionary process is called the law of synchronous decay of seven fundamental planetary parameters, which is also referred to as the suggested law of planetary evolution. in this physical scenario, when the absolute value of rotational time (Tr) to orbital time (To) ratio (R＝Tr/To) approaching to 1 and the orbital radius decreases to the solar thermal-magnetic-spallation zone, it marked the “death-day” of an aged planet, at this time, an significant evolved planet becomes a factually dead-core ready to be “cremated” by the Sun, as the orbit of the dead-core decays to a critical distance close up to the coronal sphere of the Sun, where the Sun’s million degree Celsius high temperature will melt the dead-core into liquid plasmatic status, while the Sun’s strong superficial magnetic field force will rip the dead-core up into pieces of various size, in the meantime, the high-radiation-pressured out-streaming solar wind will blow away these core-ripped remnant debris into different orbits of the Solar System, when these red-hot core-ripped debris cooling down on their way out, they become various asteroids and comets we see today in our Solar System, most of these out-moving remnant debris were trapped within the predominate gravitational field of Jupiter, becoming members of asteroid belt. while others were tossed into Kuiper belt or the hypothesized Oort cloud by Jovian world, becoming the short-period and long-period comets. at this point, the asteroid belt and the Kuiper belt can be both viewed as the Solar System’s “public cemetery” in which the core-ripped remnant debris of the life-ending planets are temporarily stored until they are being sucked into the hypothesized whirlpool-like Solar System’s Great Radius Magnetic-vortex System and being down towards the Sun for the Secondary Solar Thermal-Magnetic-Spallation Process (SSTMS), in this physical scenario, all periodic comet perihelion “passages” and the single-apparition comet are actually the Sun-diving friction burn events as part of the secondary solar thermal-magnetic-spallation process.

Because the dead-core of the life-ending planet is composed mainly of the non-volatile heavy metal elements and the gas elements like the hydrogen, oxygen, water molecules, nitrogen, and carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide account for only  small portion of its body mass in outer layers, therefore, all the cometary objects are factually composed predominately of the non-volatile rocky and metal materials, rather than loose collections icy materials. We believe that there is no striking chemically difference between outer Solar System’s comets and terrestrial asteroids.  In the Fred Whipple’s “dirty snowball” model, the comets are thought to be composed of loose collections of ice, dust, and small rocky particles. We believe that either Fred Whiiple’s “dirty snowball” model, or the later reformed “snowy dirtyball” model are both fundamentally incorrect, because these models have been built on an incorrect Nebular Hypothesis. The observational data return by the Giotto and Vega missions proved a hard evidence that the Halley’s comet was in fact predominantly composed of the non-volatile materials, rather than volatile icy materials, [][] this evidence is actually not in favor of the Fred Whipple’s “dirty snowball” model, but on the contrary, it is strongly support the newly proposed Solar Thermal-Magnetic-Spallation model, in which all comets or asteroids are collectively viewed as the core-ripped remnant debris of life-ending planet due to the orbital decay, this newly proposed formational mechanism determined that all comets are condensed rocky-metal objects that are composed mainly of heavy metal elements and only small portion of gaseous and icy materials. According to the suggested forth law of star-planet co-evolution, the law of bi-driectional elemental transmutations, the gas elements that constitute the crust or the outer layers of all planetary objects, such as the oxygen, hydrogen, helium, nitrogen (collectively viewed as daughter elements), etc, are originally derived from the heavy metal elements (collectively viewed as father grandfather elements) through the CTEB-conducted hydrogen-end elemental transmutation, this is the natural law that governs and promotes the particle-transmutation process proceeded on all planetary objects, the law states that, all particles that make up the planetary objects will transmute from high-density particles to low-density particles, this is also called the CTEB-promoted long-term-trended high-to-low density-changing of particle transmutation, in the nucleon-to-atomic level, this process will be manifested as the various way of hydrogen-end elemental transmutations, that is, if we choose the uranium as a standard heaviest element and choose the hydrogen as the standard lightest element, then the hydrogen will be the terminal product produced in the uranium-to-hydrogen elemental transmutation chain, lie in every planetary object form its central core to upper atmosphere, in this physical scenario, all gas elements that contained in planet’s atmosphere, such as the nitrogen, oxygen, helium, and hydrogen, are originally derived from the heavy metal elements as the products of the uranium-to-hydrogen elemental transmutation chain, the hydrogen is the terminal product produced in this elemental transmutation chain, thus, the hydrogen atoms contained in the upper atmosphere of any given planet are originally derived from the heavy metal elements that make up the planet itself, rather than capturing from outer space, for example, the hydrogen element that contained in the top crust and the upper atmosphere of the Jupiter should be the terminal product produced in the uranium-to-hydrogen elemental transmutation chain exited from the Jupiter’s core to its upper atmosphere, even though, the hydrogen-end elemental transmutation process working on Jupiter’s body is actually governed by the Sun-Jupiter’s CTEB system as the result of the bilateral and non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between the Sun ad Jupiter, but we can still take the Jovian hydrogen as the granddaughter element that derived from the grandfather heavy metal element that make up the Jupiter’s core, therefore, the Jovian hydrogen can not be the “out-sourced” hydrogen captured from the so-called hydrogen cloud by the proto-Jupiter’s gravity. In this physical scenario, all the detectable hydrogen elements that contained in upper atmosphere of any given planet are not the “out-sourced hydrogen” captured from outer space by the planet gravity, but produced by Sun-planet’ interaction by using the initial raw materials originally derived from the heavy metal elements that make up the planet itself. Of course, the core ideas of the theory of star-planet co-evolution, the hydrogen-end elemental transmutation process is govern by the Sun-planet-connected CTEB system, the hydrogen as a terminal product of the hydrogen-end elemental transmutation can be viewed as the by-product of the Sun-planet interaction. Since the hydrogen-end elemental transmutation process is applicable to all planetary objects. we have reasons to believe that the Jupiter is composed predominantly of the heavy metal elements, rather than hydrogen and helium, the metallic rigid body of the Jupiter is far greater than we thought before. We  have concluded that the 99% of Jupiter’s body mass is contained in its rocky and metal rigid body with a highly condensed pure-metal-core, the gaseous atmosphere of the Jupiter is far thinner than we thought before, comparing to its giant high-density metal core, the mass that contained in its gaseous atmosphere is negligible. The so-called liquid metallic hydrogen though to make up Jupiter’s liquid part lies below its hydrogen-rich atmosphere can hardly exist as real. the modern observational evidences can cross-prove the Jupiter’s giant metallic core and thin atmosphere based chemical structure, such as its exceptional strong magnetic field than can only produced by a highly condensed metal-core, the gaseous object can never produce such a high magnitude of magnetic field. Plus its high spin speed, and the month-long visible dark-brown craters made by SL9 impact. [impact][magnetic field]  especially the biggest dark-brown crater with Earth-wide diameter clearly showed us the image of its giant iron-rich core. if there exists a thick layer of liquid metallic hydrogen that covers a relatively small rocky core, then, the dark-brown craters would not exist for a month-long period, because any thick liquid materials, according to the known dynamic fluid physics, will quickly cover back the craters in just few days. Not few months! plus, the tens of thousand degrees Celsius high temperature will trigger the explosive hydrogen burn and destroy the Jupiter if there is an existence of thick layer liquid metallic hydrogen in Jupiter. At this point, we believe that the Jupiter is a Metal Giant, rather than gas giant, and all giant planets are likely the Metal Giants. and all comets are likely the highly condensed metal-rocky objects, the gas elements detected in the coma and tail is the products of fast hydrogen-end elemental transmutation caused by catastrophic friction burn due to the relative motions of sun-diving comet and out-streaming solar wind, in this physical scenario, the heavy elements will be thermal-magnetically broken down to smaller-and-lighter gas elements including single-proton hydrogen, in this process, the radioactive uranium will quickly decay into lighter elements mainly through cluster decay, gamma decay, neutron emission decay, the most of gas elements detected in coma and tail, such as the oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, are produced by the thermal-magnetic-spallation trigged fast hydrogen-end elemental transmutation manifested as the catastrophic sun-diving friction burn, rather than already-existed gas elements that contained in the comet nucleus, the spectroscopically detected gas elements are actually the signals reflecting the energy emissions status from the ongoing process by which the heavy metal elements are fast transmuting into lighter gas elements. In other words, the spectrographic signals reflecting the elemental transmutation process, rather than the gas elements that already existed in comet nucleus. We can not solely use the principle that we spectroscopically detect chemical elements from a static and cold meteorite sample in Earth lab to rigidly match the signals detected from super hot and fast moving comets that are undergoing catastrophic sun-diving friction burn process proceeding in such a high radiation-energy, such a high temperature, such a high speed of relative motion status. The best way to determine the real chemical structure of the comet is the sample taking directly from comet nucleus by spaced probe before the comet become too hot as it diving into the coronal sphere, not the distant spectrograph analogical method. Because the far distance spectrograph method can not 100% reflect the real chemical structure of the fast moving friction burn object. (see section of the suggested law of general elemental transmutation). 

  Ultimately, the asteroids or comets are the by-products of the suggested law of planetary evolution, which is also referred to as the law of synchronous decay of seven planetary parameters, including the planetary orbital decay (orbital radius decreasing). The viewpoints and conclusions proposed in this Dead-Core-Ripping Hypothesis are well-consistent with the core ideas of the theory of star-planet co-evolution, which are the four suggested laws of star-planet co-evolution and its associated law of planetary evolution. According to the suggested law of planetary evolution, all planets will have its seven fundamental planetary parameters in peak values in their infantile period after they are born by their mother-component-star through the mechanism of metallic-caryophere-ejection, as an originally female-component-ejected metallic caryosphere, a given infant-planet would have inherited most of the mass-energy and angular momentum from its mother-component-star, when the parent binary component stars merging into one single new star, the far-reached magnetic field lines of the newborn infant-planet will immediately entangle and intercut with the magnetic field lines of newborn infant-star, forming the star-planet-connected CTEB system, forming the newborn single star system. At this time, the co-evolution of central star and its orbiting planets is started, in other words, the physical process of the bilateral and non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between central star and its orbiting planets process is being initiated, according to the second law of star-planet co-evolution, the planets began to transfer their mass-energy to the central Sun through the Sun-planet-connected CTEB systems, this process is called the stellar-end mass-energy-transference, which is manifested as the synchronous decay of seven fundamental planetary parameters. in this physical scenario, an infant-planet will have its seven fundamental planetary parameters in relatively highest values in its lifetime, including: (1) the highest spin speed, (2) the highest orbital radius, (3) the biggest angular momentum, (4) the highest mass-scale, (5) the highest mean-density (corresponding to its metallicity), (6) the highest magnetic field strength, and (7) the highest internal energy. as the process of the Solar-end-mass-energy-transference keep going, the seven fundamental planetary parameters began to decrease in synchronous manner at an exponential decay rate, because the orbital decay and all other parameters decay is synchronized physical process, therefore, in any solar-type single star system, the inner most planet usually in our solar System will have a relatively lower mass, lower mean-density (typically metallic-core-shrinked central hollow structure like the current Earth’s moon and the current Mercury), lower spin speed, lower angular momentum, lower magnetic field strength, lower internal energy and the relatively bigger absolute value of the rotational time/orbital time ratio (Tr/To). That why we see the overall absolute value of the Tr/To ratio of the terrestrial planet is far greater (more close to or bigger than 1) than that of four outer solar system’ giants. at this point, the inner most planet is usually the oldest planet with its orbital decay and all other fundamental planetary parameters being decayed dramatically, and the terrestrial four planets are collectively older than the outer Jovian planets. while in the inner terrestrial world, the Mercury would be the oldest dying planet who will be facing the fate of thermal-magnetic-spallation in near future, say in less than 1 billion years (the “current Earth years (CEY)”), may be even much faster than that, say, in about 20-30 million years, the Mercury will be thermal-magnetically ripped into pieces when its orbit decays to the near-coronal-sphere region, if the suggested law of synchronous decay of seven planetary parameters is correct, then we assume that the orbital radius of the Mercury is undergoing faster and faster decaying process, because, in 2016, American astronomers already confirmed a fact that the Mercury’s body-size has been shrinking dramatically in recent 30 years, [] the law of synchronous decay requires that the Mercury’s orbital decay is proportional to the decayed physical quantities of all other sixe fundamental parameters. Therefore, the orbital radius of the Mercury is now undergoing a fast decreasing process, for this reason, we also believe that the Mercury’s anomalous perihelion procession is the consequence of the suggested law of sy6nchrounous decay of seven fundamental planetary parameters—the law of planetary evolution. please be noted: because of the synchronous decay law, the long-term decreasing of planet’s orbital radius and the long-term slowing down of the planet’s rotational speed, the time scale of each Earth year is dynamically changing all the time and the Tr/To Ratio of the Earth is also constantly changing over time due to the law of planetary evolution, therefore, the so-called Earth year should be defined as the “current Earth year” (CEY). The Earth day should be also defined as the “current Earth day” (CED). This is a fundamental notion of the relativistic dynamical-changing-time-unit that is derived from the synchronous decay law, so the notion of the relativistic dynamical-change-time-unit proposed in theory of star-planet co-evolution is radically different from the notion of the Einsteinian relativistic time. 

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The hypothesized Solar System’s Great Radius Magnetic-vortex Systems and the Symmetric Planetary Polar Magnetic-vortex Systems

According to the new thermal-magnetic-spallation model, the force that gravitationally pull comets down towards the Sun is the gravitational suction force produced by the Sun-core-oriented Radius Magnetic-vortex Systems that are created by the triple-overlapping magnetic field interactions between Sun and planet, and planet and planet, while the force that gravitationally pull asteroids down to the planet is also the gravitational suction force produced by the planet’s symmetric polar magnetic-vortex that are created by interactions between the magnetized solar wind and the polarized magnetic fields of the planet, these two mutually balanced Solar System’s major magnetic-vortex systems are working together to result in periodically occurred sun-diving comet friction burn events and the planet-polar-oriented asteroid impact event. Both of the sun-diving comet friction burn event and the polar-diving asteroid impact event can be viewed as the secondary thermal-magnetic-spallation process, comparing with the primary Solar thermal-magnetic-spallation process by which the orbital decayed core of life-ending planet were firstly ripped up into relatively bigger pieces. So both primary and secondary thermal-magnetic-spallation processes can be viewed as the same dead-planet-core treatment processes, which is the effective way for universe to do the material recycling.

Because the mass-energy scale and space-time scale of the Sun-core-oriented Radius Magnetic-vortex Systems are far greater than that of the Symmetric Planet’s Polar-magnetic-vortex, therefore, the average body-mass of the comets that had been drown toward the Sun is far greater than that of asteroids that had been drown towards the polar regions of the planet, thus, we termed the Sun-core-oriented Radius Magnetic-vortex the Great Solar System’s Radius Magnetic-vortex (GSSRM), while terming the symmetric Planet Polar Magnetic-vortex the Minor Planet Polar Magnetic-vortex.

It was the whirlpool-like Solar System’s Great Radius Magnetic-vortex Systems that had periodically suck the orbiting cometary objects into its vortex center and gravitational pull them towards the sun when the cometary objects happen to move to edges of great magnetic-vortex systems, creating various kinds of sun-diving comet friction burn events, rather than the so-called high eccentric elliptic cometary orbits. we believe that the generally accepted longstanding viewpoint that the reason for the periodic comet perihelion “passage” to the Sun is because they have high-eccentric elliptic orbits is fundamentally incorrect. In other words, the so-called high eccentricity elliptical cometary orbit does not exist in nature, they only exist on paper, black board, or in our mind. Because the multiple perturbations from the overlapped magnetic field interactions will not permit the existence of such a smoothly curving lines of the elliptic dynamical structure. The orbital resonances affection produced by Jovian world will make the smoothly line of elliptic comet orbits into a wave-like shape when the comet travel through multiple planetary orbits.

At this point, we also believe that the Sun-diving comet friction burn event is the best physical description to explain the various comet sun-approaching events, we also further believe that the most of the periodic comet perihelion “passage” or the “periodic comet return” are not caused by the same cometary object, but caused by the different cometary objects that possess similar body-mass with similar chemical compositions and with approximately equal distances existed between any two adjacent objects caused by what we called the mechanism of equal-debris-distribution due to the rotation of the Sun, that is the synchronized spin-flip motion of Sun will use its solar wind evenly blow away those core-ripped debris into different orbits and evenly distributed these out-streaming pieces into a spherical asteroid cloud and comet cloud, not the disc-like belt. Therefore, the great time regularity of displayed in the periodic comet “return” event can be explained by the mechanism of equal mass-distribution and the regularly formations of the Solar System’s Great Radius Magnetic-vortex System because of the orderly arranged planetary orbits. The great timely regularity displayed the periodical comets can easily convince astronomers that the periodic comet is the “reappearance” of the same cometary object. but the white-hot friction burn and the long and wide tails altogether implies a substantially body-mass loss, for each catastrophic friction burn, in the case of the Halley’s comet, its vary limited body-mass and body-size (15 km×8 km×8 km) make it hardly survive from already observed repeating friction burns, not to say few thousand times more friction burns it will be facing. The idea that a body-mass-limited comet can withstanding few thousand times of repeating white-hot friction burns without vanishing its body mass is absolutely astounding and yet implausible. 

The direct observational evidence to prove the existence of the Solar System’s Radius Magnetic-vortex

Because of the relative motions between the Sun’s slower rotation and the planets’ faster orbiting, The bottom part of each Solar System’s Great Radius Magnetic-vortex System will have relatively bigger curvature with the tip of the magnetic-vortex directly connected with the Sun’s magnetic field, this leads to the elusions of comet perihelion “passage” to Earth-based observer, in fact, each sun-diving comet will finally dive into the Sun’s atmosphere and have them totally burn out left no big chunks, various modern observations strongly support the existence of the Sun-core-oriented Solar System’s Radius Magnetic-vortex, especially the notable whirlpool-shaped tail of the comet McNaught and of the comet West  are both perfectly reflected the whirlpool-like Solar System’s Radius Magnetic-vortex System. in this physical scenario, the most of sun-diving comets can hardly escape from the vortex-sucking-force and survive from such a violent whit-hot friction burn process, even the Earth-impact asteroid will be ripped into small pieces during their friction burn process, we can imagine that the relative motions between Sun-diving comet and the out-streaming solar wind that has enormous amount thermal-magnetic-ripping-energy makes the comet perihelion “passage” event a hardly repeating comet-return cases, therefore, we believe that 90% of comet perihelion events are actually one-shot sun-diving friction burn event, no comet can survive from the white-hot sun-diving friction burn event. the timely regularity displayed by those periodic comets are actually caused by different objects with similar body-mass and similar chemical compositions, due to the even mass-distribution mechanism and the equal distance between adjacent cometary objects that are being the periodically sucked into the solar system’s great radius magnetic-vortex systems. Because the mechanism by which the Solar System’s Great Radius Magnetic-vortex formed is the magnetic field interactions between Sun and planet, between planet and planet, therefore, the orderly planetary orbiting makes the orderly formations of the Solar System’s radius magnetic-vortex system also accordingly, the equal mass-distribution mechanism create the approximately equal distances between adjacent cometary objects, plus the orderly formations of the Solar System’s Great Radius Magnetic-vortex System due to the orderly planetary orbits, altogether create the great time-regularity displayed by periodical comets. although the great time-regularity displayed by the periodical comet can easily convince people that the repeated historically occurred notable comet “return”, such as the “return” of Halleys’ comet, were caused by the same comet, However, the observable white-hot friction burn process plus the vary limited body-mass of various cometary objects makes the many-time white-hot friction burns apparently implausible, especially in the case of Halley’s comet, a body-mass-limited Halley’s comet (15 km×8 km×8 km) can withstand the few thousand times of white-hot sun-diving friction burns and can still survive from minor mass-reduction is absolutely astounding and implausible.

The best method to prove the fact that the periodic comet “return” events, like Halley’s comet returns, are not the reappearance of the same object, but instead, it caused by different cometary objects with similar body-mass is the body-shape-comparing method by close up photograph taken by probe-based camera through the works done by few generations of astronomers in the future.

The chemical composition data obtained from Giotto and Vega missions is more in favor of the Solar Thermal-magnetic-spallation model, rather than in favor of Fred Whipple’s “dirty snowball” model, or the reformed “snowy dirtyball” model.

The Giotto and Vega missions provided evidences that Halley’s comet was in fact predominantly composed of non-volatile materials is not in favor of the Fred Whipple’s “dirty snowball” model, or either way, the “snowy dirty ball”, but instead, it become and hard evidences to support the hypothesized solar thermal-magnetic-spallation model, which views all asteroid or comet as the remnant debris of ripped metal-rocky core of life-ending planets that had died before Mercury, this new mechanism implies that all asteroids or comets are predominant composed of rocky and metal materials with only trace amount of water molecules existed in form of the hydrated metal ores, because the water molecules is light matter that can only existed in the superficial layers of the cometary objects, the center part of the comet nucleus is most likely composed of non-volatile heavy materials, if the water molecules detected on the surface material of the comet nucleus is only trace amount, then, we can not expect a substantial amount light water molecules existed in the core center. Plus, according to the suggested law of elemental transmutation, the light gas elements, such as the oxygen and hydrogen are collectively derived from the heavy metal element through the mechanism of the asymptotic hydrogen-end elemental transmutation (asymptotic density-decreasing particle-transmutation) applicable to elemental transmutation proceeded on all planetary object, conversely, the elemental transmutation process proceeded inside the star-core will follow the density-increasing transmutation law, or the Uranium-end elemental transmutation law (see section of suggested law of elemental transmutation). therefore, we believe that the notions of Fred Whipple’s “dirty snow ball” or the reformed “snowy dirtyball” model are both misleading concepts to describe the chemical nature of the asteroid or comet, because the Fred Whipple’s dirty snowball model is originally based on an incorrect physical mechanism of the Solar System’s formation. [16][52]（comet Halley=wiki）

Self-consistency of the theory of star-planet co-evolution                                                                                                               

Ultimately, the formation of the asteroid and comet is the one of the consequences of the suggested four laws of star-planet co-evolution and the associated the law of synchronous decay of seven fundamental planetary parameters, plus the hypothesized dynamic structure of the Solar System’s radius magnetic-vortex systems and the symmetric polar magnetic-vortex system. 

The common fate that all evolving planets in current Solar System must face is the thermal-magnetic-spallation. The inner most Mercury is now facing this fate. As is an oldest planet in current Solar System, the Mercury will be the first one to be thermal-magnetically ripped up into pieces as its orbital radius decays to a critical distance where is close enough to the Sun’s coronal sphere, According to the suggested law of planetary evolution, the exponentially synchronous decay of seven fundamental planetary parameters over time, which is including: the decay of body-mass, mean-density, spin speed, orbital radius, magnetic field strength, angular momentum, and the internal energy. therefore, the planet’s orbital decay and its body-mass decay will be processed simultaneously, in 2016, American scientists again confirmed the fast body-size-shrinkage of the Mercury， [] this means that the Mercury’s body-size will be substantially smaller than its current body-size when it orbit decaying to the solar thermal-magnetic-spallation line.

The rotating Sun will blow away all these core-ripped debris into different regions by following the rule of even-mass-distribution, because in universal space, the spin axis of any celestial system is always stay in the motion status of synchronous spin-flip, the Sun’s rotating axis is always in all-directional flipping over status, therefore, the ripped debris will be evenly blown away to all directions, this will form a 3-D spherical rubber-band-like asteroid spherical cloud, rather than a 2-D flattened disc-like asteroid belt.

The forces that gravitationally pull the cometary objects from outer Solar System’s region into their perihelion orbits are produced by the whirlpool-like Sun-core-oriented radius magnetic-vortex, called the great solar system’s radius magnetic-vortex systems, while the forces that attract asteroid or comets to impact on planets are produced by the symmetric planetary polar magnetic-vortex systems, called the minor planetary polar-magnetic-vortex. According to the full-interaction principle, both of the great solar system’s radius magnetic vortex systems and the minor planetary polar magnetic vortex systems are created by the interactions of solar magnetic fields and the planetary magnetic fields, which is the entangling and intercutting of the magnetic field lines and its associated magnetized wind. we believe that the traditional theory described the “high eccentric elliptic orbits of comets” is not existed, no comets will move that way. The notion of the comet’s perihelion passage to the Sun is a misleading physical scenario that have been erroneously used to explain the friction burn process of sun-diving comet. We believe that 99% of the sun-diving comets can not survive from such a fiercely friction burn process, in other words, the most of the periodical “comet’s return” is not the “return” of the same cometary object, but the different objects that are periodically gravitationally sucked into the Sun-core-oriented radius magnetic vortices to be drown towards the solar coronal sphere with great time regularity. Such a time regularity is caused by the orderly formation of the Solar System’s radius magnetic vortices because of the orderly magnetic field interactions between the balanced orderly orbital motions of planets and the orderly rotation of the Sun. in this physical scenario, each friction burn event of sun-diving comet is an actually one-time-finished friction burn event. the observed comet’s nucleus disintegrations and the high-temperature friction burn makes it impossible for a sun-diving comets to survive with a minor mass-reduction. The whirlpool-shaped comet tails of the comet Mcnaught and the comet West perfectly matched the shape of bottom part of a water whirlpool, which is strongly suggested that there are existences of the multiple levels of the great Solar System’s radius magnetic vortices with the vortex-bottom dynamically facing to the Sun-core-direction and the vortex-opening dynamically facing to the direction of the heliosheath. The evenly distributed main-belt comets lie in asteroid belt and the Kuiper belt will be periodically sucked into these water-whirlpool-like magnetic-vortices and be gravitationally drown towards the Sun, creating a sun-diving-comet’s friction burn event. each comet friction burn event can be treated as the secondary solar thermal-magnetic-spallation process following the primary solar thermal-magnetic-spallation process happening to the ripped metallic core of dead planets that died before Mercury. While the event of the asteroid impact on planets is caused by the hypothesized symmetric planetary polar magnetic-vortex that exist on both south and north pole of each planets which produce suction forces that is proportional to the magnitude of magnetic field strength, and magnetic field of given planet is proportional to its body-mass, spin speed, and internal energy. this is called the solar system’s minor magnetic-vortex system, the symmetric planetary polar magnetic-vortex can perfectly explain why the probability of the asteroid or comet impact on planet’s polar regions is far greater than that of asteroid or comet impact on planet’s equatorial regions. 

The direct and indirect observational evidences that can prove the existence of the symmetric planetary polar magnetic-vortex are listed as follow:

(1)                           The direct observational evidence, in many astronomical pictures, there are observable multiple asteroid-chain-plaited helix streams obviously being drown towards the south and north polar regions displayed as the bright spots chain like pearl necklaces, it strongly suggested that there are gravitational suction forces produced by these Earth’s polar magnetic-vortex lie above the upper south and north magnetic poles.

(2)                           The Indirect observational evidences found on Earth--the meteorites findings : There are a lots of meteorites found at south and north pole regions, but in equatorial regions, the meteorite-finding is relatively rare, especially the massive meteorites, which indicates that the there are many historically occurred asteroid impact on Earth’s polar regions, rather than equatorial regions. In china, the massive meteorites that weight more than 1000 kg have always been found in north-west and north-east regions, where is more close to North pole region. Including Xin Jiang province, Ji Lin provinces.

(3)                           The historical records suggest that the probability of notable massive meteorite events occurred at high latitude or polar regions, especially in near-north-pole regions, is far greater than that of equatorial regions. such as recently occurred meteorite events, such as theTunguskaexplosion (1908-30-06), Ji lin meteorites shower (1976-08-03).Chelyabinskmeteorite event (2013-15-02).

(4)                           The comet impact event occurred in other planets: the SL9 comet impact event occurred in near-south-pole region of south hemisphere of the Jupiter. So far, there is no known comet impact event found to be occurred in equatorial region of any planet.

The hypothetical existences of the solar system’s great radius magnetic-vortex and the minor symmetric planetary polar magnetic-vortex are tow the important new found physical basis to explain the five balanced and integrated Earth protection mechanisms—(1) the solar wind’s sweeping away effect, (2) lunar hammer-through-shielding effect, (3) the Oligarch’s gravity force of Jupiter. (5) the solar system’s great radius-magnetic-vortex. 

the symmetric planetary polar magnetic-vortex that exist on upper south and north magnetic pole of Jupiter may become one of the key evidence to explain the leading and trailing Jupiter-trojans lie in L4 and L5 points.

At this point, the asteroids and comets of various kinds can be treated as the remnant debris of the ripped core of dead planets that had died before Mercury because of the orbital decay of the old and dying planets. The physical mechanisms that can be used to explain the formation of asteroids and comets, and the formation of asteroid belt and Kuiper belt, are multiple combined mechanisms including: the solar thermal-magnetic-spallation, solar wind sweeping, and the solar system’s radius magnetic-vortexes sucking-in function. And the planet polar magnetic-vortex effect, rather than the hypothetical high-eccentricity elliptical comtery orbits.

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The hypothesis of the U-type asteroid to explain theTunguskaevent

The different parts of the ripped core are composed of different chemical compositions, the debris of the outer crust parts of the ripped core are composed mainly of the carbon and silicates, forming lighter three types of known asteroids, the C-type asteroid (carbonaceous being), the S-type (siliceous being), and the D-type asteroid (organic-rich silicates). the debris of the mantle parts of the ripped core are composed mainly of the heavy metal elements, like iron and nickel, called the M-type (metallic being).

Beside the aforementioned four commonly seen types of asteroids, we have proposed the fifth type of the radioactive and heaviest asteroid objects that comes from the central parts of ripped core composed main of the uranium and super-uranium elements (may much heavier than uranium element), called the U-type asteroid (uranium-rich asteroid).this hypothetical U-type asteroid is proposed to explain the mysterious Tunguska explosion event that had left no confirmable craters and no solidified objects found in the explosion region. Because this U-type asteroid is uranium-rich materials that can cause the nuclear bombing-like explosion if triggered by the thermal-magnetic-heating effect, caused by the interactions between the Earth’s polar magnetic field force and the nuclear energy that contain the uranium-rich materials, in this physical scenario, even though we found no impact crater and no solidified objects landing on Earth because of the extremely high temperature created in the naturally occurring nuclear explosion event, but still we can rationally explain the Tunguska explosion event by using nuclear science related mechanisms, the Tunguska explosion indeed had left many indirect evidences exactly the same as the catastrophic consequences of the atomic bombing or the high-energy level nuclear test, such as the catastrophic shock waves, black rains, the month-lasting sky glowing phenomenon, and the radiation sickness of the animals or the peoples who live in that region.

The Mercury as the oldest planet in current Solar System is facing fate of the Solar thermal-magnetic-spallation in the near future

The Mercury is viewed as the oldest dying planet that is now undergoing a fast orbital decay and fast mass-decay, and fast body-volume shrinkage, according to the suggested law of planetary evolution, it will soon be thermal-magnetically ripped up into pieces in the near future, say, in less than 1 billion years from now, the Mercury will be thermal-magnetically ripped up into pieces as its orbit decays to a critical distance close to the Sun’s coronal sphere, where the million degree Celsius degrees of Sun’s coronal sphere temperature will melt the dead core of the died Mercury into liquid plasmatic status, while the Sun’s superficial magnetic field force will rip the dead-core of the Mercury into pieces, and the out-streaming solar wind will blow away these debris into different orbits and create asteroids or comets of various kinds. And of course, the Earth will follow the same fate. The observed Mercury’s fast shrinkage and the other observational evidences, such as the long-term slowing of the Earth’s rotational speed, the long-term decrease of the Earth’s revolution time ( an indirect evidence to support the planetary orbital decay), and the constant weakening of Earth’s magnetic field, plus the Lunar recession phenomenon, etc, [][] altogether having established a comprehensive cross-proved evidences that are strongly support the our suggested law of synchronous decay of seven fundamental planetary parameters (the law of planetary evolution).

Dr. we ju

25 August, 2017

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