Dr. we ju

September 29, 2017,

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Chapter 1

The core ideas of the theory of star-planet co-evolution

 

My name is Wei Ju, I am a Chinese doctor and an enthusiast of astrophysics. I have propounded a new theory, called the co-evolution of star and planets, to explain the formation and evolution of the Solar System with a set of new viewpoints, suggested laws, and alternative physical mechanisms. One of the seminal ideas proposed in this theory is the linking of the stellar-merger event to the origin of the Solar System. According to a reliable axiom that the most fundamental laws or physical mechanisms must be hidden behind the most commonly seen natural phenomena, the modern astronomical observations suggest that the most of the stellar systems in our Milky Way Galaxy are binary star systems of various kinds, [] I have further postulated that, if an observer view our Solar System from far distant point of space, she or he might find out that our Solar System and the nearest Proxima System are actually one pair of physically interacted distant binary system, called the Solar-Proxima binary system (S-P binary system). Both of the Solar System and Proxima System can be treated as two paired component stellar systems of the S-P binary system. We have further hypothesized that the Solar-Proxima binary system will merge into one more massive single star system in about 5-7 billion years when both stellar systems evolve to be the component stars. The potential observational evidence to support this hypothesis is the measurable distance-decreasing between the Solar System and the Proxima system. the rule of stellar systems paring also holds to be true in large scale space, For example, the Milky Way Galaxy and the Andromeda Galaxy are actually one pair of physically interacted binary galaxy system, called the Milky Way-Andromeda binary galaxy system (M-A binary galaxy system), In this physical scenario, both Milky Way and Andromeda can also be treated as two component spiral galaxies of the M-A binary galaxy system, scientists have predicted that the Milky Way-Andromeda binary galaxy system will merge into one spherical galaxy system in about 4 billion years. [] As we all known that our Solar System is just an ordinary single star system of multiple planets type, by axiomatic reasoning, its origin must be linked to the widely seen binary system phenomena and the stellar-merger event. so far, the observational evidences we collected strongly suggest that the mystery of the origin of our Solar System must be hidden behind the binary star systems’ clustering phenomena and the process of stellar-merger events. The basic premise in the understanding the formation and evolution of the Solar System is the discovery of new fundamental laws, rules, and physical mechanisms that govern the formation and evolution of single star system and of the binary stars system. A correct theory must physically explain the relationship between the formation and evolution the Solar System and of the binary star system along with the stellar-merger event. we believe that, A correct theory must be an unified astroparticlephysical theory with two basic criteria:

 

(1) Tt can not only unify the processes of the formation and evolution of both single star formation system and of the binary stars system into one framework of cyclical single-binary-single model (SBS model).

 

 (2) But it also can unify the formation and evolution of celestial system and the formation and transmutation of the chemical elements into one synchronized astroparticlephysical process, it means that the formation and evolution of celestial system is the collective processes of formation and transmutation of chemical elements that make up the celestial bodies. we called this theory the Grand Unified Astroparticlephysical Theory (GUAT), this is the physical basis for the unification of so-called four fundamental interaction forces into one framework of the theory of everything  (ToE). The suggested new laws, new principles, and new physical mechanisms that are proposed in such a GUAT must be perfectly match the observational evidences and are 100% self-consistent. Any observational contradiction, self-discrepancy, and the far-fetched incorrect interpretations of natural phenomena will lead to a fallacious theory, or at least the “truth-false-sandwich” theory. We believe that the modern astrophysical theory that based on the Nebular Hypothesis and the Big Bang cosmology are fundamentally incorrect, simply because it contains too many incorrect comological perspectives, observational contradictions, self-inconsistencies, and a lot of far-fetched interpretations of natural phenomena. So far all our proposed new physical laws, principles, and mechanisms contained in the theory of star-planet co-evolution are supported by the new observational evidences and is theoretically self-consistence, for example, we have proposed a new physical mechanism to explain the star-core-based heavy element synthesis and the source of solar energy, called the solar magnetic-field-confined super power hadron collider mechanism (SMCSHC) that is an unified astrophysical mechanism co-created and co-participated by both central Sun and its orbiting planets ( also referred to as the full-interaction principle), which states that all system’s planets will periodically fire their lance-shaped high-density hadron jets to the Sun from different directions and these planet-fired high-density hadron jets will be injected into the Sun’s core by penetrate the Sun’s photosphere envelope and collide with each other in the core, creating what we have called the solar magnetic-field-confined super power hadron collider mechanism, which is an more implausible physical mechanism to explain the process of heavy element synthesis and the source of Sun’s energy, as opposed to the traditional astrophysics described hydrogen-fueled nuclear fusion reaction. The new  hypothesized heavy-element-forming mechanism is based on our discoveries of the three major photospheric effects that are displayed in many NASA-credited astronomic pictures that reflect the real physical scenario within scope of Earth-Sun system, including: the photospheric-splashing effect, photospheric-cutting effect, and the photospheric-piercing effect, the three major photospheric effects strongly suggest that, in the solar maximum period, the Earth can fire its lance-shaped high-density hadron jets to the Sun, the energy-density of the Earth-fired lance-shaped high-density hadron jets is so high that it will cause the bow-shaped photospheric-splashing effect occurring on the near-earth-side of photosphere when the Earth-fired hadron jets colliding on the photosphere envelope of the Sun, the photospheric-cutting effect is also caused by Earth-fired high-density hadron jets due to the orbiting of the Earth, in this physical scenario, the Earth-fired lance-shaped high-density hadron jets works like a shifting high-energy laser-beams that serves as a laser-knife cutting through the relatively thin photosphere envelope, leaving multiple cuts on the near-earth-side of the Sun, when energy-density of the Earth-fired hadron jets reach the maximum high level, that the entire Sun can be easily shot through from its near-Earth-side to its far-Earth-side, creating three notIceable phenomena appeared on the straight lines connecting the Sun and Earth: (1) The edge-symmetric photospheric splashing effect appear at the jet-entry-point on the near-Earth-side. (2) The multiple spots of solar-flare-chain appeared on the straight lines of the Earth-fired hadron jets towards the injection point. (3) The back-break-through-point appeared on the far-Earth-side of Sun’s photosphere envelope. It was inspired by these observational evidences, we have further figured out the formational mechanism of large scale sunspots, called the Sun-planet co-created photosphere-hole-puncture mechanism, which states that the large scale sunspots that appeared on the near-Earth-side of the Sun’s photosphere are group of photospheric holes that are punctured by the Earth-fired high-density spinning hadron jets when they these hadron jets inject into the Sun’s core by penetrating the Sun’s photosphere envelope, which serve as an electric spinning screw driver can easily punch many paired photospheric holes on the relatively thin photosphere envelope of the Sun, if the sunspots appear on the other side of sun, then, they are caused by the other planet-fired high-density hadron jets that are fired by other planets from different directions (see section: the proposed new physical mechanism of sunspot formation). The profound physical implications of the discovery of the three major photospheric-effects is that, we can establish a new notion of bi-directional flowing particle streams that running back and forth between Sun and each orbiting planets in our mind, through which, we have proposed what we have called the star-planet-connected Celestial Tunneling Electromagnetic Bond System (CTEB) and the suggested four  laws of star-planet co-evolution, these crucial observational evidences provide us a new insights in understanding the mechanism of the star-planet co-evolution.

 

In this physical scenario, the theory of star-planet co-evolution states that the Solar System formed from a series of stellar-merger events that occurred in an area where existed a crowded compact binary star systems of various mass-energy scales, rather than forming from a gravitational collapse of a large scale hydrogen cloud (Nebular Hypothesis), the fundamental physical mechanism by which the Sun formed is plasmatic-fusion, an unified astrophysical process by which the plasmatic metallic materials contained in the outer layers of both two component stars fused together, coalesced to form a newborn single star, thus, forming the infant-Sun, it means that the initial materials that formed the infant-Sun is heavy plasmatic metal elements and plasmatic metal oxides, rather than hydrogen/helium. while the fundamental physical mechanism by which the planets formed is metallic caryosphere-ejection, an unified astrophysical process by which one of the component star who has a clutch of massively matured embryonic metallic caryospheres gestated in its core, called the female-component star, ejected these massively matured metallic caryospheres out into local space, giving birth to a clutch of newborn infant-planet, forming the various planets we see today in our Solar System, it means that all planets firstly formed from inside core of their “mother-star” as gestated metallic planetary embryos that grow in mass through aforementioned the star-magnetic-field-confined super power hadron collider mechanism (SMCSHC), rather than forming from of out-star-core accretion of residual materials leftover from the proto-Sun. the force that power the caryosphere-ejection is the 3-D spatial centrifugal force generated by the accelerate mutual-orbiting of two merging components because of the law of conservation of angular momentum, because all interacting and competing forces is balanced by “pushes and pulls” in universe, therefore, no absolutely “pure repulsive force” or “pure attraction force” (pure gravity force) can independently exist in universe, in any given scopes of local space, the gravitational attraction force is always balanced by a competing repulsive force, this holds true in the case of the stellar-merger event, the centrifugal force (here represent push) is balanced with another attraction force that is also generated within merging binary system, in this physical scenario, when a female-component star is doing its caryosphere-ejection by using the 3-D spatial centrifugal force, it will simultaneously produce a local vacuum space in its core, where the vacuum-generated sucking-force will absorb the materials from another male-component star to promote the process of stellar-merger event. This kind of centrifugal-vs-suck balanced interaction forces will lead to a result of the same “birth day” of the newborn infant single star and the newborn infant-planet, In this physical scenario, the initial formation of a newborn infant single star and of the newborn infant planet occurs at the same time. because the baryonic axis of two mutually orbiting components is always stay in flip-over status, then the opening of ejection-pore of female-component star will always change its direction, this will result in the isotropic-caryosphere-ejection, it means that the female-component star will eject it embryonic planetary embryos to any direction with equal probability, the law of isotropic baryonic axis flip-over is important for the explanation of the isotropic property of the universal space, which has no relationship to the hypothetical Big Bang cosmology. The physical mechanism by which the entire Solar System formed is magnetic-integration, an unified astrophysical process by which the magnetic field lines along with the magnetized quantum streams of both newborn single star and the newborn infant-planets will automatically entangle and intercut with each other following the principle of orthogonal axial intersection, this process will create a radius pipe-shaped force-mediating bond structure connecting central star and its orbiting planets, called the Celestial Tunneling Eletromagnetic Bond Systems (CTEB) by which the central star and its orbiting planet are gravitationally bonded together to form a holistic star-planet co-evolution system in which the central Sun and each planet began to co-evolve by performing their bilateral and non-equivalent mass-energy exchange activities, at this point, the process of the initial formation of the Solar System is done after the Sun-planet-bonded CTEB systems were created within the co-evolution system.

 

The bilateral and non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between Sun and planets will lead to the result of the solar-end mass-transference (the stellar-end mass=transference) in an unified co-evolution process by which the system’s mass will be gradually transferred into the Sun’s core from planetary system, it means that all planets will ultimately disappear from their orbits around the Sun due to the suggested law of planetary evolution—the law of synchronous decay of seven fundamental planetary parameters, in other words, the evolution of the Solar System is actually the astrophysical process of the system’s mass-redistribution from planetary system to the Sun’s core, when 99% of the masses of all system’s planets are being transferred into the Sun’s core, the Solar System as a whole will evolve to be a massive metallic-caryosphere-gestated female-component star of merging compact binary stars system, repeating the perpetually recurring cyclical single-binary-single processes, that is why we see most of the stellar systems in our Milky Way Galaxy are binary stars systems of various kinds. Similar astrophysical process will also happen to the Milky Way-Andromeda Binary Galaxy System, the difference is that the super massive and super condensed black-metallic-nuclei (super black planet) will be ejected out to the far-reached large scale space when both of the Galactic-merger and the Super Black-Metallic-Nuclei-Ejection event will have happened, the ejected super massive and super condensed galactic nuclei will evolve to be a super massive and condensed neutron star with its far-reached magnetic curve lines extended to the same diameter size equal that of current Milky Way Galaxy, and with its super luminous light far-reached to billions of light years away served as the “universal light house”.

 

For better understanding of the working mechanism and the physical properties of the paired components of merging binary system, we have introduced a celestial gendering method to distinguish the characteristics of two components by the definable fundamental functions. According to an ancient Chinese natural philosophy of Yin-Yang theory: all the paired physical systems must be classified into Yin and Yang subset component systems by rendering them with gender-associated biophysical properties respectively, such as the male-component star and the female-component star, each with a rigorous definition based on their physical property and physical function, the ancient Chinese people believe that this is best way yet efficient way to achieve better understanding of nature, the definition of the female-component star is that, in a given compact binary stars system, a component who has at least one or one more massively matured high-density metallic caryospheres gestated in its core, and it will eject out these caryospheres into local space and give birth to a newborn infant-planet, a component who has this kind of reproductive function is called the female-component star, for comparison, the male-component star is defined as a component star that does not have any massive high-density metallic caryosphere gestated in its core and it does not eject any massive metallic caryosphere into local space, but instead, it will have most of its body mass merge with the female-component star in order to form a newborn single star, a component star that does not responsible for the metallic caryosphere-ejection is called the male-component star.

 

In this physical scenario, all planets in the universe are firstly formed from inside the core of their mother-female-component star in forms of the mass-growing metallic planetary embryos, rather than forming from outside star-core on the hypothetical protoplanetary disc by accreting residual materials left over by  the Proto-Sun (Protoplanet Hypothesis), to distinguish our method of planetary formation from that of Protoplanet Hypothesis described method, we have proposed a notion of the viviparity principle of planetary formation, which states that all planets and spherical massive moons are firstly formed inside the core of their parent stars, the celestial pregnant process starts from a grain-sized metallic planetary embryos till they become massively matured ready for caryosphere-ejection process. this kind of star-core-derived process of planetary formation is called the viviparous principle of planetary formation.

 

 The principle of the unified and synchronized physical processes of microscopic quantum system and macroscopic celestial system

 

In traditional astrophysical theory, there are many unsolved inconsistences between quantum mechanics and classical mechanics, the basic reasons, we believe, is that the traditional astrophysics failed to unify the physical processes of the formation and evolution of macroscopic celestial system and the formation and transmutation of microscopic chemical elements into one synchronized holistic astroparticlephysical theory. However, the theory of star-planet co-evolution trying to solve these problems by unifying two microscopic and microscopic physical processes into one fully synchronized holistic physical process, also referred to as the Grand Unified astroparticlephysical theory (GUAT), which states that, in a given single star system, the processes of the heavy metal elements synthesis and the mass-growing of metallic planetary embryos (metallic caryospheres) are fully synchronized one holistic astroparticlphysical process with the core ideas highly consistent with the theory of star-planet co-evolution, the mechanism to describe this process is called the synchronized stellar (solar) magnetic-field-confined super power hadron collider mechanism and the neutronization-degenerate-accretion (Syn-SMCSHC & DNA), this is an unified physical process that is co-created and co-participated by both central star and its orbiting planets, rather than by central star only. In this physical scenario, all planets can fire lance-shaped high-density hadron jets to the star-core, creating the primary colliding process on the photosphere envelope of the star and the secondary colliding process in the star-core, both primary and secondary colliding hadron colliding processes are confined within the Sun’s magnetic field, through such a star-planet co-created and co-participated central star’s magnetic-field-confined super power hadron collider mechanism, the single star system as a whole can synthesize the all kinds of heavy metal elements in both the photosphere envelope and the star-core. through a what we have called the convectional-even-mass-coating mechanism, the “freshly made” heavy metal elements will be immediately condensed into the rigid bodies of the star-core-gestated fast-spinning metallic caryospheres, enable these metallic planetary embryos grow in mass at a ever increasing rate until they become massively matured, in this physical scenario, the process of planetary formation and the process of heavy element production are successfully unified into one synchronized holistic astroparticlephysical process, This new physical mechanism is not only comply with the core ideas of the star-planet co-evolution, but is also agreed with the modern astronomic observations. In many NASA-credited astronomic pictures, especially those who captured the images within the scope of Earth-Sun system, we can easily observe that the Earth-fired lance-shaped high-density hadron jets and the other planet-fired lance-shaped high-density hadron jets are injected into the Sun’s core at the same time, creating what we called the three major photospheric effects: the photospheric-splashing effect, photosphere-cutting effect, and the photospgeric-piercing effect. the new physical mechanism we have proposed has five major different viewpoints that are distinguished from the traditional steller-nucleosynthesis :

 

(1) the co-evolution idea vs non-co-evolution idea, we believe that the stellar nucleosynthesis is, by nature, not the astrophysical activities that is done independently by the central star itself, but it is a astrophysical activity co-participated by both central star and its orbiting planets, the simple description for this idea is the principle of star-planet’s co-creation and co-participation.

 

 (2) The solar magnetic-field-confined hadron-colliding mechanism (co-evolution theory) vs the hydrogen-fueled nuclear fusion reaction (the Eddington-Foyle’s model).

 

(3) The main raw materials for the heavy metal elements synthesis : the theory of star-planet co-evolution states that the primary raw materials of the heavy element synthesis is the subatomic high-density hadron jets that are fired by planets, as opposed to the method of hydrogen-fueled nuclear fusion reaction. and our model states that, there is no massive hydrogen inventory existed in both of the infant-Sun and the current evolved Sun at all, from its initial formation of the newborn infant-Sun to its current evolving status, the Sun never get chance to acquire large scale hydrogen elements, the raw materials for the Sun’s initial formation is the heavy metallic plasmatic materials contained in outer layers of both parent component star, while current raw materials for Sun to burn its energy is the subatomic high-density hadron jets that are fired by its orbiting planets, it means that the Sun does not have any “massive hydrogen inventory” stored in its core as we previously thought.

 

(4) the solar magnetic-field-confined super power hadron collider mechanism is associated with the formation and mass-growing of star-core-gestated metallic caryospheres—the planetary embryos of infant-planets of next generation, while the traditional stellar nucleosynthesis theory views the processes of heavy metal elements and the formation of planetesimals or protoplanets as two separated physical processes, in traditional physical scenario, the heavy metal elements are synthesized in star-core while the planetesimals and protoplanets are formed from outside star-core by method of residual materials accretion on the protoplanetary disc.

 

(5) the theory of star-planet co-evolution states that the physical processes for the formation and transmutation of chemical elements has no relationship to the Big Bang cosmology, the new theory maintains that all chemical elements that are listed in the periodical table can fully produced in just one single-binary-single cycle of stellar systems’ evolution, the theory of star-planet co-evolution doe not require a hypothetical Big Bang nucleosynthesis to be the initial physical process to produce the lightest two elements—the hydrogen and helium. While the traditional stellar nucleosynthesis is totally based on the Big Bang cosmology, which maintains that the Big Bang nucleosynthesis produced the lightest two elements—hydrogen/helium and trace amount lithium, while all other heavy metal elements are produced by the first and second generations of stars by means of various stellar nucleosynthesis, such as the proton-proton chain nuclear fusion reaction and the CNO cycle, etc.

 

Our studies strongly suggest that all kinds of chemical elements that had listed in our periodical table can be fully produced out in just one complete single-binary-single cycle of stellar system evolution. the hydrogen/helium naturally occurring on the Earth is simply produced by the mechanism of hydrogen-end elemental transmutation, or the asymptotic density-decreasing trended nuclear transmutation, ultimately the gas elements naturally occurring on Earth are collectively derived from the heavy metal elements through the CTEB-induced density-deceasing trended elemental transmutation, the various of forms of bilateral and non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between Sun and planets, rather than being synthesized by Big Bang nucleosynthesis. The creation and transmutation of various species of chemical elements proposed in theory of star-planet co-evolution does not require a Big Bang nucleosynthesis to produce the hydrogen and helium.

 

The biggest defect that the traditional stellar nucleosynthesis has is that the traditional astrophysical theory views the physical process of heavy element production and the process of the planetary formation as two separated non-synchronized process, which the physical process itself can be done independently by the central star itself, rather than co-created and co-participated by both star and planets, the planets as a group of important system’s members do not participate the system’s important physical activities, this is absolutely astounding and implausible. However, the theory of star-planet co-evolution states that the two macroscopic and microscopic physical processes is one unified and synchronized holistic astroparticlephysical process which is co-created and co-participated by both central star and its orbiting planets (for detail see formation and transmutation of chemical elements).

 

Because the plasmatic-fusion and the metallic caryosphere-ejection are unified and synchronized into one physical process, it means that the two macroscopic process and microscopic process are happening in the same time, therefore, the formation of infant-single-star and the formation of infant-planets always occur in the same time. but in the case of single star system of multiple planets, the single star acquired new plasmatic materials from different stellar-merger events while each planet has its unique age or unique “planetary birth-day”, because each planet might represent one previously occurred caryosphere-ejection event, while the materials that make up body of central star might come from multiple parent component stars of previously merged parent binary systems. because the body mass-gene of a newborn daughter single star is inherited from both of its mother-female-component and father-male-component, then the bio-astrophysical process of newborn single star formation follow the rule of bilateral celestial-mass-gene inheritance. While the mass-genes that the newborn infant-planets inherited mostly from their mother-female-component star is called the rule of celestial maternal mass-genetic inheritance. but why the form and evolution of celestial systems have something in common shared by advanced terrestrial life systems, the answer is that there exists an Omnipotent Physical System (OPS) existed in universe, such an omnipotent physical system, or the physical system/mechanism of everything (PSoE) is physical system that govern the formation and evolution of everything in the universe, it is the creator of both philosophical principles and physical laws, we have hypothesized this omnipotent physical system is the white-hole effect and black-hole effect coupled and conjugated dual-energy-conversion system, also referred to as Super-symmetric Double-hole structured Dual-energy Conversion System(SUSY-DHDEC), it’s exists everywhere to dominate the physical processes of everything, such an omnipotent physical system has infinitive space-time scales and mass-energy scales, from large scale galactic level to microscopic quantum level, its typical large scale manifestation is the super-symmetric Fermi Bubble structure of the Milky Galaxy, while its typical microscipic manifestation in macroscopic world is the super-symmetric electron cloud of hydrogen (for detail see section of omnipotent physical system and the theory of everything).

 

The aforementioned star-planet-connected CTEB system has three fundamental functions:

 

(1) To mediate the gravity-repulsive competing and interacting forces.

(2) To promote the bilateral and non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between central star and its orbiting planets.

(3) To promote the bi-directional mass-density changes in elemental transmutation, the hydrogen-end transmutation (the long-term density-decreasing trended nuclear transmutation) and the uranium-oriented elemental transmutation (the long-term density-increasing trended nuclear transmutation).     

 

The principle of bilateral and nonequivalent mass-energy exchange states that, in a given interval time, the sum of mass-energy that plants collectively transferred into the Sun’s core through planet-fired high-density hadron jet-injection (contain mainly cold neutron streams) is far great than that of mass-energy that the Sun returns to all system’s planets through the radiation of diffusive charged particle streams (protonized particle streams). this exchange surplus value will be converted into star-gained-mass for the mass-need of heavy element synthesis and the mass-growth of star-core-gestated metallic caryospheres, which leads to a result of the solar-end (stellar-end) mass-transference, in this physical scenario, Solar System’s mass will be gradually transferred from planetary system into the Sun’s core, as 99% of the collective mass of all planets are transferred into Sun’s core, the Solar Ssytem as a whole will evolve to be a female-component star of next generation merging binary system, the recurring stellar-merger event will lead to a newborn infant-single star and newborn infant-planets of next generation. Therefore, we view the evolution of Solar System as the physical process of the Sun-planet co-evolution and of the re-distribution of system’s mass. The current Solar System is undergoing such a mass-redistribution process, the masses of all system’s planet, including our Earth, are undergoing an exponentially mass-decay process. it means that our Earth will become lighter and lighter and its gravitational constant will decrease over time, along with its other planetary parameters including : its mean mass-density, spin speed, orbital radius, magnetic field strength, angular momentum, internal energy, etc, all these seven fundamental planetary parameters of the Earth will decay synchronously and exponentially. This kind of universal unified evolutionary process has been summarized into the group of proposed law of planetary evolution—the synchronous decay of seven planetary parameters. Conversely, the six fundamental stellar parameters of the Sun will increase synchronously and exponentially. This process of stellar evolution has been summarized into the proposed law of stellar evolution—the synchronous increasing of six fundamental stellar parameters at exponentially increasing rate.  

 

To achieve a high level of self-consistency of the single-binary-single model, a principle of macro-micro synchronization is introduced in the theory of star-planet co-evolution. in this physical scenario, the physical process of the formation-and-evolution of macroscopic celestial systems and the formation-and-transmutation of microscopic chemical elements are unified into one framework of self-consistent theory, called the grand unified astroparticlephysical theory (GUAT). In this model, we introduce a principle of bi-directional mass-density changes in two opposite elemental transmutation chains, in this physical-chemical scenario, the stellar-end mass-transferring process is divided into two sub-processes, the synchronous decay of seven fundamental planetary parameters and the synchronous increasing of six fundamental stellar parameters. the mass-decay of each planet is associated with the rule of hydrogen-end elemental transmutation, or the mass-decay of planet’s mass must satisfy the rule long-term density-decreasing trended nuclear transmutation, while the mass-gain of central star is associated with the rule of uranium-oriented elemental transmutation, or the long-term density-decreasing trended nuclear transmutation. According to these proposed mutually consistent laws, rules, and mechanisms, we hypothesized that, on our Earth, there exists an invisible but confirmable uranium-to-hydrogen elemental transmutation chain extended from Earth’s core to its upper atmosphere (end in the hydrogen-shell), our study implies that all chemical elements that are listed in the periodical table can be fully produced out in just one complete single-binary-single cycle, typically, we believe that, the formation of lightest two elements, the naturally occurrence of terrestrial hydrogen/helium, does not need a hypothetical “Big Bang nucleosynthesis” (see section of formation and transmutation of chemical elements).

 

The general theory of the formation and transmutation of chemical elements is defined as the bi-directional elemental density-changes, the asymptotic density-increasing change of elemental transmutation or the uranium-end elemental transmutation occurs in star-core and the asymptotic density-decreasing change of elemental transmutation or the hydrogen-end transmutation occurs on planet:

 

Many observational evidences strongly suggested that, form Earth’s core to its upper atmosphere, there exists an uranium-to-hydrogen marked inter-elemental transmutation chain or the density-decreasing trended nuclear transmutation chain in which heavy metal elements will collectively transmute into light gas elements via various transmutation mechanisms, including: various modes of radioactive decay, mass-energy transition of isomer,  the suggested non-prominent quantum evaporation and the suggested critical leap stable-to-unstable isotopic elemental transmutation, etc. in radioactive decay theory, the uranium-to-lead decay chain views the all kinds naturally occurring isotopes of lead as stable isotopes, but in the theory of star-planet co-evolution, all “stable” isotopes of various elements are only observationally stable and relatively stable in a limited time scale,  over a long period of time, no isotopes of any kind of element is absolutely stable, no subatomic particle and subnucleon particle is absolutely stable, the reason is simple, over time, say in 5-7 billion years from now, due to the law of planetary evolution-synchronous decay of seven fundamental planetary parameters at exponential decay rate, then, the entire Earth will disappear from its orbit as its body mass will be gradually transferred into the Sun’s core through the mechanism of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange, the body mass of the current Earth will to be converted into the mass of new generation of chemical elements through the solar magnetic-field-confined super power hadron collider mechanism, and the freshly produced heavy metal elements that will be condensed into the bodies of the Sun-core-gestated metallic caryopheres in terms of metallic planetary embryos of next generation. if the entire Earth is disappear from its orbit, how can the chemical elements that make up the Earth survive? The answer is that no isotope of any stable chemical elements can survive in a timescale longer than the lifetime of the Earth. in this astroparticlephysical scenario, we extended the uranium-to-lead radioactive decay chain to the uranium-to-hydrogen chain marked elemental transmutation chain by using the uranium to represent the standard heaviest element as the hypothetic star up point of elemental transmutation chain, and the hydrogen as the standard terminal product of the elemental transmutation chain, we proposed that, from Earth’s core to it upper atmosphere to the hydrogen-shell, there exist an invisible but confirmable uranium-to-hydrogen chain of elemental transmutation, in physical scenario, the hydrogen can derive from the uranium through various mechanisms of elemental transmutations, these elemental transmutation mechanisms can be generally classified into two categories:

 

(1)   the long-term asymptotic sequential elemental transmutation by following the gradual mass-density decreasing trend which is associated with the reduction of atomic number.

 

(2) the short-cut pathway of elemental transmutation, in latter case, the hydrogen and helium can be largely produced out in deep crust through alpha-decay mechanism, the positively charged alpha particles emitted from uranium or thorium, on its pathway, the positively charged alpha particle will capture free electrons to become the neutral helium, or the alpha particle is directly being further disintegrated into atomic nuclei of the deuterium core and protium core, or, the both neutral helium and nude alpha particle can be further broken down to atomic nuclei of the deuterium core and protium core (the hydrogen-1) through cosmic ray spallation, the various mechanisms of the elemental transmutations naturally occurring on Earth can be generally viewed as the consequences of the Sun-Earth interaction based on their bilateral and non-equivalent mass-energy exchange.

 

Our study also implies that such a microscopic elemental transmutation is fully governed by interaction of the Sun and Earth through what was we called the CTEB system-conducted bilateral and non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between Sun and Earth. in this physical scenario, all light gas elements are derived originally from heavy metal elements, that is to say, the heavy metal elements can be collectively viewed as the grand-father elements of the grand-daughter gas elements, and vice versa, for example, the lightest two elements—hydrogen and helium are derived from heavy metal elements through long-term density-decreasing trended elemental transmutation and the short-cut pathway via alpha-decay radioactive process by which the uranium-238 emit positive charged alpha particles which in turn capture free electrons to become neutral helium atoms, the helium will be further broken down to deuterium and protium through various elemental transmutation mechanisms, including cosmic ray spallation, thus forming the hydrogen element, at least the hydrogen and helium naturally occurring on Earth are the terminal products of the hydrogen-end transmutation, unlikely to be the products of the hypothetical Big Bang nucleosynthesis. We have proposed a law of elemental transmutation, which states that: (1) all chemical elements that listed in our periodical table can be fully produced out in just one complete single-binary-single cycle of stellar systems’ evolution. (2) the physical mechanism of stellar-nucleosynthesis is the suggested magnetic-field-confined super power hadron collider mechanism that is co-created and co-participated by both central star and its orbiting planets, as opposed to the hypothesized mechanism of hydrogen-fueled nuclear fusion reaction, the traditional stellar nucleosynthesis is basically treated as a star-self-doing activity done independently by star itself, which has no relationship to its orbiting planets. (3) the elemental transmutation on all planets in a single star system follow the law of hydrogen-end elemental transmutation (density-decreasing trended elemental transmutation), while the elemental transmutation in central star of all single star system follow the law of uranium-oriented elemental transmutation (density-increasing trended elemental transmutation). The two hypothesized laws of elemental transmutations will enable us to physically unify the macroscopic formation-and-evolution of stellar system and the microscopic formation-and-transmutation of chemical elements into one frame of grand unified astroparticlephysical model (GUAT).

 

The core ideas of the theory of star-planet co-evolution summarized into the four suggested laws of star-planet co-evolution:

 

The first law of star-planet co-evolution states that: no single star or single planet in our universe can evolve independently by themselves, but instead, one single star must always couple with one or more its orbiting planets and co-evolve within a holistic celestial co-evolution system, in physical scenario, all natural processes occur either in the body of central star or in the bodies of orbiting planets must be viewed as the consequences of star-planet’s interactions or of the star-planets’ co-evolution, this is also referred to as the principle of full-interaction. We believe this principle cold be a golden rule to pre-judge the correctness of an astrophysical theory, that is to say, all the full-interaction-violated or the star-planet’s co-evolution-violated astrophysical models or theories can be pre-judged fundamentally incorrect. the physical basis for the co-evolution of star and planets is the bilateral and non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between central star and its orbiting planets, the physical system that conduct such a star-planet’s mass-energy exchange is the hypothesized Celestial Tunneling Electromagnetic Bond System (CTEB) in which there exist a bi-directional flowing particle streams running back and forth between central star (e.g. the Sun) and its orbiting planets, the formational mechanism of the CTEB system is the entanglement and intercutting of magnetic field limes of both central star and its orbiting planets. Because of the existence of the star-planet-connected CTEB systems, the central star and its orbiting planets are gravitationally bonded together in a 1-on-1 radial configuration to form a holistic star-planet co-evolution system, the three fundamental functions of the CTEB system are : (1) To mediate the gravity-repulsive interacting-and-competing forces (2) To promote the bilateral and non-equivalent mass-energy exchanging between star and planets, which leads to the result of the stellar-end mass-transference, which is enable a single star system as a whole evolve to a component star of merging binary system. (3) To promote the hydrogen-end elemental transmutation on planet (the long-term density-decreasing trended nuclear transmutation) and to promote uranium-oriented elemental transmutation in star-core. Equivalently, no single celestial system in the universe can evolve without doing non-equivalent mass-energy exchange with another physically interacted celestial system. The star-planet co-evolution always accompany with the changes of their fundamental parameters in a coherent and synchronous pattern.

 

 when this law is extended to microscopic particle system, we get a more general law which states that : no physical system can exist and evolve without doing non-equivalent mass-energy exchange with other physically interacted physical systems, conversely, the premises for a physical system to exist and evolve is the performing non-equivalent mass-energy exchange with other surrounding systems. the axiom of non-absolute isolation states that there is no absolute isolated and closed physical system existed in the universe, all physical systems (from a definable microscopic quantum system to large scale celestial system) are open systems which constantly performing non-equivalent mass-energy exchange with another coupled system or surrounding quantum systems. this rule will lead to the breaking of well-established conservation laws, for example, the conservation of mass-energy can only hold to be true within a limited scope of space scale, limited time scale, and limited mass-energy scale, beyond certain amount of time scale, all conservation laws will be subjected to breaking, for example, the Earth will disappear from its orbit due to the non-equivalent mass-energy exchange with the Sun and the stellar-end mass-transferring process, in this physical scenario, in about 5-7 billion years from now, the 99% of Earth’s mass will be transferred into the Sun’s core to be converted into the raw materials for solar nucleosynthesis and the mass-growth of Sun-core-gestated metallic caryosphere (metallic planetary embryo of next generation), then the observed conservation of mass or conservation of energy occurring in a limited time scale within a limited space-time scale is only “observationally conserve”, as the Earth itself as a big set physical system will disappear from the its orbit, then the laws of conservation of mass-energy that is used to describe the mass-energy transformation processes occurring between few defined subset physical-chemical systems will not hold to be true. that is to say, the currently observed conservation of mass-energy is only observationally conservation, or they are time-limited conservation. Any conservation of mass-energy described within a scope of definable subset physical systems will be subjected to breaking over time. so all the “well-established” conservation laws must be modified to “relative conservation laws” (see chapter of breaking of conservation laws)

 

The second law of star-planet co-evolution states that: in a single star system, the all mass-energy exchange performed between central star and its orbiting planet follow the rule of non-equivalent exchange, it means that, in a given interval of time, the volume of mass-energy that each planet transfers into the star-core through observable planetary hadron-jet-injection is far greater than that of the mass-energy returned by star, and the total volume of mass-energy gained by central star is approximately equal to the sum of the mass-energy that all the system’s planets have collectively lost. In colloquial language, the Sun or any central star always receive more mass-energy than its give out, while the planets always give out more mass-energy to the central star than they receive from the star. This leads to the inevitable result of stellar-end mass-transference. Ultimately, a single star system like our Solar System as a whole will evolve to be a what we called female-component star of merging-binary system, because of the relative conservation of angular momentum, the 3-D spatial centrifugal force derived from the acceleration of baryonic mutual-orbiting of two components will enable the female-component star to eject its billion-year-gestated massively matured metallic caryospheres out into local space, giving birth to a clutch of newborn infant-planets, in the meantime, the plasmatic materials contained in the outer layers of both female-components and male-component will merge into a newborn infantile infant-single-star. all the newborn infant-planet will have its seven fundamental planetary parameters in peak values, it means that all infant-planets will have the highest mass-scale, highest mass-density (associated with its metallicity), biggest orbital radii, highest spin-speed, strongest angular momentum, and strongest magnitude of magnetic strength. All these fundamental planetary parameters will undergo a synchronous decay over time, the law that govern the synchronous-decay of seven planetary parameters is the second law of star-planet co-evolution. the evolutionary process of planet result in the discovery of a universal law of planetary evolution, that is the synchronous decay of seven fundamental planetary parameters over time.

 

The direct observational evidences that can be used to support the second law of star-planet co-evolution are what we called three major photospheric effects observable to the many NASA-credited astronomic pictures: the photospheric-splashing effect, photospheric-cutting effect, and the photospheric-piercing effect, all three major photospheric effects are caused by the Earth-fired lance-shaped high-density hadron jets with different energy levels, the photospheric-piercing effect implies a highest energy level of Earth-fired high-density hadron jets that can easily shot through the entire photosphere envelope of the Sun from its Near-Earth-side to its far-earth-side, carting a clear solar-flare-chain appeared along the straight lines of the Earth-fired hadron jests, together with other planet-fired high-density hadron jets, all these planet-fired high-density hadron jets that constantly inject into the Sun’s core from different directions by penetrating the relatively thin photosphere envelope of the Sun. creating what we have called the magnetic-field-confined hadron colliding mechanism which is a more plausible physical mechanism for the production of heavy metal elements and the production of the solar energy. While the indirect evidences that can be used to support the second law of star-planet co-evolution is the synchronous decay of seven fundamental planetary parameters (see explanations in chapter 2).

 

(3) The third law of star-planetary co-evolution states that: the mode of star-planet mass-energy exchange follows a positive-feedback law (or positive-correlation law), which means that, in a given interval time, the greater the volume of mass-energy (carried by the planet-injected hadron jets or planet-injected cold neutron beams) that the planets inject into the star core, the greater the volume of mass-energy that will be returned by the central star to its exchange partners – the orbiting planets – via the CTEB system, this is also called the positive-feed-back law. This law together with the new-found formational mechanism of sunspots will physically explain all kinds of anomalous natural phenomena that occur at Earth’s crust and in its atmosphere during the period of sunspot maximum or the solar maxima.

 

The fourth law of star-planet co-evolution states that: the formation-evolution of macroscopic celestial systems and the formation-transmutation of microscopic particle systems that make up the celestial systems is fully synchronized and unified one holistic astroparticlephysical process, also referred to as the grand unified astroparticlephysical process or mechanism (GUAP orGUAM). Equivalently, the Celestial Tunneling Electromagnetic Bond system (CTEB) that govern the macroscopical evolution of star and planets will also govern the transmutation process of the microscopic particle systems that make up the celestial systems, in a given single star system, the long-term mass-transferring direction and the long-term mass-density changing direction of the celestial system is rigorously in accord with the mass-transferring direction and the long-term trended mass-density change direction. For example, in Earth-Sun system, the mass-energy transferring direction follows the solar-end mass-transferring direction or the rule of stellar-end mass-transferring, the Earth’s total mass-scale and mean mass-density will undergo long-term decay, therefore, the chemical elements that make up the Earth will transmute from higher mass and higher density to lower mass and lower density, that is to say, during the uranium-to-hydrogen transmutation chain, the elemental transmutation on Earth following the long-term density-decreasing trended nuclear transmutation, if we set the uranium as the representative standard heavy metal element (even if the iridium and osmium are both heavier than uranium, it but does not affect the correctness of this law), and we set the hydrogen as a representative lightest element as a terminal transmutation product, then we get a law statement: the elemental transmutation process on all planets follow the law of the hydrogen-end transmutation. In this physical-chemical scenario, in the case of Earth-based elemental transmutation, the concrete observational evidences imply that the probability of a given heavier father element transmute into a lighter daughter element is far greater than that of a lighter father element transmute into a heavier daughter element, we do sometimes see some cases in which a lighter father element transmute into a heavier daughter element, for example, in the uranium-to-lead decay chain, the long-term density-change-trend is decreasing, when most of the uranium-238 collectively transmute into lead-206, the mean-density of uranium element (19.05g/cm3) will decrease significantly to much lower mean-density of lead element (11.34g/cm3), even though, some intermediate decay processes show the density-increasing changes, such as thorium-234 (density, 11.724g/cm3) decays to protactinium-234(density, 15.37g/cm3), radium-226(density, 5.0g/cm3) decays to radon-222(density, 0.009g/cm3), we see some short-term cases of lighter father element will decay into heavier daughter element, but these intermediate low-to-high density-increasing trended decay processes can not inverse the long-term density-decreasing trend, because of the law of hydrogen-end elemental transmutation on all planets is the same. So the long-term trended elemental transmutation obey the law of the general law of the long-term density-decay of elemental transmutation of planet. Equivalently, the rule of macroscopic CTEB system govern the microscopic QTEB Systems.

 

The physical implication of the forth law of star-planet co-evolution is that, together with the discovery of the omnipotent physical system, the super-symmetric double-hole-structured dual-energy-conversion system, it has theoretically unified the evolution processes of both macroscopic celestial system and the microscopic quantum system into one simple grand unified astroparticlephysics theory (GUAT), the forth law of star-planet co-evolution has laid the foundation for the explanation of the origin of the terrestrial water (see the formation of terrestrial water).

 

 

The relationship between macroscopic CTEB system and the microscopic chemical bond system

 

 

The physical nature and the fundamental physical functions as well as the formational mechanism of both macroscopic CTEB system and the microscopic chemical bond system are exactly the same:

 

(1)                        the macroscopic the CTEB system is the celestial bond system that gravitationally bind the central star and orbiting planets together to form a holistic co-evolution system in which the central star and its orbiting planets are performing 1-on-1 bilateral and non-equivalent mass-energy exchange activities, while the microscopic chemical bond is the microscopic electromagnetic bond system that electromagnetically bind atoms together to form a holistic molecular system, in which the bond-state atoms are collective performing the bilateral or multilateral non-equivalent mass-energy exchange from each other. That is to say, if the macroscopic CTEB system is understood as celestial tunneling electromagnetic bond system that has the fundamental function of promoting the bilateral and non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between central star and its orbiting planets, then the microscopic chemical bond system should be understood as the quantized tunneling electromagnetic bond system (QTEB) at the atomic-to-molecular level, in which all bond-state atoms are collecti9vely performing their non-equivalent mass-energy exchange with each other.

 

(2)                        The relationship between macroscopic CTEB system and the microscopic chemical bond system, or the generalized QTEB system at both atomic-molecular level and the subatomic even subnucleon level, is that the CTEB system govern the QTEB system, manifested as the mass-transferring direction and the long-term trended mass-density changes must agree with each other, for example, the non-equivalent mass-energy exchange will lead to the result of stellar-end mass-transference and the synchronous decay of seven fundamental planetary parameters, and the synchronous increasing of the six stellar parameters (the suggested law of central star evolution), then the mass-transference in chemical bond system, the atomic mass-trensference follows the law of oxygen-end mass-transference or hydrogen-end mass-transference, at subatomic-to-subnucleon level, it will manifested as the observational result shows that the elemental transmutation on Earth follows the law of hydrogen-end elemental transmutation, in this physical scenario, all heavy metal elements will finally transmute into hydrogen element through various physical mechanism, such as the density-decreasing trended radioactive decays, and the proposed critical leap isotopic transmutation by which a stable isotopes of the same element can transmute into different unstable isotopes of the same element, which in turn immediately transmute into the different unstable isotopes of other elements usually through ± beta-decay mechanism. then the unstable isotopes given element will transmute into stable isotopes  through various modes of nuclear transmutation. another possible mechanism of elemental transmutation that can used to explain the long-term mass-reduction of noble metals is the non-prominent quantum evaporation. The typical example of this mechanism is the 50 mmg weight-lost of international standard prototype that is deposited at underground environment inParis. [] the widely seen chemical process of iron oxidation is another typical example of the oxygen-end mass-transference,  in this physical-chemical scenario, the system’s masses of iron oxides is gradually transferred from high-density iron to low-density oxygen. In the case of the Earth based elemental transmutation, the terminal product of the naturally occurring elemental transmutation is the hydrogen atoms trapped in hydrogen-shell lies in upper atmosphere of four-shell-stratified heterosphere, the hydrogen atoms of hydrogen shell will be finally disintegrated into proton and electrons and other subnucleon particles that collectively retained in the Van Allen Radiation Belt to become the Earth-sourced substomic and subnucleon particles that is the main source of the particle provider, it means that the compositions of ionized atomic and subatomic particles contained in the Van Allen Radiation Belt does not come from solar-sourced charged particles as we previously thought, in other words, the solar wind only contributed a small fractional volume of the protons and electrons, positrons in Van Allen Radiation Belt, most of them derived from the hydrogen-shell of the Earth’s upper atmosphere through mainly the physical mechanism of comic ray spallation at the region between upper most Van Allen Radiation and the central area of the outer edge of magneto sheath—the main entrance of incoming solar energetic charged particles, the interaction of incoming solar energetic particles and the Earth’s magnetic filed and the Earth-sourced protons and electrons will create the geomagnetic field confined hadron collider system in which the terrestrial subatomic particles that derived from the Earth’s hydrogen-shell via cosmic ray spallation，including terrestrial protons, terrestrial electrons, and terrestrial neutrinos and part of the incoming solar energetic particles will recombine to form the Earth-fired thermal neutron jets at the center area of what is called the bow shock area through the mechanism of geomagnetic-field-confined hadron collider system, at the outer edge of the magneto sheath of the Earth, the thermal neutrons streams begin to be condensed into high-density cold neutron streams that is fired by the Earth to the Sun’s core, the Earth-fired thermal neutron streams will collide both with the plasmatic materials the Sun’s photosphere envelope and also collide with the other sourced thermal neutron streams that are fired by other planet from different directions to participate in the Sun-core-based hadron collider mechanism, termed the solar magnetic-field-confined super power hadron collider mechanism (SMCHC), by which the heavy metal elements are produced in the Sun’s core while the solar energy is radiated in form of out-streaming solar wind, in general, all single star system can be viewed as a naturally occurring super power star-core-focused magnetic-field-confined hadron collider machine, or system. and all matured spiral galaxy systems, such as our Milky Way Galaxy System can also be viewed as a naturally occurring large scale space hosted super power magnetic-field-confined hadron collider machine too. (for detail see chapter 2)

 

 

Chapter 2

The formation and evolution of the Solar System

 

 

The theory of star-planet co-evolution states that our Solar System formed from a series of stellar-merger events, say, not a single one, there might be dozens of previously merged parent binary systems had involved in the early construction of the infant Solar System, rather than one event of gravitational collapse of a hydrogen molecular cloud (Nebular Hypothesis). The basic mechanism by which the Sun formed is plasmatic-fusion, an unified astrophysical process in which the plasmatic metallic materials contained in the outer layer of both parent component stars fuse together, coalescing to form a newborn single star, forming the infant-Sun. While the basic mechanism through which the planets were born is caryosphere-ejection, an unified astrophysical process in which one of the component stars which has a clutch of massively matured metallic caryospheres gestated in its core, termed the female-component star in laboring-phase, would eject its billion-year-gestated high-density metallic caryospheres out of its photosphere envelope and throw them into local space, giving birth to a clutch of newborn infant-planets and forming the various planets we see today in our Solar System. In this physical scenario, all planets, dwarf planets, and spherical moons we see today in our Solar System were first viviparously formed in the core of their parent stars as groups of high-density nearly pure metal-ball, rather than forming outside the core of their parent stars—accreting materials in the hypothetical protoplanetary discs surrounding the proto-star (according to the Protoplanet Hypothesis). The whole process of planetary formation from the original grain-sized planetary embryo (tiny metallic caryospheres) to their final massively matured status preceding caryosphere-ejection entirely occurs in the star-core, and is called the viviparous principle of planetary formation. The physical mechanism that makes the viviparous principle work is the synchronized stellar magnetic-field-confined super power hadron collider process and the neutronization-degenerate-accretion (Syn-SMC-SHC & NDA), in which all planets in a single star system will fire their lance-shaped high-density hadron jets to the star-core to participate the star-core-focused and the stellar magnetic-field-confined hadron colliding process, the planet-fired high-density hadron jets will first collide with the photosphere envelope of the star, causing the primary photospheric-colliding and synthesizing some thermal heavy nucleons in the plasmatic granules and some higher energy part of the hadron jets will penetrate the photosphere envelope and inject into the star-core, where all planet-fired high-density hadron jets will meet and collide with each other, to participate the solar magnetic-field-confined super hadron collider mechanism, creating heavy metal elements of various species in the Sun’s core, the freshly produced thermal heavy metal elements will be immediately condensed into the bodies of star-core-gestated metallic caryospheres and enable the planetary embryos to grow in mass until they become massively matured waiting for the cayrosphere-ejection process as the single star system as a whole evolve to be a female-component star of merging binary system, the process that the thermal nucleons being condensed into the bodies of metallic caryospheres require a cryogenic environment existed in the interior photosphere envelope with cold temperature probably as low as hundred degrees Celsius below zero, rather than million degrees Celsius hot temperature, which is good for hot plasmatic heavy metal elements to be condensed into solid bodies of star-core-gestated metallic caryospheres, in this physical scenario, the Sun should an “inner-cold and outer-hot” object, one of the observational evidence to prove this kind of “inner-cold and outer-hot” temperature distributions is the 500 degrees temperature difference between umbra and penumbra of the sunspot, since our proposed mechanism of the sunspot formation is the photospheric holes punctured by planet-fired high-density hadron jets, the 500 degrees Celsius colder in sunspots’ umbra indicates that there exists a cold-dark-zone of interior solar photosphere envelope, the observational evidence is contradicted to what the traditional theory described scenario in which the core temperature of the Sun can reach up to 15 millions degrees Celsius high. The proposed solar magnetic-field-confined super hadron collider mechanism is evidentially supported by the observational three major photospheric effects that are displayed in many NASA-credited astronomic pictures, including : the photospheric-splashing effect, photospheric-cutting effect, and the photospheric-piercing effect, the photospheric–piercing effect implies the highest energy-density carried by the Earth-fired lance-shaped hadron jets that can easily shot through the entire Sun’s photosphere envelope from its near-Earth-side to its far-Earth-side, creating a clear multi-spotted solar flare-chain appeared on the straight line of the Earth-injected hadron jets which is also match the straight line of the Sun-Earth-connected CTEB system, [] In this physical scenario, the process of star-core-based nucleosynthesis for the production of heavy metal elements and the star-core-based mass-growing process of metallic planetary embryos’ are totally synchronized into one holistic physical process with the astrophysical mechanism being co-created and participated by both parent star and parent planets, rather than being done by star itself. None of naturally occurring physical processes can be independently done either by central star itself or by planet itself. Everything has to be done through the participation of both central star and its orbiting planets.

 

The process of caryosphere-ejection is powered by the 3-D spatial centrifugal force produced by the accelerating speed of the mutually-orbiting components, thanks to the conservation of angular momentum. As the spatial distance between two components decreases exponentially, the speed of the mutual-orbit also accelerates exponentially, meaning the order of the centrifugal force also increases exponentially. When such a spatial centrifugal force increases to a critical level, the process of caryosphere-ejection will be initiated. Because the baryonic axis of mutually-orbiting components is always in a flip-over status governed by the law of the synchronized spin-flip, the direction of the ejection-pore of the female-component star would dynamically change at any moment to any possible direction during the process of the components merging. In this physical scenario, a female-component star could eject its metal-caryospheres in all directions with an equal probability. This is called the principle of isotropic-ejection. This isotropic-ejection along with synchronized spin-flip motion is the physical basis that is necessary for the creation of an isotropic universal space. It is also a physical basis for the formation of the ovary-shaped magneto-heliosheath and of the hypothetic orbital ring-crossing ball. It means that if we placed the orbital rings of all planets together we would get a ring-crossed spherical shaped structure somewhat like a rubber-band ball, in which the two adjacent planets will have their hypothetical axes of their orbital rings remain in a dynamically orthogonal intersectional status. Altogether the orbital rings of all planets will be orthogonally crossed with each other to form a “rubber-band ball” like structure, which is called the 3-D orbital ring-crossed spherical structure, instead of 2-D concentric orbital plane. Because the hypothetical axis planetary orbit of a given planet is always in a dynamically flip-over status, therefore, even we put each completed orbital ring together, we would also get a orbital-ring-crossed rubber-band-ball like structure. In this physical scenario, we assert that the widely accepted idea of all the orbits of a system’s planets occupying the same plane in a concentric arrangement is not the case. The scientists got this 2-D concentric structured collective planetary motion pictures is due to their time-limited observations, in a given time, there is always possible few planets stay in the 2-D plane, but not all of them, this is because the slow motion of the planetary orbiting, over time, the orbital trails of all the planets forms a rings-crossed rubber-band-ball like structure. The orbital rings of two adjacent planets will not form 2-D disc-like concentric circles, but instead will form a 3-D ring-crossed “net-ball” with an in-out orbital-switch occurring at the 180 degree line. This summarized into the laws of planetary motion as planetary orbital switching effect. Thus, the eccentricity of planetary orbits should not be explained as the planets having “elliptical orbits”, but instead, should be explained as all planets possessing a near circular orbital ring with two adjacent orbital rings undergo an orbital-switching process at the 180 degree line, termed the intrinsic planetary orthogonal orbital-switching effect which is produced by the interplaying effects of combined force factors, including the internal Solar System’s gravity-repulsive interaction force and the interstellar gravity-repulsive interaction force (mainly originating from the galactic center). Therefore, the correct explanation of the high-eccentricity of some planets should be the principle of planetary orthogonal orbital-switching at the 180 degree line – based on the fact that planetary orbit is nearly circular rather than elliptical. The orbital-switch effect is a better solution to solve the eccentricity problem, as opposed to making the nearly circular planetary orbit an elliptical deformation. Furthermore, the “high-eccentricity of comets” should be explained as the suction effect of the radial magnetic vortex that is created both by planetary gravitational interaction and the dynamic planetary orbital-ring-switching effect. The great regularity of the occurrence of comet events should be explained through the even distribution of cometary objects in our Solar System and the great regularity of planetary orbits, because these periodically form radial magnetic vortexes created by the planetary orbital-ring-switch effect and orbital interactions. The orderly formed radial magnetic vortex works like a black-hole that will periodically suck cometary objects into the vortex center when these objects pass near the edge of the vortex opening. Once the cometary objects are sucked into the magnetic vortex, they will be drawn in the direction of the Sun-core, then, the cometary objects will be completely evaporated into various sized particles, ranging from grain-sized small chunks to dust particles over the course of friction burn caused by out-streaming solar wind. leaving it with no large chunks remaining on its dive into the Sun’s atmosphere. In this physical scenario, the cometary objects that appeared in previously occurring long-term comet events, such as Halley’s comet are not actually the same object at all, but different cometary objects with approximately equal body mass and body-size leading to almost even lengths and widths of comet tails and manifested in similar spectroscopic colours (blue and white). In principle, a single cometary object that has a vary limited body mass but could endlessly undergo several thousand times repeated friction burn events and can still survive with a negligible body-mass-reduction is absolutely astounding and implausible. No matter how precisely astrophysists perform their “precise” orbital calculations in trying to explain the so-called eccentricity of cometary orbits, if the physical mechanism of cometary formation that they proposed is fundamentally incorrect, then such a “precise calculation” is meaningless (for detail see sector of new mechanism of cometary formation).

 

The basic mechanism by which the Solar System initially formed is magnetic-integration, i.e. the entanglement and intercutting of magnetized quantum streams based on the principle of orthogonal axial intersection, by which the magnetized quantum streams and the magnetic field lines of the infant-Sun and of its contemporary infant-planets that were ejected in the nearby space will be automatically entangled and intercut with each other, forming a 1-on-1 radial configured Sun-planet-connected Celestial Tunneling Electromagnetic Bond systems (CTEB) by which the central Sun and its orbiting planets are gravitationally bound together with the CTEB-mediated gravity-repulsive interaction force, meanwhile, the Sun-ejected diffusive charged particle streams that are carried by solar wind would intercut with the quantized electromagnetic streams that are carried by the magnetized wind generated from the interactions of magnetic fields of planets in different orbits. Altogether, the combined Sun-to-planet electromagnetic interaction and the planet-to-planet electromagnetic interaction would have created an magneto-heliosheath with magneto-heliosheath-pores evenly distributed on the skin that wraps the entire Solar System, making the Solar System a relatively independent, isolated and yet an open system. Thus we have three basic confirmable infrastructures of the Solar System:

 

The first infrastructure is the 1-on-1 radial configured Sun-planet-connected CTEB systems by which the central Sun and its orbiting planet are gravitationally bound together to form a holistic star-planet co-evolution system in which the Sun and planets are able to perform their non-equivalent mass-energy exchange activities through the CTEB-hosted bi-directional flowing particle streams running back and forth between Sun and planets

.

The second infrastructure is the ovary-shaped magneto-heliosheath that wraps the entire Solar System into a relatively isolated independent system, and protects the system’s members from attack by violent high-energy cosmic rays. However, the Solar System is not an absolutely isolated (or closed) system; it is an open system simply because there is no absolute closed system in our universe. All evolutionary systems are open systems that keep exchanging mass-energy with the outside environment or with another coupled system. The magneto-heliosheath, as one of the by-products of Sun-planet electromagnetic interaction, will produce another two secondary physical structures: (1) the Sun-sized magneto-heliosheath-pores, these giant pores that are evenly distributed on the surface of the magneto-heliosheath work like an opening of the Solar System’s respiratory system, enabling the system to inhale and exhale quantized mass-energy from outside interstellar mediums or exchange information with the outside interstellar environment. (2) the compound radial-direction magnetic vortex-tunneling convection system (CRMVTC) in which bi-directional flowing electromagnetic streams are hosted and the vortex-induced density-increasing hadronic current flows towards the center of the Sun (inverse solar wind vortex currents with the opposite flowing direction to solar wind carried diffusive-protonized particle streams), altogether create a radial-direction vortex convection system, also called the Solar System’s internal magnetic black-hole-energy and white-hole-energy coupled convection system, or the Solar System’s internal double-hole structured dual-energy conversion and convection system.

 

The third infrastructure is the radius electromagnetic convectional systems composed of the Sun-oriented radius magnetic vortexes and the out-streaming solar wind, which is created by interactions between out-streaming solar wind and the magnetic fields of planets, and the magnetic-interactions between planet and planet. such a radius magnetic vortexes will periodically suck in the approached cometary objects like Halley’s comets and create the comet friction event (see the new formational mechanism of SSSBs and the comet-diving and comet-friction burn events).

 

The sun-sized magneto-heliosheath-pore structure, along with its internal vortex-induced bi-directional flowing electromagnetic streams that carry the bi-directional suction-blowing forces, will enable the entire Solar System to inhale and exhale mass-energy from the outside interstellar environment and also enable the Solar System exchange its mass-energy with the nearest stellar system—the Proxima Centauri system, according to the single-binary-single model, all single star systems can be treated as the component star system of a distant binary system in which the two distant single star systems will physically interact with each other and finally evolve to be a contact binary system as the distance between the two decreases. If an observer viewed our Solar System from a very distant mass-point he would find that our Solar System and the nearest Proxima system are actually a pair of distant binary systems in which the two stellar systems are physically interacting with each other, with each respective rotational axis in a dynamic orthogonal intersection status, called the distant physical Solar-Proxima binary system.

 

There are a dozens of previously merged parent binary systems had involved in the early formation of the Solar System, however, it is impossible to determine exactly how many previously merged parent binary system had involved in the early construction of the infant Solar System since some passed-away planet already had its core be disintegrated into debris through the mechanism of thermal-magnetic spallation (also referred to as the thermal-magnetic ripping effect) because of the proposed law of synchronous decay of seven fundamental planetary parameters, plus, there might be a potential planet not be found yet, the precisely calculation of how many previously merger parent binary systems had involved in the early age construction of the Solar System is impossible and yet meaningless. The most important thing is to understand the what king of physical laws and mechanisms that govern the initial formation and the subsequent evolution f the Solar System. Now the only thing we do is doing the approximate estimation by using the number of known planets plus known number of dwarf planets plus some massive and spherical moons, that number might be 10-20 something, since we have the 8 known planets, each of which has its unique chemical-physical properties, then we assume that there might be more than 8 massive binary systems had ejected more than 8 massive embryonic metallic caryospheres out into local space, forming a dozen of  planets, but some of them already died before Mercury and their dead core had been melted and ripped up into debris via mechanism of the thermal-magnetic spallation and being blow away into different regions to form various Small Solar System’s bodies (SSSBs), including long-period and short-period comets, while few massive Dwarf planets might also be the metallic caryospheres ejected by their parent binary systems. In the case of the formation of the Earth-moon system, we have hypothesized that there might be two previously merged parent binary systems had involved in the formation of the Earth-moon system, the Earth was the bigger metallic caryosphere that was ejected by one pair of bigger parent binary system, while the moon was a smaller metallic caryosphere that was ejected by one pair of smaller parent binary systems, because the two parent binary systems had merged about the same period, the two metallic caeyospheres had been ejected into the same local space, once the two ejected metallic caryospheres approaching to each other, their early strong magnetic field lines would entangle with each other, produced a strong entanglement gravitational pull effect, which would bond the infant-Earth and infant-moon together to form a body-to-body fiction-touch space relationship and keep their rotational axes staying in a orthogonal intersection status, such an orthogonal axial intersection configuration does not change while the zero-inch body-to-body fiction-touching space relationship have changed a lot up to present 380,000 km with annual lunar-recession rate of 38 cm, the physical mechanism of lunar recession is due to the law of synchronous decay of seven basic planetary parameters. as the masses and magnetic fields of both planetary objects have been synchronously decayed, the magnetic entanglement-pull effect are weakening, therefore, we can use both Newton’s gravity law plus  the new law of gravity production to physically explain the lunar recession phenomena. The significant chemical-physical property dissimilarity between Earth and Moon can be well-explained with the two-parent-binary principle like two kids were born from two couples. While the significant chemical-physical dissimilarity between planet and planet can be well-explained with many-parent-binary principle, by which more than 8 previously merged parent binary systems had given birth to the 8 infant-planets. some moons and dwarf planet with add shape or big shape defects can be explained as they were born with gentical defects, called the celestial mass-gene defect. They non-perfect products like our human being’s genetic defect kids, because even in celestial society, no one guarantee that every planet, dwarf planet, and moon, are born with perfect round shape, but one thing for sure, that the factors determining a given planetary objects’ round shape or odd shape is not by their mass scale, but related to the production process when they are grow in mass in the core of their parent star, if the mass scale is determining factors that determine whether a given planetary is round-shaped or odd-shaped, then all atoms or low-mass moon should be odd shaped. We proposed a mechanism to explain the round-shaped planet called the mechanism of even-condensation of thermal element, when the freshly produced thermal atoms are condensed into the bodies of star-core-gestated metallic caryosphere, they are evenly condensed to each spot of the mass-growing caryospheres because of the fast spinning of these caryospheres.        

 

According to the single-binary-single model, each single star system as a whole will evolve to be a component star with a clutch of massively matured metallic caryospheres gestated in its core when 99% of the its planetary system’s mass is transferred into the star-core, governed by the universal law of stellar-end mass-transference, according to the laws of synchronous evolution, when both the Solar System and the Proxima System undergo the same evolutionary process—stellar-end mass-transference, the distance between the two will shorten. This means that the evolutionary process of each single star system is synchronized with the evolutionary process of both single star systems’ coupled distant binary system. When each single star system as a whole evolves to be a component star with its planetary system’s mass transferred into its core and left with no remaining planetary objects in orbit around it, the spatial distance between two single star systems will shrink to a negligible length, thus, the original single star systems’ coupled distant physical binary system will synchronously evolve to be a contact binary system, coupled with two components stars that evolved from their parent single star systems. The distant binary system evolved contact binary system will end it’s evolutionary journey with a violent stellar-merger process by transferring its mass-energy to a next generation single star (infant-star) and next generation infant-planets by means of synchronized merge-ejection.  

 

In general, the core change of the Solar System is the change of the Solar System’s mass-distribution status as the system’s mass will be gradually transferred into the Sun’s core from planetary system, therefore, the evolutionary process of the Solar System can be treated as the process of the Solar System’s mass-redistribution (see section of new found laws and new found physical mechanisms). the law of stellar-end mass-transference and the law of planetary-end mass-transference are theoretically consistent with core thought of the Ju’s co-evolution theory. In this physical scenario, we assume that the infant-Sun was a Red Dwarf with much lower mean-temperature of its body, and much lower body mass, and much lower luminosity, scientist already calculated that the Sun’s luminosity will increase by 10% every billion years, it is kind of hard for us to make judgment if this luminosity-increasing rate is accurate or not, but the luminosity-increasing trend of the Sun is correct. However, the mechanisms of solar luminosity-increasing has different explanations, the traditional explanation is based on the Sun’s independent nuclear fusion reaction by burning the hydrogen fuel, while the explanation of Ju’s theory is based on the laws of star-planet co-evolution and the mechanism of Sun-planet’s co-created superpower hadron colliding, as more and more mass-energy has been transferred into the Sun’s core, the energy-density of the planet-fired hadronic jets that are constantly colliding on the Sun’s photosphere envelope becomes stronger and stronger, then both of the violate superficial hadron colliding effect and the photospheric electric-arc steel making effect will become stronger and stronger, thus, the luminosity of the Sun become increasingly higher with the passage of time.

 

The synchronized physical process of planetary formation and of heavy elements nucleosynthesis—the Syn-the SPCC-MC-HC & NDA

 

The planetary formation, the heavy element nucleosynthesis, and the Sun’s energy production, are all in one synchronized and unified physical mechanism, called the star-planet co-created magnetic-field-confined superpower hadron collider mechanism and the neutronization degenerate accretion (Syn-SPCC-MC-HC & NDA), in a single star system, like our Solar System, all planets are constantly firing their highly condensed hadronic jets to the Sun, and these planet-fired density-increasing hadronic jets will collide with the plasmatic materials of the Sun’s photosphere to create the primary hadron-collider mechanism and the highest energy portion of these planet-fired hadronic jets will penetrate the photosphere and meet in the Sun’s core, colliding with each other and create the secondary solar magnetic-field-confined hadron collider mechanism to create heavy atomic nucleus, synthesize large scale of heavy metal elements in both Sun’s photosphere envelope and the Sun ’s core, but the heaviest elemental beings are produced in the core. All these “fresh-made” heavy metal elements will simultaneously condense into the bodies of embryonic metallic caryospheres that have been gestated in the Sun’s core since its initial formation, enable these Sun-core-gestated metallic caryospheres grow in mass until they develop to their massively matured status for next carysphere-ejection event in 6-7 billion years from now. in Ju’s co-evolution theory, all single star systems in universe can viewed as the unified stellar magnetic-field-confined super power hadron collider machine (SMCHCM), by this unified astroparticlephysical process, all kinds of heavy metal elements that are listed in our chemical period table can be fully produced out just in one single-binary-single cycle. Similarly, all kinds of matured spiral galaxy systems are the superpower super-symmetric magnetic-field-confined hadron-collider systems too, in the galactic center, there are plenty of super-heavy metallic elements that could be hundred times heavier than Os/Ir/U can be created in the forms of degenerated super massive bound state neutron-proton nuclei, and these super heavy metallic elements will be condensed into bodies of the supermassive and super-condensed black-metallic-caryosphere, or the super-condensed black planetary embryos, that will be ejected out to local space to become a supermassive neutron star when our Milky Way Galaxy merging with the Andromeda Galaxy in next 4-10 billion years. The diameters of the magnetic field lines can extend to a space range approximately equal to the diameter of the galactic plane of current Milky Way Galaxy (see section of proposed mechanism of neutron star formation), So, the evolution of our Solar System and the evolution the Milky Way Galaxy system are governed by the same unified macro-micro synchronized astroparticlephysical process.

 

The Earth-Sun system is an ideal place to study such a superpower solar magnetic-field-confined hadron collider mechanism that is co-created by both Sun and Earth. especially the aforementioned three major photospheric effects—the photospheric-splashing effect, the photospheric-cutting effect, and the photospheric-piercing effect, have great evidence value in the study of such a naturally occurring superpower colliding mechanism termed as the synchronized solar magnetic-field-confined super power hadron collider mechanism and the neutronized degenerate accretion, short form of this mechanism is Syn-SPCC-SMC-SHC & NDA. with this astroparticlephysical mechanism, the process of macroscopic planetary formation and of the microscopic heavy element formation are well-unified into one framework of the Grand Unified Astroparticlephysical Theory( GUAT), or the grand quantum astrophysical theory (GQAT).

 

 

Chapter 3

The formation of asteroid, asteroid Belt, and comet, and Kuiper belt

Abstraction:

We believe that the existing explanation for the asteroid and comet formation is fundamentally incorrect, because the existing mechanism of the asteroid and comet formation was derived from an incorrect Nebular Hypothesis. If the mechanism of planetary formation is wrong, then the mechanism of asteroid and comet formation can not be correct. The mainstream scientists believe that the early process of planetary accretion plus the random collisions between planetesimals produced asteroids, and the lack of material plus the disruption from proto-Jupiter’s gravitational field produces asteroid belt, while the comets are viewed as the fossil relics of icy planetesimals being tossed into the Kuiper belt or the hypothesized Oort cloud by Jovian world, forming the main source of short-period and long-period comets. [] in this physical scenario, the asteroid and comet are both viewed as the remnants of the Solar System formation or the leftovers of the Protoplanet formation, rather than the terminal product of the planetary evolution. In other words, the asteroid and comet are thought to be born with the birth of planets, rather than the result of planetary evolution. But in the theory of star-planet co-evolution, we believe that the asteroid and comet are both the core-ripped remnant debris of life-ending planets that had finished their life journey before Mercury due to their orbital decay, in other wards, the asteroid and comet are both the fragmented remains of the life-terminated planets, or the terminal products produced by what we called the mechanism of solar thermal-magnetic-spallation (STMS).The viewpoints described in the STMS model are well-consistent with the core ideas of the suggested four fundamental laws of star-planet co-evolution, and most of these suggested laws and mechanisms can be cross-proved by direct and indirect modern observational evidences. In this physical scenario, when the orbital radius of an aged planet decays to a critical distance where is close up to the Sun’s coronal sphere, the million degrees Celsius high coronal-temperature will melt the high-metal dead-core into a half-liquid plasmatic status while the strong solar magnetic field force will immediately rip up the molten-core into numerous irregular-shaped pieces of various size, meanwhile, the out-streaming solar wind will blowing away these core-ripped debris into different orbits, forming various asteroids and comets we see today in our Solar System, most of these out-moving debris would be trapped within gravitational field of the infant-Jupiter, forming the asteroid belt lies between Mars and Jupiter, others were tossed into trans-Neptunian world by the combined repulsive force produced by what we termed the Solar System’s Radius Convectional System (SSRCS), the dynamical structure created by the overlapped interactions between magnetized out-streaming solar wind and the magnetic fields of Jovian planets, forming the Kuiper belt and its associated scattered disc, the major source of both short-period and long-period comets. As it opposed to the traditional theory, we don’t consider the hypothesized Oort cloud as the major source of long-period comets, because we believe that the force that gravitationally pulls the trans-Neptunian cometary objects into the inner Solar System is the radius suction force produced by what we have called the whirlpool-like Solar System’s Great Radius Magnetic Vortex System (SSGRMV), rather than the gravity perturbations caused by orbital resonance of Jovian planets, or other reasons, such as the comets’ high-eccentric elliptical orbits. we even suspect the long-standing idea that the periodic comets have highly eccentric elliptic orbits, it seemed that such a cometary orbits never exist in nature, they might only exist in the paper-drawing context or in our subjective-minded brain. The modern observations strongly suggested that there exist an invisible whirlpool-like Solar System’s Great Radius Magnetic Vortex Systems that play an important role in the events of periodic comets. we believe that, there are at least two observational evidences can cross-prove the existence of the SSGRMV from different viewpoints, the astronomic pictures of the comet McNaught and the comet West provided by Wikimedia show the images of the great whirlpool-like curvatures of the comet tails that are perfectly reflected the shapes and force effects of whirlpool-like radius magnetic vortex systems from the viewpoint of the lateral side[ accurate info about the credited photographer needed], while the astronomic videos provided by “space.come” displayed a coil-shaped comet tails that perfectly reflected an image of the whirlpool-like structure of the magnetic vortex system from the viewpoint right behind the comet tail, these two groups of hard evidences can cross-prove the existence of the SSGRMV. [accurate info about the video-maker needed] by using dynamical structures of the whirlpool-like Solar System’s Radius Magnetic Vortex System to explain the mechanism of the sun-diving cometary friction burn events would be closer to the truth than using the notion of high inclination and high eccentricity elliptic comets’ orbits.    

 

About the factor that determines the body-shape of planetary objects

 

 Beside the physical explanation of the asteroid and comet formation, The solar thermal-magnetic-spallation model implies another potential fact, that is, the mass-scale and its corresponding gravity force may not be the key factor that determines the body-shape of a planetary object, whether it is spherical or irregular.  In mainstream scientific community, the mass-determine-shape idea was a well-established and strongly-believed principle of physics, as students of learn, in order to be spherical, one planetary object must have enough mass which produces strong enough gravity force to make itself a spherical shape, although scientists cold never give out the exact volume of the critical mass that is needed for an object to be spherical, they are still firmly convinced that the reason for Solar System’s Small Bodies (SSSB) to be irregular-shaped is simple because they don’t have enough mass. And conversely, the reason for all planets, some dwarf planets, and some moons in Solar System to be spherical is simply because they have enough mass. However, such a “mass-determine-shape principle” encounter lots of observational contradictions, some irregular-shaped moons and dwarf planets have way greater mass than some spherical-shaped comets, for example, the comet Florence (3122) appeared to be spherical, [] but its estimated 4.9 km diameter suggested that its body-mass is way lower than most of the irregular-shaped dwarf planets and irregular-shaped moons in Solar System, another mass-determine-shape paradox is that, how come “the relatively low-mass” atoms are spherical while the “relatively high-mass” SSSBs are irregular-shaped? Our study show that “the mass-determine-shape principle” is fundamentally incorrect, in other wards, the physical process of planetary shaping has nothing to do with their mass scale, but rather with some unknown physical mechanisms that shaped planetary objects in universe.

 

In the theory of star-planet co-evolution, we have proposed a set of new principles and mechanisms to explain the processes of planetary shaping, or the puzzle of planetary shaping, in this physical scenario, the mechanism by which the spherical planetary object is formed is even-mass-coating, while the mechanism by which the irregular-shaped planetary object is formed is solar thermal-magnetic-spallation (STMS) or the solar thermal-magnetic-ripping (STMR), both of the physical mechanisms are theoretically consistent with the core ideas of all aforementioned viewpoints expressed in the frame of theory of star-planet co-evolution. The latter one, the STMS or STMR mechanism has been well-explained in the first and second paragraphs of this chapter 3, when explaining the formation of asteroid and comets. To all physicists or people with common sense, the processes that how could a spherical-shaped sun-approaching-core of life-ending planet be thermal-magnetically ripped into a group of irregular-shaped chunks is easily understood. So we would like to explain the mechanism of even-mass-coating with following points:

 

(1). In the suggested model of synchronized fusion-ejection, the Solar System formed from a series of stellar-merger events in a process by which dozens of previously merged parent contact binary star systems that had ejected out their infant-planets, dwarf planets, and some spherical-shaped moons to current Solar System while the outer layers of plasmatic materials of all parent component stars had already merged into the body of current Sun in billions of years ago. The processes of planetary formation can be classified into two periods, the long period of embryonic mass-growing which is the period of the single star system evolution, also called the period of planetary-embryos-gestation period, and the short period of merging-phased contact binary system, which include the last process, the birth of infant-planet when binary stars merging, termed the metallic caryosphere-ejection.

 

(2) the process of even-mass-coating is proceeded in the solar-like single star system, 

 

 

 

Ultimately, the formation of asteroid and comet is the consequence of the result of the suggested law of planetary evolution, and the law states that, the process of planetary evolution is essentially the physical process of exponentially synchronous decay of seven fundamental planetary parameters, including orbital decay, and the natural mechanism that produces this law is the CTEB-conducted non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between Sun and its orbiting planets, and equivalently, the suggested law of planetary evolution is derived from the suggested law of solar-end mass-transference or the stellar-end mass-transference in more general sense. For this reason, We believe that this proposed synchronous decay law is universally applicable to all the cases of planetary evolution occurs in the solar-like single star systems.

 

The newly proposed physical laws and mechanisms that involve in the formation of asteroid and comet

 

 

In the theory of star-planet co-evolution, the asteroids and comets are both viewed as the core-ripped remnant debris of the life-ending planets that had ended their life journey before the Mercury due to the planetary orbital decay. The mechanism by which the asteroids and comets formed is the solar thermal-magnetic-spallation (STMS), or the solar thermal-magnetic-ripping (STMR). In this physical scenario, the originate place where the asteroid and comet are initially formed are the regions located within the orbit of Mercury which is close to the coronal sphere of the Sun, rather than the regions of today’s asteroid belt or Kuiper belt. According to the suggested law of planetary evolution, all planets in the universe evolve by following the law of exponentially synchronous decay of seven fundamental planetary parameters including orbital decay, which is caused by the universal astrophysical mechanism of the CTEB-conducted non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between central star (the Sun) and its orbiting planets, the law of star-planet’s non-equivalent mass-energy exchange states that, in each given interval time, the mass-energy volume that each planet transferred to the Sun’s core through the star-planet-connected CTEB system is far greater than the volume of mass-energy that the Sun ejected to the planet, it means that the total volume of the mass-energy that all planets collectively lost is approximately equal to the volume of mass-energy that the Sun gained, this leads to the result of solar-end mass-transference, or the stellar-end mass-transference in more general sense, the solar-end mass-transference that corresponding to the planetary mass-energy reduction is the universal process of star-planet co-evolution which enable a solar-like single star system as a whole evolve to be a what we called the female-component star of next generation of the merging-phased contact binary system, as the process of star-planet co-evolution is described in the form of the suggested law of planetary evolution, it will be physically manifested as the process of the synchronous decay of seven fundamental planetary parameters including the orbital decay, thus, the suggested law of planetary evolution is the same thing as the process of the exponentially synchronous decay of seven fundamental planetary parameters, so we also called the suggested law of planetary evolution “the synchronous decay law”, which states that, because all planets are initially formed from the process of the synchronized fusion-ejection occurring in the event of binary stars merger, as an initially ejected high-density embryonic metallic caryosphere, all infant-planet have their seven fundamental planetary parameters in relatively highest values, i.e. all infant-planet initially have : (1) the highest orbital radii, (2) the fastest rotational speed, (3) the highest mass-scale, (4) the highest mean-density and its associated highest metallicity, (5) the strongest magnetic field strength, (6) the biggest angular momentum, and (7) the biggest internal energy. and later all these seven planetary parameters will decrease over time in an exponentially synchronous decay manner as result of the rule of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between central star and its orbiting planets, or the law of solar-end mass-transference, or the law of stellar-end mass-transference in more general sense, the alternative expression of the synchronous decay law is that: no single planetary parameter could decay independently without co-decays of other fundamental parameters, in other words, in an given interval time, a decay of any single planetary parameter implies the co-decays of other six fundamental planetary parameters. for any evolving planet, according to this law, if one of its planetary parameters is proved long-term decay, then the six of other fundamental planetary parameters will also be measured in long-term decaying status.

 

The evidences to prove the suggested law of exponentially synchronous decay of seven fundamental planetary parameters

                                                                                                    

If the suggested law of synchronous decay of seven fundamental planetary parameters is proved to be true, then the hypothesized astrophysical mechanism of the asteroid and comet formation, the solar thermal-magnetic-spallation, will be proved itself. We believe that the following direct or indirect observational evidences can be useful for proving the synchronous decay law :

 

(1)                           the provement of the ongoing shortening of the Earth’s orbital radius: the long-term decreased timescale of the Earth’s orbital period can partially be explained by the ongoing shortening of the Earth’s orbital radius besides the factor of the slowing down of the orbital linear speed of the Earth. it means that our Earth is evolving to be closer and closer to the Sun, and in the far distant future, the old Earth will be approaching the Sun’s coronal sphere and encounter the same fate as all other life-ended planets that had died before Mercury, the fate of being thermal-magnetically ripped into pieces by solar heat and solar magnetic field force.

 

(2)                           the provement of the slowing down of the Earth’s rotation speed: the long-term increased timescale of the Earth-day can directly be explained by the long-term slowing down of Earth’s rotational speed.

 

(3)                           The provement of the long-term weakening of Earth’s magnetic field: as of September 16, 2017. according to Wikimedia: “at present, the overall geomagnetic field is becoming weaker; the present strong deterioration corresponds to a 10-15% decline over the last 150 years and has accelerated in the past several years; geomagnetic intensity has declined almost continuously from maximum 35% above the modern value achieved approximately 2,000 years ago. The rate of decrease and current strength are within normal range, as shown by record of past magnetic field recorded in rocks”. The ongoing weakening of the geomagnetic field is one of hard evidence that Earth’s internal energy is in constantly weakening status, this is not only match the geodyamo model, but also it indirectly prove a fact that Earth is consistently lose its mass-energy to the Sun due to the CTEB-conducted non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between Sun and Earth.  

 

(4)                           Provement of the exponential planetary mass-reduction: it is extremely difficult to directly prove the exponentially mass-reduction of the Earth for a Earth-based observer, However, we can still indirectly prove the fact that the Earth’s mass is in long-term decrease trend by using cross-prove method based on two confirmed natural phenomena: the lunar recession and the fast-shrinkage of Mercury, according to Newton’s law of gravitational force, the plausible explanation for the lunar recession is the mass-decays of both Earth and Moon, because of long-term mass-reductions of the Earth and Moon, the mass-based gravity force that binds Earth and moon together become asymptotically weaker and weaker, plus the effect of the solar wind’s isolation,  created the lunar recession phenomenon, the more accurate theory to explain the lunar recession, we believe, is the theory of star-planet co-evolution, which encompasses the suggested law of synchronous decay of seven fundamental planetary parameters and the principle of gravity force production (see section of proposed principle of gravity force production), according to our proposed mechanism of Earth-moon system formation, the initially space relationship between infant-Earth and infant-moon is the rigid-body-contact and mutual-friction relationship, the two spinning planetary objects have their rotational axes perpendicular to each other in a geometric relationship we termed the principle of orthogonal axial intersection of two-body system, such a orthogonal axial intersection of the Earth-moon system remains no change for at least 5 billion years, because, in any two-body system, in order to keep a long-term stable and balanced gravity-repulsive interaction, two spinning systems must always have their spin axis perpendicular to each other to form a configuration of orthogonal axial intersection to maximize the entangling-and-intercutting effect of their magnetic field lines, which achieves the strongest strength of the Celestial Tunneling Electromagnetic Bond System (CTEB), also called the CTEB strength, this exact principle of gravitational force production applicable to two-body and many-body systems, which is universally applicable to all spinning systems of various mass-energy scales, ranging from the binary galactic systems, such as the Milky Way-Andromeda Binary Galaxy System, to the subatomic particle system, such as the neutron-proton bond system, proton-electron bond system, and the electron-positron bond system, it means that, the spin-axis of any bond state two-particle system, the spinning axis of each particle is always remains perpendicular to each other. Another evidence to prove the long-term Earth mass-reduction is the fast shrinkage of the Mercury, which is re-confirmed by American scientists in 2016. [] because the synchronous decay law is applicable to all planets, the Mercury’s fast shrinkage plus the measurable decays of Earth’s fundamental planetary parameters, such as the long-term weakening of the geomagnetic field strength, reduced orbital period, and the increased day time, all together, cross-proved the fact that Earth’s body-mass is decreasing. Question: where is these Earth-lost mass go? Answer: the Sun’s core. the volume of Earth-lost mass is far greater than the volume of the mass that Earth gained from the event of the asteroid impact on Earth, it means that put all meteorites that landed on Earth together, it still negeligible when comparing the mass that Earth transferred into the Sun’s core via the Sun-Earth-connected CTEB system.

 

 

 The similar chemical composition of asteroid and comet

 

According to the suggested solar thermal-magnetic-spallation model, the asteroids and comets are both produced by the same universal unified physical mechanism and derived from the same kind of parent body which is the dead-core of life-ended planet that had died before Mercury, so they are basically the same type of Small Solar System’s Bodies (SSSBs) that had been distributed to different orbits billion years ago by the Solar System’s Radius Convectional System which is created by the overlapped interactions of out-streaming solar wind and the magnetic fields of all planets. for this reason, the asteroid and comet should have the similar chemical composition,  tit means that, they are both made up mainly of the high-density metallic rocky core coated with layers of hydrated minerals, metal oxides, frozen gas molecules, and trace amount of organic molecules. That is why the various asteroids and comets are looked rocky and made up of high-metal rocky materials, in other words, there is no radical difference between asteroid and comet for their chemical compositions. The only difference between two in chemical construction is the proportion of the heavy metal elements and the light gas elements by mass. Because of the preconceived notion derived from the incorrect Protoplanet Hypothesis, scientists trying to use the data provided by NASA’s Deep Impact missions and the data provided from EU’s Giotto and Vegas missions to prove the Fred Whipple’s “dirty snowball” model and the “Panspermia Hypothesis”, NASA’s scientists think that the organic molecules detected from coma and tails are the hard evidences that are helpful for proving the “Panspermia Hypothesis”. And when scientists found that the comet nucleus actually has a “hot dry surface”, they refined the “dirty snowball” model to the so-called “icy dirtyball” model. [] but We believe that all these explanations are far-fetched interpretations of the observational evidences. The detected water molecules and other kinds of CHON-consisted icy materials only proved one fact that the comet nucleus do have the certain amount of CHON-consisted molecules, it does not prove the fact that the comets are composed mostly of the icy materials. Even though, according to the suggested law of bi-directional elemental transmutation, the CHON-represented gas elements found on comet nucleus are not the gas elements that formed the cometary objects 4.6 billion years ago by the method of planetary accretion, all these CHON-represented light gas elements may not even existed 4.6 billion years ago, but in fact, all gas elements that made up the planetary objects, including comet nucleus, are originally derived from the heavy metal elements that made up the planetary objects themselves, rather than being accreted from interstellar space or from so-called protoplanetary disc. the one of the biggest flaws in the Big Bang cosmology and the Nebular Hypothesis is that light gas elements, such as the hydrogen/helium have been existed in universe for nearly 13.7 billion years ago since the occurrence of the Big Bang event, and most of these Big Bang nucleosynthsis-produced hydrogen/helium continuously exist up to present day without change, but in fact, a given hydrogen/helium have a very limited lifetime for them to exist as stable elements. Our study indicate that hydrogen/helium along with all other gas elements found on Earth are collectively initially derived from the heavy metal elements through various mechanisms of elemental transmutations including radioactive decay, the processes of various mechanism of elemental transmutations can be generally classified into two pathways: the short-cut pathway and the long-term asymptotic pathway, the short-cut pathway could be the alpha-decay process by which the uranium or thorium emits positive-charged helium cores which in turn capture the free electrons from surround environments on their way flying through space, forming the neutral helium, the neutral helium atoms can be broken down into deuterium and one-proton hydrogen through the mechanism of cosmic ray spallation, in principle, according to the suggested law of synchronized processes of the elemental transmutation ad the celestial evolution, the process of various mechanisms of elemental transmutation occurring on Earth are totally under control by the Sun-Earth-connected CTEB system. when this law is extended to the creations of gas elements found on comet nucleus, we reach a conclusion that the gas elements detected from the comet nucleus are originally derived from the heavy metal elements made up the cometetary objects themselves, rather than accreted from protoplanetary disc. it means that the comets we see today looked vary differently, all cometary objects we see today in Solar System are originally dead-core-ripped remnant debris which are initially composed mostly of the heavy metal elements, in other words, the CHON-represented gas elements detected from current comets may not existed 4.6 billion years ago. They derived from the heavy metal elements during the billions of years of elemental transmutations processes that occurs on cometary objects (for detail see section of suggested law of bi-directional elemental transmutation).

 

 

According to our suggested law of hydrogen-end elemental transmutation, all these light gas elements that formed the frozen gas molecules or water ice found on different comet nucleus, such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, etc, are initially derived from the heavy metal elements that made up the nucleus itself, rather than accreting from interstellar medium, to deeply understand the suggested law of hydrogen-end elemental transmutation, we have to explain the basic notions of the newly proposed law of bi-directional elemental transmutation, the according to our proposed forth law of star-planet co-evolution(see chapter 1), the suggested law of bi-directional elemental transmutation, which encompasses the suggested law of hydrogen-end elemental transmutation that governs the elemental transmutation process on all planetary objects and the suggested law of uranium-end elemental transmutation that governs the elemental transmutation process in all central stars, the law states that, the evolution of celestial bodies (or systems), such as the evolution of the planet Earth, is essentially the collective effects of elemental transmutations by elements that initially made up the planet Earth by which uranium element will finally transmute into hydrogen elements through various known or unknown mechanisms of elemental transmutations, including the various modes of radioactive decay, in traditional theory of radioactive decay, the mainstream scientists believe that all isotopes of lead is stable, but in fact, no isotope of any species of elements is stable, all elements in universe are undergoing dynamically transmutation from one kind of element to another through various mechanisms which are governed by the star-planet-connected CTEB system, in more general, all kinds of particles, ranging from atomic beings to subnucleon beings, are undergoing dynamically transmutations to one another. The one of the biggest flaws in traditional theories, such as the Big Bang cosmology and the Nebular Hypothesis, is that the hydrogen/helium can survival more than 13 billion years, for example, the hydrogen/helium elements that made up the current Sun are thought to be produced by Big Bang nucleosynthesis happened 13.7 billion years ago, in this physical scenario, the hydrogen found in comet nucleus or on current Earth are thought to be produced 13.7 billion years ago, this is unlikely, we believe that a given hydrogen or a given proton can hardly survive for more than 1 billion years, or far shorter than we thought before, according to our proposed forth law of star-planet co-evolution, a given hydrogen can be quickly broken down into proton and electron in hydrogen-shell of Earth’s upper atmosphere by mechanism of cosmic ray spallation, while a given proton could undergo a bi-directional decay and turn itself into neutron through electron-capture mechanism and turn itself into subnucleon particles through the hypothesized mechanism of proton-disintegration, which occurs mostly in upper atmosphere (Van Allen Radiation Belt) or interplanetary or interstellar space. The lifespan of a given proton or neutron can never last any longer that of the planetary object that they made of. May way shorter than lifespan of the Earth(fro detail see section of suggested law of elemental/subatomic particle’s transmutation). basically, the uranium-to-hydrogen transmutation process can be classified into two categories: the short-cut pathway (fast process) and the asymptotic gradient mass-density-decreasing pathway (slow process). the typical fast short-cut pathway is the alpha-decay by which the uranium emit positive-charged helium core to surrounding environment, which in turn, a given positive-charged helium core capture the free electrons to turn itself into a neutral helium atoms, and the helium atom will be further broken down into different isotopes of hydrogen through various mechanisms including cosmic ray spallation, that is why people aquire helium from underground, finally, the hydrogen atoms that contained in the hydrogen-shell in upper atmosphere will be further photo-electrically broken down into protons and electrons that are trapped in Van Allen Radiation Belt by Earth’s magnetic field, from there, the Earth-sourced protons, electrons, and neutrinos (terrestrial subatomic/subnucleons) will meet and collide with the incoming solar-sourced protons and electrons (solar subatomic/subnucleon particles), creating what we have called the terrestrial magnetic-field-confined hadron collider mechanism that produces the hot neutron, finally the terrestrial hot neutrons will be condensed into cold neutrons streams which produces a lance-shaped neutronized hadron streams, creating a Earth-fired neutronized hadron jets that inject into the Sun’s core through the pathway of the Sun-Earth-connected CTEB system, creating the superpower solar-magnetic-field-confined hadron collider mechanism by which the various heavy metal elements are synthesized inside the Sun’s core. this is the newly proposed mechanism of stellarnucleosynthesis as opposed to the traditional proton-proton chain based nuclear fusion reactor mechanism. following the same rule, the hydrogen and oxygen can be produced in comet nucleus in a process governed by the same suggested law of hydrogen-end elemental transmutation. themselves gradient for details, please see the section of the suggested generalized law of bi-directional elemental transmutatations, which encompasses the suggested law of the hydrogen-end elemental transmutation that govern the process of elemental transmutations on all planetary objects and the suggested law of uranium-end elemental transmutation that governs the process of elemental transmutations in all central stars.

 

As opposed to the traditional theory, we don’t consider the Oort cloud as the main source of the long-period comet, because we believe that the force that gravitationally pull the comets down towards the Sun from their original orbits is the sun-core-oriented suction force produced by what we called the dynamical structure of the whirlpool-like Solar System’s Great Radius Magnetic-vortex Systems (SSGRMS) created by the mechanism of the overlapped magnetic field interactions working between Sun and planets, and the planet and planet, rather than the gravitational perturbations caused by passing stars and the galactic tide. The mainstream astronomers also attribute the periodical recurrence of the so-called “perihelion passage” or “periodical comet return” to a reason that the periodic comets intrinsically have their highly eccentrically elliptical orbit. In fact, we believe that, this is not the case, we believe that such a highly imaginary high-eccentric elliptic orbit of periodic comet could not exist in nature, but instead, they only exist in our paper-drawing context or in our subjective imaginary brain. The orbits of various asteroids or comets are not elongated elliptical, but nearly circular. The mechanism that physically drives the main-belt comet or the Kuiper belt comet down to streak through the inner Solar System with such a great time-regularity is that the orderly formations of the dynamical structure of the whirlpool-like Solar System’s Great Radius Magnetic-vortex Systems on their orbits by which the SSGRMS will suck any approaching comets into their whirlpool centre and gravitationally draw them down towards the Sun-core-oriented direction, creating various sun-diving cometary friction burn events that are showing us a great time-regularity.

 

It was a great periodicity displayed by some short-period comet event that convinced Edmond Halley and the modern scientists to believe that the 76-year-cycled Halley’s comet “return” is the reappearance of the same object. but we believe that, this is not the case, considering the observational fact that each session of the destructive white-hot cometary friction burn cold substantially reduce the body-mass of a size-limited comet nucleus or even lead to a mass-exhaustion in one-shot sun-diving friction burn event, and  plus our proposed “solar thermal-magnetic-spallation model and the suggested mechanism of the SSGRMS, we believe that, it is vary likely, the recurrence of the 76-year-cycled Halley’s comet may not caused by the same cometary object, but instead, it may caused by different cometary objects that have approximately equal body-mass and body-size, and the nearly equal spatial distance existed in between two adjacent cometary objects because of the suggested mechanism of equal-debris-distribution, the orderly formation of the sun-core-oriented radius whirlpool-like magnetic vortex systems would make the occurrence of the comet-suction-event a great periodicity, which in turn makes the sun-diving cometary friction burn event a great time-regularity, which leads to the scientists to misrecognize each periodic sun-diving comet’s friction burn event as the reappearance of the same object. It is understandable that the single factor of the periodicity alone can not prove the fact that Halley’s return is caused by the same object, unless we can accurately compare the exact body-shapes with the close up 3-D image-comparing based on the data covered from space probe-based instruments and the isotopic and chemical analysis to the samples returned by space probe. In other words, it too early to each a final conclusion that the 76-year-cycled Halley’s “return” is the reappearance of the same object. To prove this, we need generations of probe-based close-up observations and sample studies. Indeed, only a carefully developed evidence chain can cross-prove a scientific fact especially when there is an existence of the observational contradictions. Rather than one-factor proving. To any logical-thinking scientist, a generally accepted idea that a body-mass-limited Halley’s comet cold withstand few thousand times of white-hot friction burns can still survive with minor mass-reduction, this is absolutely astounding and unlikely, even though, the 15 km x 8 km x 8 km sized object is composed mostly of the high-metal rocky materials, it still can hardly survive from such a destructive white-hot friction burn event, but not to say, an “dirty snowball” or a “icy dirtyball” that is thought to be composed of loose collections of ice, dust, and small rocky particles. In principle, any objects that are composed mostly of the loose collections of ice, dust, and small rocky particles will be totally burning up and evaporated into cloud of dust when closely approaching the Sun, at this point, we assume that all “perihelion passage” event of the periodic comet are actually sun-diving friction burn events, the curvature of the bottom part of the whirlpool-like Solar System’s Great Radius Magnetic-vortex would probably produce an elusion to Earth-based observers that make them believe that a sun-diving comet friction burn event is a perihelion approaching event, but the potential fact is that a sun-diving comet could dive into the Sun from the far-Earth-side. since the whirlpool-like suction force that gravitationally pull the Kuiper comets down towards the Sun is so much powerful just like a sun-plant co-created black hole effect, how come a Kuiper belt comet is being drawn towards the Sun from such a far-distant orbit can still return to its original orbit after the object having experienced a destructive friction burn event? it is unlikely. After a series of carefully data analysis, we have reached a conclusion that is, no Kuiper comets that had been drawn towards the Sun can survive the destructive white-hot friction burn and can still return to its original orbits.

 

Because of the Sun’s rotation and its rotational axis is always stay in a flipping over status, which is called the synchronized spin-flip motion, the core-ripped debris will evenly distributed into different orbits, forming multiple layers of 3-D spherical asteroid cloud or comet cloud, rather than 2-D asteroid belt or 2-D Kuiper belt, making an approximately equal distances between any tow adjacent asteroid or comet chunks, this is called the mechanism of even asteroids or comets distribution. Such an even asteroids and comets distribution has laid the physical basis for periodically recurrence of the sun-diving cometary friction burn events to display a great time-regularity. We have further proposed that the formational mechanism of the sun-core-oriented whirlpool-like radius magnetic-vortex systems are the overlapped magnetic field interactions including: the interactions between the magnetized out-streaming solar wind and the magnetic field of each orbiting planet, and the inter-planetary magnetic field interactions, which is caused by the entangling-and-intercutting of the planetary electromagnetic streams produced by the magnetized planetary wind of the adjacent planets.

 

The out-streaming solar wind and the sun-core-oriented suction force that produced by whirlpool-like magnetic-vortex system altogether create a group of complicated Solar System’s convectional systems.

 

The traditional theory maintains that the reason for periodic comets to streak through the inner Solar System is caused by their highly eccentric elliptic orbits, we believe that this conclusion is fundamentally incorrect, because such an imaginary high-eccentric elliptic orbit of periodic comet can hardly exist in nature, it only exists in the paper-drawing context. Because the notion of the highly eccentric elliptic orbit of comet is derived from an incorrect model of planetary motion, that is, the orbits of planets are in the same 2-D plane, this is not the case. In fact, according to the newly suggested laws of planetary motion (see the suggested new laws of planetary motion in chapter 4), and our studies based on a carefully analysis of many observational evidences, we have concluded that, over time, the orbital rings of given planet forms a 3-D spherical rubber-band-like dynamical structure due to the dynamically flipping over of its hypothetical axis of its orbital ring, while the orbital rings of all planets will also jointly form a 3-D spherical rubber-band-like dynamical structure because of the rule of orthogonal axial intersection of the adjacent planets, in other words, the reason for all planets to have their orbital rings form a spherical rubber-band-like structure is that, the hypothetical axis of orbital ring of given planet always stays in a flipping over status, it means that the hypothetical axis of each completed orbital ring will have its unique axial angle, hence, over a period of time, the orbital rings of any given planet can not perfectly match to each other, therefore, in a given long period of time, the orbital rings of given planet forms a 3-D spherical rubber-band-like dynamic structure. and we further believe that the hypothetical axes of any two adjacent planets are dynamically perpendicular to each other by following the rule of orthogonal axial intersection, this is because that the overlapped gravity-repulsive interactions, including interactions between Sun and planets, and the interactions between planet and planet, and plus the super gravity force produced by the galactic-centered black-hole, will significantly perturb the orbits of planets, making the orbital rings of two adjacent planets switch to each other at the 180 degrees straight lines by placing the Sun at the midpoint of the straight line that connects two adjacent two planets, this is called the mechanism of planetary orbital switching. In this physical scenario, if we slice the hypothetical rubber-band-like spherical structure in half, we would find that the orbital rings of all system’s planets do not form a perfectly paralleled concentric structure as we previously thought, but an overlapped ring-switched structure. Hence, the real picture of the overall dynamical structure of the Solar System’s planetary orbital configuration would be an overlapped spherical rubber-band-like 3-D structure, rather than 2-D plane. The high inclinations of the orbital trajectory that displayed in each sun-diving comet’s friction burn event perfectly reflected the trajectory image of the Radius Magnetic-vortex from the viewpoint of the Earth. the planetary orbital switching mechanism is necessary for the Solar System to form a concrete stable structure in order to prevent the holistic Solar System from being disintegrated by destructive galactic tidal force produced by the super galactic black-hole. The paralleled concentric orbital rings that are placed in a 2-D plane can hardly be a stable structure. this is also the physical basis on which the Solar System produces its own a 3-D ovary-shaped heliosheath with many Sun-diameter-sized magnetic-heliosheath-pores evenly distributed on the surface of the heliosheath, while the magnetic-heliosheath-pore is actually the outer opening of the whirlpool-like Solar System’s Great Radius Magnetic-vortex Systems, with this dynamical structure, the Solar System is able to exchange mass-energy with interstellar environment, which makes the Solar System an both open and yet a relatively closed independent system, the holistic Sun-planet co-evolution system.

 

The reason that astronomers are convinced that the orbits of all planets are in the same 2-D plane is that, due to the planets’ relatively slow linear speed of orbital motions, in any given time, one observer can always spot some planets from above the ecliptic plane on Earth’s upper polar region (see section of newly proposed laws of planetary motion), that gives the astronomers an elusion that the orbits of all Solar System’s planets are in the same plane. but in fact, due to the flipping over of hypothetical axis of orbital ring, it is impossible for any planet orbit the Sun in the exactly same many-ring-matched 2-D plane, in general, none of the spiral axes of any spinning system can remains in static status, the synchronized spinning-flipping motion style is universally applicable to all spiraling systems. Therefore, the orbital rings of any given planet forms a 3-D dynamically changed rubber-band-like spherical structure, and the orbital rings of Solar System’s planets form an invisible 3-D rubber-band-like spherical structure. according to our proposed new laws of planetary motion, the hypothetical axes of orbital rings of any two adjacent planets remains dynamically perpendicular to each other following the rule of orthogonal axial intersection, in this physical scenario, the overlapped magnetic interactions, such as the interactions between the spherically out-streaming magnetized solar wind and the magnetic field of orbiting planets, plus the interactions between the mutually entangling-and-intercutting of the magnetized planetary wind, all together, would create a certain number of sun-core-oriented Solar System’s Great Radius Magnetic-vortex Systems, producing the powerful black-hole-like suction force to gravitationally pull down cometary objects form orbits towards the Sun. that is how Solar System doing its material recycling process, in a sense, the sun-diving friction burns of periodic comets are different forms of the solar-end mass-transferring process.  

 

The theoretical consistence between the proposed mechanism of asteroid and comet formation and the suggested law of planetary evolution, and the law of planetary evolution is induced from the suggested four fundamental laws of star-planet co-evolution.   

 

Ultimately, the formation of asteroid and comet is the result of the suggested law of planetary evolution, which states that the physical process of planetary evolution is the synchronous decay of the seven fundamental planetary parameters over time at an exponentially decay rate, which is caused by the process of the non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between Sun and its orbiting planets. the notion of synchronous decay of seven fundamental parameters decays are : (1) decay of body-mass, (2) decrease in mean-density or mean-metallicity, (3) decrease of orbital radius, (4) slowing of the rotational speed, (5) weakening of the magnetic field strength, (6) reduction of angular momentum, and (7) the decrease of internal energy. this synchronous decay law states that, a given infant-planet, as an high-density metallic caryosphere that is ejected by its parent merging-binary-system, will have its seven fundamental planetary parameters in the highest values in its lifetime, and later, these seven fundamental planetary parameters will decay in synchronous manner over time because of the non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between Sun and its orbiting planets. more generally, for a given planet that is evolving in a given single star system, none of the seven fundamental planetary parameters can decay independently without decaying of other fundamental planetary parameters. all seven parameters must co-decay simultaneously. In this physical scenario, the process of the planetary orbital decay of given planet is always accompanied by the slowing down of its rotational speed, and the ongoing weakening of its magnetic field strength, and the ongoing reduction of its body-mass, etc, if the suggested synchronous decay law is proved to be true, then we can indirectly determine decays of any six fundamental planetary parameters by directly confirming the decay of one planetary parameter. For example, we can predict that the Mercury’s orbital radius, rotational speed, body-mass, and its magnetic field strength, etc, are all decaying at a exponential decay rates, since the fast shrinkage of the Mercury has been confirmed by NASA’s scientists (Bryne et al 2014, Nature Geoscience), therefore, according to this synchronous decay rule, we have concluded that the Mercury will be the first life-ending planet of the current Solar System that is facing the fate of being thermal-magnetically ripped up into pieces because the confirmation of its fast-shrinkage implies that its orbital radius is undergoing an accelerate decaying process. We assume that this would happen in less than 1 billion years from now, or even sooner, the current Mercury is factually a dead-core of life-ending planet, the “vital signs” of the Mercury is extremely weak now including the relatively slow rotational speed, extremely weak magnetic field strength, almost non-geoactivities, no atmosphere (like hairless old man), etc, the weak “vital signs” of live-planet are defined as the comprehensive parameters, including (1) low absolute value of Tr/To Ratio, plus the relatively small value of the seven fundamental planetary parameters.  

 

By logical, if we can prove the correctness of the suggested law of planetary evolution (equivalent to the suggested law of the exponentially synchronous decay of seven fundamental planetary parameters), then the physical mechanism of asteroid and comet formation is proved by the physical process itself.

 

The direct and indirect observational evidences that can be used to support our proposed law of synchronous decay of seven fundamental planetary parameters are:

 

(1) the long-term increased hours of the Earth’s day, which directly proved that the rotational speed of the Earth is slowing down in the long run.

 

(2) the long-term decreased time of the Earth-year can be explained by the reduction of its orbital radius and the slowing down of its linear speed of orbital motion.

 

(3) the overall bigger absolute value of the ratio of planetary rotational time (Tr) to planetary orbital time (To), the mathematical formula is: R＝Tr/To, the Tr to To Ratio of the Venus and of the Mercury is ≧1, while the absolute value of the Tr/To Ratios of the four terrestrial inner Solar System’s planet are collectively far greater than that of the outer Solar System’s four giant planets, which implies a fact that the four terrestrial planets are collectively older than the outer Solar System’s giant planets, it also indicate the linear relation between the planetary orbital decay status and the planetary aging status.

 

(4) the long-term weakening of Earth’s magnetic field strength indicate the decreasing of the Earth’s internal energy.

 

 (5) the mysteriously weight loss of the iridium-platinum made International Standard Prototype (ISP) can be partially explained by the decreased value of Earth’s gravitational constant, which in turn can be explained by the ongoing mass-reduction of the Earth. ’

 

(6) the fast shrinkage of Mercury’s body-size implies a fast mass-reduction of the Mercury.

 

(7) the Mercury’s anomalous perihelion procession can ultimately be explained by the law of synchronous decay of fundamental planetary parameters, including its orbital decay.

 

(8) the long-term increasing of the Earth’s water means more volume of oxygen and hydrogen atoms have been produced on Earth, which can be explained by using the forth suggested law of star-planet co-evolution, also called the suggested law of hydrogen-end elemental transmutation on planet.

  

 

The asteroid belt and the Kuiper belt could both be viewed as the Solar System’s “two major public cemeteries”

 

In our proposed solar thermal-magnetic-spallation model, the various asteroids and comets are both being viewed as the remnant debris of the core-ripped life-ending planets that their life-journey had ended before Mercury, therefore, the asteroid belt and the Kuiper belt can be collectively viewed as the Solar System’s “two major public cemetery” in which the remnant debris of core-ripped life-ending planets are temporarily stored there waiting for the secondary solar thermal-magnetic-spallation process, which is the Solar System’s matter recycling process. In this physical scenario, the asteroid and comet could be viewed as the terminal products of planetary evolution, or the result of the synchronous decay of seven fundamental planetary parameters, rather than something born with the birth of the planets.

 

The observational evidence to support the existence of the hypothesized the whirlpool-like Solar System’s Great Radius Magnetic-vortex Systems (SSGRM)

 

The modern observations strongly support the existence of the invisible sun-core-oriented whirlpool-like Solar System’s Great Radius Magnetic-vortex Systems (SSGRM), for example, the astronomic pictures of whirlpool-shaped tails of the comet McNaught and the comet West reflected exactly the whirlpool-like images of the bottom part of the SSGRM from the lateral viewpoint (picture sources obtained from Wikimedia pending for searching credited photographer), while the white-bright coil-shaped images of comet tail taken by space probe-based camera from viewpoint of behind the tail have cross-proved existence of the whirlpool-like Solar System’s Great Radius Magnetic-vortex System (image source obtained from space.com, pending for further citation). The SSGRM could be the Solar System’s minor black-hole systems with its sun-core-oriented suction forces mediated by the magnetized whirlpool streams. Once the orbiting asteroids or comets are moving toward the edge of the highly magnetized whirlpool streams they will be sucked into the whirlpool center of the SSGRM system, all the SSGRM-sucked comets will be gravitationally drawn towards the sun-core-oriented direction having no chance to escape the black-hole-like suction force, their fate are being totally disintegrated and friction-burn to be cloud of small particles, each sun-diving friction burn event represent one-time finished journey of sun-diving comet, such a thing like the “minor-mass-lost” “perihelion passage” or the “periodic return” of so-called periodic comet are unlikely. The curvature of the dynamical structure of the SSGRM is misunderstood as the highly eccentric elliptic cometary orbits, the orderly formations of the SSGRM and the periodically occurred sun-diving friction burn events that have great time-regularity, for example, the 76-year-cycled Halley’s comet, are undoubtedly misrecognized as the reappearance of the same cometary object. actually, we believe that most of the periodically reoccurrence of the comet streak through the inner Solar System are caused by different objects with approximately same amount of body-size and body-mass, but definitely having different irregular body-shape. So we concluded that the 76-tear-cycled reoccurrence of Halley’s comet are caused by different objects with similar body-size and body-mass.

 

 

Because the SSGRM is the Solar System-produced black-hole systems by nature, and in the new theory of double-hole-structured duol-energy-convertion system, the property of the black-hole-energy is being classified as the dark-cold-energy (comparing with photo-thermal-energy produced by white-hole-effect), therefore, the most of interior regions of the Sun should be a vacuum-pressured space with extremely cold temperature could be as cold as few hundred degree below zero, rather than 15 millions of degree above zero as previously thought ! One of the direct observational evidence to prove the dark-cold vacuum-pressured space of interior Sun is the five hundred degrees Celsius colder in the center of the sunspot (umbra) than its surrounding photosphere (penumbra) since the sunspots formation have been theorized to be a group of photospheric magnetic-whirlpool-holes punctured by both the planet-fired high-density neutronized hadron jets and the Sun’s magnetic field force (see section of the formation of sunspot), such an interior Sun’s dark-cold space environment is good for the metallic-condensation process by which the fresh-made heavy metal elements are easily being condensed into the bodies of sun-core-gestated embryonic metallic-planetary-caryospheres (next generations of infant-planet). Therefore, we believe that the longstanding notion about the existence of high-eccentric elongated elliptic orbit of long-period comet is fundamentally incorrect. most of the comets that streak through the inner Solar System come mostly from the asteroid belt and the Kuiper belt, which lies within boundary of the heliosheath, in other words, the most of the periodic comets that approaching the Sun are sourced from regions lie within the Solar System, rather than coming from outside Solar System, even though, the hypothesized Oort cloud really exists, it is still impossible to be the main source of long-period comet. Because the destructive friction burn processes of sun-diving comets is the secondary solar thermal-magnetic-spallation process, it is a material recycling mechanism of the Solar System, because the comets is the terminal products of life-ending planet. It is simply analogous to autophagy mechanism of biotic systems. Having little relationship with the world lies beyond the Solar System, this idea is consistent with the full-interaction rule by which all natural phenomena must be explained by the interactions between Sun and planets physically based on the principle of Sun-planet co-evolution, or based on the non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between Sun and planets.  

 

 

The current Mercury is factually a dead-core of life-ending planet, for comparison, the four outer Solar System giant planets are collectively much younger than the four terrestrial planets, our Earth is younger than Mercury but much older than the four outer SS giant planets

 

In the theory of star-planet co-evolution, the Mercury is viewed as the oldest planet in our Solar System and is a factually dead-core of life-ending planet that is satisfy the proposed criteria to define a life-ending planet, that is the absolute value of the rotational time (Tr) to orbital time (To) approaching or greater than 1 (R＝Tr/To≧1) plus extremely low magnitude of the planetary magnetic field strength. Conversely, the smaller the absolute value of R (R＝Tr/To) the planet has, the younger the planet is, according to this principle, the outer Solar System’s four giant planets are collectively younger than the inner Solar System’s four terrestrial planet. In other words, the outer Solar System’s four giants were born later by their mother-component stars of the previously merged parent binary systems through the mechanism of metallic caryosphere-ejection, in this physical scenario, all infant-planets are born to be high-density metallic balls that are composed mostly of heavy metal elements without atmosphere, according to the suggested forth law of star-planet co-evolution, the gas elements that form atmosphere of a given planets are originally derived from the heavy metal elements of the same planet, even after 1 billion years of evolution, a young planet would still possesses a large metallic core covered with a relatively thin gaseous atmosphere, we believe that no planet in universe will be covered with a thick layer of so-called metallic liquid hydrogen because all planet are born to be high-density metallic balls, we have concluded that the four outer Solar System’s giant planets possess large metallic core composed mainly of the heavy metal elements and covered with relatively thin gaseous atmosphere or icy materials, according to NASA, In 1994, SL9 impact on Jupiter’s near-south-pole regions and created prominent dark-brown scars that persisted for months, [] emission from heavy atoms such as iron, magnesium, and silicon was detected, [] all this evidences strongly suggested that the Jupiter is made up of a large high-metal rocky core covered with a relatively thin gaseous atmosphere, rather than a tiny rocky core covered with a thick metallic hydrogen. Thus, we asserted that the Jupiter should be called Metal Giant, rather than a Gas Giant, We assert that the mass contained in its relatively thin atmosphere only account for less than 1% of Jupiter’s total mass, rather than 90% of hydrogen/helium. In principle, Only a Metal Giant can produce the 20 times stronger-than-Earth’s magnetic field and only a high-metal rocky body can rotate that fast. We further believe that all four outer Solar System giant planets have the similar chemical construction, that is, they are made of high-metal rocky core covered by a thin high-density atmosphere. Because we believe that the small absolute value of Tr/To Ratio, relatively bigger high-metal rocky core, and the relatively stronger magnetic field are the fundamental physical-chemical characters of a young planet (see section of chemical construction of outer four giant planets).

 

 

The re-defined history of the Solar System

 

If the solar thermal-magnetic model is proved to be correct, if the suggested law of planetary evolution—the law of synchronous decay of seven fundamental planetary parameters is prove to be true, then the history of our Solar System would be much longer than we thought before, in principle, the oldest known sample of asteroid found on Earth should be treated as the by-product of the consequence of the planetary evolution, rather than something born with the birth of the planets, then the age of the Solar System should be a timescale which is equal to time of average life span of given planet plus the age of known sample of the meteorite found on Earth, assuming that the average timescale of the lifespan of the extinct planets that had died before Mercury is 5-10 billion years (the unite time the Earth year denoted as the current-Earth-year-CEY since the Earth’s year is dynamically changing), then we estimated that the history of the current Solar System should at least 10 billion years ago, rather than the estimated 4.6 years (unite of CEY).

 

About the newly proposed notion of the current Earth year (CEY)

 

According to the suggested law of synchronous decay of seven fundamental planetary parameters, the timescales of the Earth year and the Earth day are dynamically changing time unite, as we known that the orbital period of the infant-Earth is much longer than that the orbital period of current Earth, while the timescale of the “prehistoric Earth day” of the infant-Earth is much shorter than that of current Earth day. So the notion of the time is actually dynamically changing quantity, called the “dynamic-changing-time unite”, or the new concept of the relative time, the so-called Earth year should be defined as the “current Earth year” (CEY). The so-called Earth day should be also defined as the “current Earth day” (CED). This is a fundamental notion of the relativistic dynamical-changing-time-unit that is derived from the synchronous decay law, so the notion of the relativistic dynamical-change-time-unit proposed in theory of star-planet co-evolution is radically different from the notion of the Einsteinian relativistic time, because the Einsteinian theory of relativity have nothing to do with the suggested law of synchronous decay of seven fundamental planetary parameters.

 

The similar chemical construction of asteroid and comet

 

The unified formational mechanism of asteroid and comet suggest that they both should have the similar chemical construction. that is to say, both the asteroids and comets are composed mostly of the high-metal rocky core covered by a relatively thin outer layers of low-mass icy materials, because that the detections of low-mass gas elements that had forms the frozen solidified molecules can only prove that a comet does contain certain amount of gas elements and the gas-element-based frozen molecules, it can not prove that a cometary object is composed most of water ice and other types of icy materials, the reason is vary simple, if the comets is, according to NASA, composed mostly of loose collections of water ice, frozen gas molecules, and small rocky particles may having a small rocky core in the center of cometary nucleus, then the forces that holding all particles together to form a miles-sized solid object will be predominated by the weak Van Der Waals force, it is apparently way too weak to keep a miles-big object to travel through space in relatively high speed of motion, especially in such a high speed of motion occurs in a white-hot sun-approaching friction burns event, without totally being disintegrated and evaporated to nothing. The known physical laws tell us a fact that is, only the metallic-bond-dominated high-metal rock objects can keep themselves in solidified status when traveling on orbits in such a high speed. in other wards, the heavy metal elements that contained in the high-metal rocky asteroid or in the high-metal rocky core of comet nucleus will likely account for more than 90% of the their body-mass, while the low-mass gas-element-formed the frozen molecules that contained in the outer layers of the cometary nucleus account for a neglect amount of mass.

 

even though the water ice and other CHON-made icy materials have been detected from the low-mass coma and the tenuous tail, and some organic molecules detected from the surface of comet nucleus, it still can not prove the Fred Whipple’s “dirty snowball” model or the recently reformed “snowy dirtyball” model, which states that the comet is composed mostly of the loose connections of water ice and other kinds of frozen icy materials, such as the carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, ammonia, and methane, etc. the pre-conceived notion that the cometary object originated in regions beyond the “frost line” with composition being most of the hydrogen,helium, and other gas-element-based icy materials, plus the pre-conceived notion that Earth’s water might come mostly from the comet-delivering mechanism, mislead the scientists to reach a series of far-fetched explanations about the chemical composition of comets.

 

According to our proposed solar thermal-magnetic-spallation model, both asteroids and comets formed from the same astrophysical mechanism and the same originate material source—the dead-core-ripped remnant debris of life-ending planet that had died before Mercury, this determined that both asteroid and comet have the same chemical construction, comparing with the main-belt sourced asteroid, the Kuiper belt sourced cometary objects that are periodically sucked into the inner Solar System by SSGRM systems may contain relatively higher proportions of the low-mass gaseous elements, such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, sulfur, etc, this does not mean that these low-mass gas elements that contained within outer layers of comet nucleus already existed in the infantile Solar System 4.6 billion years ago, but instead, all these gas elements that are contained in outer layers of comet nucleus are originally derived from the heavy metal elements that consist of the comet 4.6 billion years ago, because the chemical compositions of the asteroid or comet that initially formed from the solar thermal-magnetic-spallation 4.6 billion years ago are way different from the asteroid or comet we see today in our Solar System since they evolved significantly, lot of isotopes of the heavy elements, such as the uranium, thorium, lead, and iren-60, etc, had been transmuted into groups of light gas elements through the various modes of hydrogen-end elemental transmutation including various modes of radioactive decays and the suggested mechanism of what we called critical-leap-isotopic-transmutation (CLIT), it means that, when initially formed from the solar thermal-magnetic-spallation process, all asteroid and comet objects are initially made of high-metal rocky materials because the parent body—the dead-core of the life-ending planets are made of nearly pure heavy metal elements, such as uranium, thorium, mercury, cold, nickle, and iron-60, etc, the surface of sun-approaching dead-core of a life-ending planet does not have any gas elements contained in its crust and have no atmosphere also, because of its substantially decayed magnetic field and its close up position to the coronal sphere of the Sun, any derived light gas elements will be immediately striped away by the strong solar wind, only heavy metal elements can exist in forms of metallic core, therefore, when the dead-core are thermal-magnetically ripped up into pieces, the all small grain-sized rocky particles or bigger planetary chunks are initially composed of nearly pure heavy metal elements, gas elements can hardly exist in such a highly radioactive and million degree high temperature environment, binding force produced by metallic bond is the dominant bond force that can hold particles together, while the weak Van Der Waals force can never be a binding force to hold particles together at this time, simply because the Van Der Waals force can only become the dominant force that is holding groups of loose collections of icy molecules together. In traditional astrophysical theory, scientists are collectively ignorant to the suggested law of the synchronized process of the macroscopic celestial system evolution and the microscopic elemental transmutation, they seemed to not yet deeply understand the relationship between the macroscopic evolutionary process of given planetary object and the microscopic transmutation process of the particles, in the case of the Sun-Earth system, the mainstream scientists seemed to not yet realized that, from Earth’s core to its upper atmosphere, there is existence of the uranium-to-hydrogen-chain of elemental transmutation, in which the uranium-to-hydrogen transmutation chain is seamlessly connected with Sun-Earth-connected CTEB system, at above the hydrogen-shell, the hydrogen atoms forming the hydrogen-shell will be further photo-electrically broken down into subatomic and subnucleon paricles, such as the proton, electron, positron, and various kinds of neutrinos that are stored in Van Allen Radiation Belt, where the Earth-sourced subatomic and subnucleon particles meets the intruding solar-sourced high-energy protons and electrons within the magnetic field of the Earth, creating the first-magnetic-field-confined hadron collider mechanism in a process by which the proton, electron, and neutrino are recombined to form the hot-neutron-streams, at the outer layers of “bow shock” region, the hot-neutron-streams begins to be condensed into cold-neutron-streams with a high-and-high density changes which is manifested as the multiple beams of Earth-fired lance-shaped neutronized hadron jets that all the way injected into the Sun’s core, creating the secondary and the third solar-magnetic-field-confined hadron collider mechanism (SMFCHC), by which the various heavy metal elements are being produced inside the Sun, when these freshly produced heavy metal elements are being simultaneously condensed into the bodies of Sun-core-gestated embryonic metallic-caryosphere, the high-density and high-metal planetary embryos of next generation are being developed until they grow in mass to their massively matured status. the suggested solar magnetic-field-confined hadron collider mechanism can be evidentially supported by the observational phenomena, which is termed as what we called the three major photospheric-effects, the “photospheric-splashing-effect”, photospheric-cutting-effect”, and the photospheric-pieacing-effect. However, even though scientists already created the word of discipline—the asteroparticlephysics, but when describing the evolution of celestial system, the process of microscopic celestial evolution and microscopic particle transmutation or elemental transmutation are still treated as the two non-correlated, non-synchronized physical process, because scientists treated the chemical elements as the non-changeable particles, especially the elements with the atomic number less than that of lead, even though the uranium-to-lead radioactive chain and the formation of carbon-14 already strongly implies a existence of uranium-to-hydrogen transmutation that working on Earth for billions of years since the initial formation of the Sun-Earth system. one of the incorrect cosmic perspective is that subnucleon and nucleon particles never aging, this serious violate the natural law which states that all microscopic quantum systems and all macroscopic celestial system have a finite lifetime with various timescale, no matter how small and how big the mass-energy scales they are, all systems in universe have three fundamental periods, the initial formation, evolution, and the collapsing or life-ending processes. plus the ignorance of laws of the star-planet co-evolution, scientists subjectively separated the non-dividable processes of the holistic star-planet co-evolution into two over-classified independent disciplines, the so-called planetary science and stellar astronomy, leading to ignorance of the fundamental laws of the star-planet co-evolution, which in turn leads to the development of modern astrophysics goes on a wrong track that is far from correct.

 

In the theory of star-planet co-evolution, one of most important core ideas is the suggested law of macro-micro synchronization, in this physical scenario, the macroscopic celestial system evolution and the microscopic particle transmutation are treated as a non-dividable and fully synchronized unified astroparticlephysical process, in other words, the evolutionary process of the macroscopic celestial system is essentially the collective transmutation effects of the particles that made up the celestial system, the non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between central star and its orbiting planets is also based on the bi-directional elemental transmutation processs, by which the process itself is governed by the star-planet-connected CTEB system (briefly discussed in chapter 1), in the case of the Sun-Earth system, it is manifested as the high-to-low density changes of particles in a process proceeded on planetary objects and the low-to-high density change of particles in a process proceeded inside the central star, as this kind of microscopic processes of the bi-directional density changes of particles being described at subatomic-to-atomic level, we have summarized this two mutually correlated process as the hydrogen-end elemental transmutation occurring on planetary objects and the uranium-end elemental transmutation occurring inside the central star. to deeply understand the how the light gas elements that contained in outer layers of the comet are collectively derived from the heavy metal elements in the billions of years of cometary evolution, we have to briefly explain the suggested law of bi-directional elemental transmutation.

 

In theory of star-planet co-evolution, the suggested law of bi-directional elemental transmutation, also referred to as the suggested forth law of star-planet co-evolution (having discussed in chapter 1)—the law of synchronized celestial system evolution and the elemental transmutation which is conducted by star-planet-connected CTEB systems, the law states that all gas elements that contained in the crust and atmosphere of a given planetary object are derived from the heavy metal elements that originally consisted of the same planetary object through various modes of elemental transmutation including radioactive decays, not gravitationally accreted or captured from surrounding space, for example, if we treated the Sun-Earth as the standard synchronized celestial-particle evolution system, and define the uranium as the representative heaviest metal element and the hydrogen as the representative standard lightest gas element, then we get two laws of elemental transmutation, that are : the law of long-term trended hydrogen-end elemental transmutation by which the law govern the process of elemental transmutation on the Earth (or on any other given planetary objects) and the law of long-term trended uranium-end elemental transmutation by which the law govern the process of elemental transmutation in the central Sun (or in any other single star), in this physical scenario, all oxygen atoms and hydrogen atoms that contained in Earth’s crust or in atmosphere are collectively derived originally from the heavy metal elements that consist of Earth, while all heavy elements that produced inside the Sun are derived originally from the subatomic nucleon particles and subnucleon particles that are combined to form the neutronized hadron jets that are injected into the Sun’s core by its orbiting planets, creating what we have called the magnetic-field-confined sun-core-focused hadron collider mechanism by which the heavy metal elements are produced, as opposed to the traditional theory, we asserted that the raw materials that are being used to produce the heavy metal elements in the Sun’s core are not atomic hydrogen or helium, but the subatomic and subnucleon particles combined cold neutron streams that injected from orbiting planets through the CTEB systems,   

 

 

  is because the mainstream astronomers believed that the data provided by NASA’s Deep Impact and Flyby Missions, and the data provided by Giotto and Vegas Missions, are collectively in favor of the Fred Whipple’s “dirty snowball” model, or the reformed “snowy dirtyball” model, based on their far-fetched interpretations of these data, which is derived from their pre-conceived erroneous notions about the mechanism of comet formation, that is, the comet is thought to be the icy material-composed fossil relics of planetesimals originated from the regions beyond the frost line. But on the contrary, We believe that all these modern observational evidences are just in favor of the hypothesized solar thermal-magnetic-spallation model based on our different interpretations of the same data provided by NASA’s Deep Impact Mission and the Giotto and Vegas Mission, According to NASA, a close flyby of NASA’s Deep Space 1 detected no frozen water on the surface of comet nucleus [Matha Hail (22 September 2001). “NASA Spacecraft Finds Comet Has Hot, Dry Surface”.Pasadena,California,USA: NASA/JPL, Retrieved2016-10-07.]. On 4 July 2005 UTC (01:52 EDT), the probe’s spectrometer instrument detected dust particles finer than human hair, and discovered the presence of silicates, carbonates, smectite, metal sulfides (such as fool’s gold), amorphous carbon and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, water ice was detected in the ejecta, [7- Sunshine, Jessica M.; Groussin, O.; Schultz, P. H.; A'Hearn, M. F.; Feaga, L. M.; Farnham, T. L.; Klaasen, K. P. (2007). "The distribution of water ice in the interior of Comet Tempel 1" (PDF). Icarus. 190 (2): 284–294. Bibcode:2007Icar..190..284S. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.04.024.], The data return by the Giotto and Vega missions also point to the same fact that the Halley’s comet was in fact predominantly composed of the non-volatile materials, only small portion of its surface material is icy. [16][52] –citation and evidence

 

 our interpretation about these data is that the comet nucleus is composed mostly of the high-metal rocky materials in its high-mass core and the water ice, if any, existed in forms of hydrated metal ore that are contained in the outer layers of comet nucleus, together with other kinds of CHONS-made icy materials, all these icy materials contained in the surface and outer layers of the nucleus only account for small portion of the body-mass of the nucleus. Rather than accounting for majority of comet body-mass. Therefore, we have concluded that the overall comet nucleus must be composed mostly of the high-metal rocky materials, rather than loose collections of water ice or dry icy materials.

 

 It is understandable that, if the comet nucleus is composed most of loose collections of the water ice, dust, and organic chemical compounds, then the main forces that holding the these molecular particles together to become solidified chunks would be the weak Van Der Waals force, only a small portion of its high-metal rocky core is dominated by the metallic bond force. this kind of chemical construction simply can not deal with the self-rotation and the repeated solar wind-induced explosive friction burns. It is also understandable that, in any planetary objects, the center core is always composed most of the high-density and high-metal rocky materials, rather than loose collections of water ice and dust particles. Plus, some materials, such as the water molecules and carbon dioxide could be produced by the friction burn process rather than exiting originally, in this physical scenario, the vast majority of the carbon dioxide and water molecules could be produced in the process of the sun-diving friction burns, even other organic molecules could be produced in such a photoelectric-induced physical-chemical process.

 

Besides the aforementioned mechanisms, we also proposed an alternitive mechanism to explain the existence of CHONS elements in comet nucleus, the solar radiation-induced fast process of hydrogen-end elemental transmutation. we believe that the center core of the comet nucleus must be composed mostly of the high-metal rocky materials, rather than loose collections of water ice or dry icy materials, even if the water molecules are detected from the ejecta, it still can not prove that the comet nuclei are composed mostly of the water ice and other icy materials, the water molecules detected from the ejecta can be explained as the existence of hydrated metal ore, exactly like the water coming out from the meteorites samples in the test tube on fire-baking method performed in lab. [] rather than large amount of pure water ice.

 

The gas elements, water molecules, and some other icy CHON materials detected from tenuous comet coma and tail does not necessarily prove that the comet nucleus are composed mostly of the water ice and other gas-element-made icy materials, such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, ammonia, our explanation for this are:

 

(1)                             the high albedo of the water molecule and other gas-made icy materials detected from the tenuous coma and tail would coved up the low-albedo but high-metal rocky materials, makes the friction-burn-produced disintegrated high-metal particles hardly detected comairing with the easy-detected gas elements.

 

 

(2)                          the atomic gas elements and molecular gas elements, that are spectroscopically detected from the outer layers of the comet nucleus or from the coma and tail, does not mean these gas elements originally existed in the comet nucleus since its initial formation from 4.6 billion years ago, the suggested universal law of bi-directional trended elemental transmutation, also referred to as the suggested fourth law of star-planet co-evolution can also well-explain the source of the gas elements that detected from surface material of the comet nucleus, and the coma and tail, according to the suggested universal law of bi-directional-trended elemental transmutation, all gas elements that make up the crust of planetary objects and the its atmosphere, including the lightest hydrogen, are collectively originally derived from the heavy metal elements that make up core-materials of the same planetary objects, rather than gravitationally capture from out-sourced gas molecular cloud, for example, the hydrogen and helium  elements that form the helium-shell and hydrogen-shell of upper atmosphere of the Earth are not captured by proto-Earth’s gravitational field from outer inter-planetary space in the so-called protoplanet formation epoch, but instead, the helium and hydrogen lie in helium-shell and hydrogen-shell of upper atmosphere are derived originally from the initial materials such as the heaviest being like uranium through shor-cut pathway and the long-terom asymptotic high-to-low density-changing of elemental transmutation process which is govern by the suggested forth law of star-planet co-evolution, the hydrogen-end elemental transmutation, the so-called short-cut path-way of hydrogen-end elemental transmutation can be manifested as the two major process, the alpha decay of radioactive element and the cosmic ray spallation, in the alpha radioactive decay occurring in Earth’s deep crust, the helium element can be produced by alpha-emission in a process by which the positive-charged alpha particles emitted by uranium or thorium can capture the free electrons from surrounding environment, that is why we see large amount helium gas formed from deep curst, while the hydrogen can be produced by cosmic ray spallation in a process by which a helium be further broken down into deuterium and single-proton hydrogen, while in the Earth’s upper atmosphere, the helium lies in the helium-shell may derived from the oxygen atom that make up the oxygen-shell in a process by the oxygen atom can be further photoelectrically broken down into various isotopes of helium that make up the helium-shell by high-energy ultraviolet rays, which in turn, the helium lies in helium-shell will be further broken down into deuterium and hydrogen atom that ascending and stored in hydrogen-shell, after hydrogen-shell, the particles transmutation goes into subatomic level, a process by which the hydrogen element lies in hydrogen-shell will be further broken down into positive-charged proton and negative-charged electrons and other sub-nucleon partcles that ascending and stored in Van Allen Radiation Belt, from there, the interactions between incoming high-energy proton and electrons coming from the solar wind and the high-energy ultraviolet rays, and the magnetic flux streams of the Earth’s magnetic field will create the what we have termed the terrestrial magnetic-field-confined hadron-collider mechnaism proceeded in an astrophysical process by which the positive-charged proton, electron and neutrinos will be recombined and condensed into hot neutron that temporarily stored in the bow shock region, form where the hot neutron streams begin to entangle, recombine, and condensed into cold neutron streams that fired to the Sun’s core in the forms of what we have termed the Earth-fired neutronized hadron jets. This is how the hydrogen-end elemental transmutation proceeded on Earth, in the case of the asteroid and comet, the law of hydrogen-end elemental transmutation also applies, the originally, initially formed cometary objects does not composed substantially amount of light gas elements, but instead, all cometary objects are composed most of the high-density and high-metal rock materials since their initially formed from the solar thermal-magnetic-spallation process, after these metallic-core-ripped debris were blown away into outer Solar System’s region, they began their long-journey evolution, the billion years of cometary evolution, the high-energy cosmic rays carried in the solar wind acting upon the cometary obejcts, let the heavy metal elements that make up the comet nucleus began to transmute from uranium-end to the hydrogen end through various path ways, including : the various modes of radioactive decay, and the suggested mechanism of the asymptotic critical-leap isotopic transmutation in a process by which one given “relatively stable” isotopes of metal elements will transmute into an unstable isotopes of the same element, and almost immediately, the unstable isotopes of the same element will instantaneously transmuted into unstable isotopes of different species of element all the way towards the formation of “relative stable” isotopes of new elements through beta±decay process or cosmic ray spallation, ultimately, all various mass-scaled particles that make up the planetary objects will transmute from high-density particles to low-density particles, as this process occurs at the atomic level, it manifested as the hydrogen-end elemental transmutation, conversely, the the process of the particle transmutation at sub-atomic-to-atomic-level that proceeded inside the Sun will following the suggested law of uranium-end elemental transmutation, pleased be noted that the uranium-end elemental transmutation occurred inside the Sun doest not mean that the building-block initial materials that produces the heavy metal elements is the hydrogen, as aformentioned in the first chapter, we believe that the initial building-block material of heavy metal element being synthesized in the Sun’s core is not the hydrogen/helium at all, in fact, we believe that the Sun does not have any “massive hydrogen inventory” at all, the initial materials that make up the infant-Sun is the heavy metallic plasmatic materials that coming from the outer layers of the component stars that merge into solitary infant-Sun, and the current materials that are being used to produce heavy metal elements and the solar energy are the sub-atomic neutronized hadron jets fired by all the orbiting planets through what we termed the Sun-planet-connected CTEB systems,    

 

   

 even though the gas elements, water, and organic molecular compounds have been spectroscopically detected from coma and tails of the periodic comet, [] it does not means that the comet nucleus is composed mainly of the icy materials, especially the water molecules that existed in the outer layers of comet nucleus in forms of hydrated metal ores can be heated up and sublimated during the sun-diving friction burn process will elusively mislead astronomers to believe that the comet nucleus are composed mainly of icy materials because of their preconceived wrong notions about the comet formation, plus typically the misleading effect of the Fred Whipple’s famous “dirty snowball” model, however, the a close flyby of one by NASA’s Deep Space 1 detected no frozen water on the surface of comet nucleus [Matha Hail (22 September 2001). “NASA Spacecraft Finds Comet Has Hot, Dry Surface”.Pasadena,California,USA: NASA/JPL, Retrieved2016-10-07.] The data return by the Giotto and Vega missions proved a hard evidence that the Halley’s comet was in fact predominantly composed of the non-volatile materials, only small portion of its surface material is icy. [][] all these modern observational evidences are not in favor of the Fred Whipple’s “dirty snowball” model, or not in favor of the far-fetched reformed “snowy dirtyball” model either. On the contrary, these modern observational evidences are in favor of the newly hypothesized solar thermal-magnetic-spallation model. Another mechanism to explain the detection of water and dry icy materials from the coma and tail is the suggested law of hydrogen-end elemental transmutation, which states that all heavy metal elements that make up the planetary objects will collectively transmute from heavy metal elements into light gas element through various mode of elemental transmutations, including cosmic ray spallation, the hypothesized non-prominent quantum diffusion process and the critical-leap isotoptic transmutation, the terminal transmutation product of the Uranium-to-hydrogen transmutation chain is the hydrogen, after that, the neutral and ionized hydrogen atoms will be further photo-eletrically broken down into proton and electrons by the high-radiation-energy-carried solar wind, the blue tail of the comet is caused by the emission of high-energy X-Ray forming from by the high-energy out-streaming electrons produced by the gas element ionization process because of the thermal-magnetic interactions between the magnetized solar wind and the radiation-induced magnetic field of the coma.

 

 

About the hypothesized whirlpool-like Solar System’s Great Radius Magnetic-vortex Systems and the Symmetric Planetary Polar Magnetic-vortex Systems

 

 

Because the hypothesized whirlpool-shaped Solar System’s Radius Magnetic-vortex System, not because the periodic comets have their so-called high-eccentricity elliptic orbits. We believe that such a highly eccentric elliptic orbit thought to result in the comet perihelion “passage” or “return” to the inner Solar System is fundamentally incorrect, in other words, the so-called highly eccentric elliptic orbits of the periodic comets can hardly exist in nature, they are easily existed in the imaginary paper-drawing context. The modern observational evidences strongly support the fact that there are existences of the multiple dynamic structures of the whirlpool-like Solar System’s Great Radius Magnetic-vortex Systems served as a Solar System’s black-hole-systems that are periodically sucking the orbiting comets into the vortex center and pull them down towards the Sun, for example, the Wikimedia and NASA provided astronomic pictures, such as the whirlpool-shaped tails of the comet McNaught [citation date,2014-10-20] and the comet West (credit, Richard M. West, March9,1976) are exactly reflected the shapes of the bottom parts of the Sun-core-oriented Solar System’s Great Radius Magnetic-vortex Systems, the data provided by space.com (by Charles Q. Choi, space.com, novenmber15, 2014: 12.46 am ET) showed us the coil-shaped white-hot comet tail from different visual angle has cross-proved our hypothesis.

 

The forces that gravitationally pull the asteroid impact on planets is also the similar suction forces produced by the suggested symmetric whirlpool-like polar-magnetic-vortex systems that exist on both upper south and north magnetic poles of all planets with gravitational suction forces proportional to the magnitude of the magnetic field strength of each planet, the direct and indirect observational evidences strongly support the existence of the symmetric planetary polar-magnetic-vortex system, the direct observational evidence is that, in many NASA-credited astronomic pictures, we can clearly observe that there are multiple pear-necklace-shaped asteroid-helex-streams are flowing down towards the polar region of the Earth’s south and north poles, the indirect observational evidence is that the historic records showed that most of notable asteroid impact on Earth occurred on high latitude regions of the Earth close to the polar regions, while under the ice gap of south pole, there have been discovered lot meteorites, in the case of the Jupiter, the 1994-SL9 comet impact event also occurred in the high latitude regions close to the south pole of the Jupiter. This indicates that the probability of the asteroid or comet impacting on the high latitude or the polar regions is far greater than that of asteroid or comet impacting on equatorial regions. [direct helix asteroid streams on showed in upper polar magnetic field of the Earth] [1908][1976] [1996] [2013][1994SL9] [SOUTHPOLE-RICH METEORITES] [GIANT METEORITES FOUND IN XINJIANG], 

  

.

The hypothesis of the U-type asteroid to explain theTunguskaevent

 

The different parts of the ripped core are composed of different chemical compositions, the debris of the outer crust parts of the ripped core are composed mainly of the carbon and silicates, forming lighter three types of known asteroids, the C-type asteroid (carbonaceous being), the S-type (siliceous being), and the D-type asteroid (organic-rich silicates). the debris of the mantle parts of the ripped core are composed mainly of the heavy metal elements, like iron and nickel, called the M-type (metallic being).

 

Beside the aforementioned four commonly seen types of asteroids, we have proposed the fifth type of the radioactive and heaviest asteroid objects that comes from the central parts of ripped core composed main of the uranium and super-uranium elements (may much heavier than uranium element), called the U-type asteroid (uranium-rich asteroid).this hypothetical U-type asteroid is proposed to explain the mysterious Tunguska explosion event that had left no confirmable craters and no solidified objects found in the explosion region. Because this U-type asteroid is uranium-rich materials that can cause the nuclear bombing-like explosion if triggered by the thermal-magnetic-heating effect, caused by the interactions between the Earth’s polar magnetic field force and the nuclear energy that contain the uranium-rich materials, in this physical scenario, even though we found no impact crater and no solidified objects landing on Earth because of the extremely high temperature created in the naturally occurring nuclear explosion event, but still we can rationally explain the Tunguska explosion event by using nuclear science related mechanisms, the Tunguska explosion indeed had left many indirect evidences exactly the same as the catastrophic consequences of the atomic bombing or the high-energy level nuclear test, such as the catastrophic shock waves, black rains, the month-lasting sky glowing phenomenon, and the radiation sickness of the animals or the peoples who live in that region.

 

As the oldest planet in current Solar System, Mercury is facing fate of the solar thermal-magnetic-spallation in the near future as it undergoing a fast body-mass reduction and orbital decay

 

The Mercury is viewed as the oldest dying planet that is now undergoing a fast orbital decay and fast mass-decay, and fast body-volume shrinkage, according to the suggested law of planetary evolution, it will soon be thermal-magnetically ripped up into pieces in the near future, say, in less than 1 billion years from now, the Mercury will be thermal-magnetically ripped up into pieces as its orbit decays to a critical distance close to the Sun’s coronal sphere, where the million degree Celsius degrees of Sun’s coronal sphere temperature will melt the dead core of the died Mercury into liquid plasmatic status, while the Sun’s superficial magnetic field force will rip the dead-core of the Mercury into pieces, and the out-streaming solar wind will blow away these debris into different orbits and create asteroids or comets of various kinds. And of course, the Earth will follow the same fate. The observed Mercury’s fast shrinkage and the other observational evidences, such as the long-term slowing of the Earth’s rotational speed, the long-term decrease of the Earth’s revolution time ( an indirect evidence to support the planetary orbital decay), and the constant weakening of Earth’s magnetic field, plus the Lunar recession phenomenon, etc, [][] altogether having established a comprehensive cross-proved evidences that are strongly support the our suggested law of synchronous decay of seven fundamental planetary parameters (the law of planetary evolution).

 

The periodic comet may not be the reappearance of the same cometary object-未完成

 

One of the longstanding viewpoint about periodic comets is that they are the reccurence of perihelion “passage” repeatedly caused by the same object, the short period comet, such as the Halley’s comet, is undoubtedly recognized as the reappearance of the same cometary object simply because of its great time-regularity the Halley showed us. we believe that this may not be the case, because, the million-mile stretched coma and the AU-long tail (even tenuous), white-hot sun-diving friction burns, and the large amount leftover metors on Earth’s orbit, this means a substantially mass-reduction, plus Halley’s vary limited body-mass (15 km×8 km×8 km), all these factors put together, makes the 76-year cycled “return” of Halley’s comet a hardly reappearance of the same object, a body-mass-limited Halley’s comet, not to say it is composed mostly of the loose collections of ice and dust, can experience few thousand times of repeating destructive white-hot and yet explosive friction burns is absolutely astounding and implausible. So far, the only reason makes the astronomers believe that the 76-year-cycled “recurrence” of Halley’s perihelion “passage” is caused by the same object is the great time regularity that Halley showed us, other than that, we have no extra hard evidence to cross-prove the Halley’s “return” is caused by the same object, for example, the re-confirmed similar body-shape with similar body-size or body-mass could be the hard evidences for cross-prove. As for the factor of the great time-regularity alone, or the notable periodicity, we can have several other explanations for this,  

 

 

 

The chapter 4

The newly suggested four laws of planetary motion

 

Basically, the Kepler’s law of planetary motion basically assumes that the orbits of all planets in the same disc-like 2-D plane and their orbital rings form a multilayer concentric circularity structure. We believe that the Kepler’s law of planetary motion have some imperfections. One of the flaws in Kepler’s law is the 2-D paradox. The 3-D ovary-like structure of the heliosheath can not form on the 2-D plane. because in universal space, the spin axis of a given rotational system stays in a flipping over status, called the principle of synchronized spin-flip motion. The spin axis of entire Solar System stays in a flipping-over status. the orbits of electrons at atomic level and the orbits of planets at celestial level are the same rubber-band-like configuration. The reason for scientists to believe that the orbits of all planets are in the same 2-D plane is that, due to the relative slow linear speed of planetary motion, in given moment, an observer can always see some planets from the viewpoint of the ecliptic plane, but is does not mean their orbital rings lie in the same multilayer concentric circular plane. otherwise, the combined gravity force of all system’s planets will make no chance for low-mass comets to have highly inclined orbits. The inclinations of the comet orbits strongly indicate that the hypothetical orbital rings of the Earth and comets form a 3-D rubber-band-like spherical structure. the nearly 45 degree angle of the sunsize /sunset strongly indicate that the hypothetical axis of the orbital ring is always in a flipping over status. Therefore, we have proposed five new laws of planetary motion:

 

(1)                           The first law of planetary motion states that: the orbits of all Solar System’s planets are not in the same 2-D plane, but instead, the orbital rings of all planets in Solar System jointly form a 3-D multilayer rubber-band-like spherical structure in a dynamically changing status with diameters of orbital rings in a long-term shrinking status due to the suggested law of synchronous decay of seven fundamental planetary parameters including orbital decay.

 

(2)                           The second law of planetary motion states that: the hypothetical axis of orbital ring of a given planet is always dynamically perpendicular to its rotational axis, called the rule of dynamical orthogonal axial intersection between orbital axis and rotational axis. In the long run, the orbital rings of a given planet form a 3-D rubber-band-like spherical structures with orbital radius in a gradually shortening status due to the law of synchronous decay of seven fundamental planetary parameters including orbital decay.

 

(3)                           The third law of planetary motion states that: the hypothetical axes of the orbital rings of adjacent two planets always stay in a dynamically orthogonal axial intersection status, forming a dynamically changed 3-D rubber-band-like spherical structure.

 

(4)                           The forth law of planetary motion states that: the orbital rings of any two adjacent planets will switch their orbital rings in a in-out-mutual-switching status at 180 degree straight line with the Sun placed in the mid point of the three-points-connected line, this is also called the rule of planetary orbital switching, or phenomenon, the orbital switching occurs between two adjacent planets is caused by the overlapped gravitational interactions exerting the force effects between Sun and planet, planet and planet, as well as the gravitational interactions between Solar System and the surrounding stellar system, and the overlapped gravitational interactions between the Solar System and the super massive black hole lie in the galactic center of the Milky Way. The overall planetary orbital switching mechanism play an important role in keeping the structural strengthening of the entire Solar System and prevent the system from collapsing due to the gravitational tearing force coming from supper massive galactic black hole of the Milky Way Galaxy.

 

(5)                           The fifth law of planetary motion states that: in the Earth-moon system, the rotational axes of the Earth and moon stays in a dynamically orthogonal axial intersection status because of the principle of gravity force production, when extending this rule to universe, that is, in any two-body or many-body system with any mass-energy scales, in order to keep a relatively stable gravitational interaction relationship or to keep a relatively stable space distance between two spinning systems, the spin axes of the two spinning systems must be perpendicular to each other to maximize the entangle effect of their magnetic field lines and achieve the biggest gravitational pull effect. That is why the rotational axis of the Earth is always dynamically perpendicular to the rotational axis of the moon, such a orthogonal axial intersection relationship between the Earth and the moon never change for past 4.6 billion years, that is why the spin axis of our Milky Way is always dynamically perpendicular to the Andromeda galaxy system, that is why the observer in Milky Way can only see the edge of galactic plane of the Andromeda Galaxy, the spindle-shaped edge-on image of the Andromeda. The rule of orthogonal axial intersection is an universal law applicable to any paired systems with different mass-energy scales ranging from microscopic quantum systems to large scale galactic system. for example, the in a electron-positron-paired two-body system, the spin axis of electron particle is always dynamically perpendicular to the spin axis of positron, and in a neutron-proton-paired two-body system, the spin axis of the neutron is always dynamically perpendicular to the spin axis of proton. In a two-atom-coupled two-body system, such as hydrogen molecule system or the oxygen molecule system, the spin axes of two gas atoms are always dynamically perpendicular to each other.       

 

In general, the 3-D rubber-band-like spherical structure produced by the orbital rings of all system’s planets with the orbital switching structure produces the stability of the Solar System and make it possible for Solar System to produce the Great Radius Magnetic Vortex Systems which is the mechanism to gravitationally suck the comets toward the Sun for secondary material recycling. And such a 3-D rubber-band-like spherical structure also make it possible for Solar System to form a 3-D ovary-shaped heliosheath and to form the Sun-diameter-sized heliosheath-pore that evenly distributed on the surface of the heliosheath, that makes the entire Solar System an open system yet isolated system to exchange its information and mass-energy with nearby stellar systems and the surrounding environments. enable the Solar System to do the normal inhale-exhale respiratory function like a life system.

 

Because the hypothetical axis of the Earth’s orbital ring and its rotational axis stays in a dynamically orthogonal axial intersection status, that is why the direction of the sunrise and sunset shows nearly 45 degree angles, this kind of planetary motion style produces a result, that is, each completed orbital ring of the Earth has its unique trajectory which is different from any other completed orbital rings, so unique like the fingerprint. For this reason, scientists can never find two trajectories of two completed orbital rings that can 100% match to each other from any viewpoints, not just because the flipping over of the hypothetical axis of orbital ring, but also because of the effect of planetary orbital switching, and the law of planetary orbital decay.

Dr. we ju

September 29, 2017,

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