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The Theory of Star-Planet Coevolution

Chapter 3

Explanations for all physical phenomena that occur in the solar system, especially those that occur in the sun-earth system

In this chapter, the author will use the physical laws, principles, and mechanisms proposed in Chapter 2 to explain all physical phenomena occurring in the solar system, especially those occurring in the Sun-Earth system without the need to add additional assumptions. In order to achieve a the highest level of simplicity, consistency, and falsifiability in these explanations, the author proposes three basic guiding principles as the basic constraints to all explanations to make ensure that the core physical ideas of each interpretation of the physical phenomena do not violate these three guiding principles. The author even asserts that any explanation of physical phenomena occurring in the solar system that violates these three guiding principles will eventually be proven to be fundamentally incorrect.

§.3.1 The three basic guiding principles to constraint the core ideas of the explanations of the physical phenomena occurring in the solar system

The first guiding principle states that all physical explanations of the physical phenomena occurring in the solar system must be based on such a core idea that the physical relationship between the sun and the planets is a coevolutionary relationship based on the physical mechanism of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange and asymmetric mass-energy hybridization. Specifically, the evolution process of the solar system is governed by the four suggested laws of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between the sun and planets.

The second guiding principle states that all explanations must be based on such a core idea that all forms of solar physical activity and all kinds of solar physical phenomena are not caused independently by the sun itself, but are the results of the physical interaction between the Sun and the planets. This means that all the physical mechanisms that operate on the surface or even in the core of the Sun are not independently created and operated by the sun alone, but are co-created and co-operated by both the Sun and the planets. In the same way, all physical phenomena occurring on planets must be treated as the results of the physical interaction between the sun and planets. For example, the mechanism of sunspot formation is co-created and co-operated by both the sun and planets, in this physical scenario, a planet-ejected lance-shaped sunward-steaming particle-energy jets perforate holes on the plasma shell of the sun, creating sunspots of various sizes. The mechanism by which the 11-year sunspot cycle is formed is the multi-planetary jet-supposition which is determined by the orbital period of Jupiter. In this physical scenario, because the orbital period of Jupiter is 11.8 earth year, therefore, for every 11-year cycle, when the planet Venus, Earth, and Jupiter are moving into an maximum orbital alignment, the Venus-ejected, Earth-ejected and the Jupiter-ejected particle-energy jets will be supposed into a V-E-J-resultant planetary-sourced particle-energy jet which is strong enough in energy density to perforate many large plasma holes on the surface of photosphere which manifest as a group of large sunspots (the detailed relevant explanation is presented in section 3.3). Similarly, all physical mechanisms that are operated on planets, even though they are operated in the core, mantle and atmosphere of a planet, must be treated as the sun-planet co-created and co-operated physical mechanism. For example, the underlying physical mechanism that causes periodic oscillations in the decay rate of radioactive elements (especially the short-lived radioactive elements) in the Earth's mantle and crust is actually co-created and co-operated by both the sun and the earth through the sun-earth double magnetic fields co-energizing mechanism (the relevant explanation is presented in 3.2).

The third guiding principle states that the electromagnetic interaction force is the only fundamental interaction force that exists in the universe which acts between macroscopic objects and microscopic particles. The so-called four fundamental interactions are essentially different forms of electromagnetic interactions acting between any two or more spinning magnetic field-carrying spinning bodies of all mass-energy and space-time scales, with the magnitudes of the magnetic field strengths of all electromagnetically-bonding bodies being infinite hierarchical gradient. This means that the classification criteria used by mainstream scientists to classify the types of fundamental interactions, like force acting range, force strength, and the mass-energy and space-time scales that involved in the fundamental interactions, are completely wrong. In the frame of the theory of star-planet coevolution, different forms of electromagnetic interactions, whether acting between any two or more macroscopic celestial bodies, or acting between any two or more microscopic particles, are created by exactly the same basic physical mechanism and share a common physical essence. For example, in the macroscopic world, the SSPR-dynamo mechanism which generates the gravito-electromagnetic interaction between the sun and the planets, with its morphological structure being existing as a pipe-like giant gravito-electromagnetic bond, is essentially the mechanism of intercutting-and-entangling of the magnetic fields lines of the sun and planets; in the microscopic world, the mechanism of the formation of different types of chemical bond or the generation of an inter-atomic electromagnetic force, is essentially the mechanism of intercutting-and-entangling of the micro-magnetic fields lines between any two or more nuclei-carrying magnetic fields. The medium that mediates electromagnetic force between any two objects is the bidirectional-flowing quantized electromagnetic wave-energy-carrying currents that are always in a dynamical state of frequently intercutting and mutually entanglement on each step of their opposite streaming forward to the moss points of bonding bodies. The photon, that is thought to be the mediator of electromagnetic force, is actually a transient byproduct produced by the mechanism of intercutting-and-entangling of the magnetic fields lines or the intercutting-and-entangling between large numbers of the bidirectional-flowing electromagnetic currents that are always in a dynamical process of intercutting, entangling and braiding on every step of their oppositely streaming forward toward the moss points of bonding bodies. So, the photon itself cannot be treated as the real force-mediator of electromagnetic force. Similarly, the hypothetical graviton cannot also be understood as a potential mediator of gravity, the real mediator of the gravito-electromagnetic force between the sun and planets are the large number of bidirectional-flowing electromagnetic wave-energy-carrying particle streams that are always in a frequently intercutting-and-entangling status on every single step of their oppositely streaming forward towards the mass points of the sun and planets. The best description of the common physical nature of the different forms of electromagnetic interaction between macroscopic objects and between microscopic particles is the macro-micro-unified principle of tunnel-bond duality, which states that a microscopic chemical bond connecting atoms, or a macroscopic giant gravito-electromagnetic bond connecting the sun and planet, acts not only as a force-mediator of electromagnetically binding bodies but also a mass-energy exchanging channel through which the electromagnetically interacting bodies are performing the physical activity of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange and asymmetric mass-energy hybridization. When the level of our understanding of the essential nature of electromagnetic interaction is being revolutionized to the level of deeply understanding the principle of tunnel-bond duality, our interpretations of all the physical phenomena occurring in the solar system will be lifted to the level of understanding the essential nature of physical phenomena.

§.3.2 The new explanations for the mechanism of sunspots formation and the mechanism of the 11-year sunspot cycle formation

Since Wolf published his conjecture in 1859 that "sunspot frequencies vary depending on the influence of Venus, Earth, Jupiter, and Saturn," ［1］astrophysicists have gradually realized that the planetary tidal influence on the solar activity variability may play a key role in the formation of sunspots and the formation of 11-year sunspot cycles. Inspired by Wolf’s initial suggestion, various planetary theories or models have been developed on this issue.［2］［3］［4］［5］In addition to the planetary theory mentioned above, an American scientists, Ackerman, J. (2003) proposed a different type of non-planetary theory which holds that sunspot is caused by rigid bodies that fall into the photosphere.［6］However, due to the ignorance of the fact that the physical relationship of the sun and planets is a coevolutionary relationship which is maintained by a underlying physical mechanism of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between them, and the ignorance of the fact that the gravitational interaction between the sun and planets is essentially a special form of electromagnetic interaction that is created by the SSPR-dynamo mechanism, both the solar (non-planetary) and planetary theories have failed to reveal the true physical mechanism of creating the sunspot and sunspot cycle because neither theory is based on the foundation of the central mechanism of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange mechanism between the sun and planets. According to the afore-mentioned three guiding principle of the formulation of explanations for all physical phenomena occurring in the solar system, the author offered a three-step mind map to explain the mechanisms of creating the sunspot and sunspot cycle:  (1) Sunspot, although it is a physical phenomenon occurring on the surface of the sun, but it must be treated as the result of the electromagnetic interaction between the sun and planets. And logically, the sunspot cycle must be understood as the sun-planet co-modulated solar activity cycle. (2) The sunspot cycle is essentially a cyclically varying phases during which the total amount of mass-energy being exchanged between the sun and planets (via the “import-export-trading port” located on the sun’s earth-facing side) fluctuated. (3) The mechanism by which the sunspot is created is the planetary-ejected sunward-streaming particle-energy jet-perforated whirlpool-like plasma holes occurring on photosphere of the sun’s earth-facing side—all the sunspot-associated phenomena are the earth-observer viewed phenomena, and the elongated interlocking-comb structure of sunspot is caused mainly by the dragging-dominated electromagnetic force carried by the planet-ejected sun-core-streaming spiraling-forward particle-energy jets much like an electric drill.

The mechanism by which the 11-year Schwab cycle is formed is the Jupiter-determined cyclically triple-planetary jets superposition. In this physical scenario, for every 11-05-year time interval, when the planetary constellation or the multi-planetary orbital configuration evolves into a maximum Venus-Earth-Jupiter alignment phase, the Venus-ejected, Earth-ejected, and the Jupiter-ejected triple electromagnetic wave-energy-carrying and progressively-condensing lance-like particle-energy jets will be well-superposed to form a triple-jets-resultant jet and the energy density of this resultant jet is exponentially amplified to such a high level that a greater number of large-aperture whirlpool-like plasma holes will be perforated on the surface of the plasma-making photosphere of the sun’s earth-facing side, which manifest as a cluster of large-aperture sunspots occurring on the photosphere of the sun’s earth-facing side.

The mechanism by which the sunspot number descending phase is formed is the progressively breaking of the Venus-Earth-Jupiter’s resultant jet. In this physical scenario, when the planetary constellation of the maximum Venus-Earth-Jupiter alignment is in a collapsing phase, the maximum superposition of the Venus-ejected, Earth-ejected, and the Jupiter-ejected triple particle-energy jets is in a decoupling phase and the originally ultra-high energy density of the triple-jets-resultant planetary jet  will decrease progressively as the originally maximum Venus-Earth-Jupiter alignment collapses. As the energy density of the multi-planetary-resultant jet deceases, the perforating power of the jet is in a progressively weakening phase which manifests as the phenomenon that the average aperture and the total number of the sunspots are both in a descending phase.

The mechanism by which the 11-year cycled sunspot minimum is formed is the maximum weakening of the energy-density of the planetary jets (with the jet-heads pointing to the sun’s earth-facing side) deceases to the lowest level due to the formation of the maximum Earth-Venus-Sun-Jupiter alignment  (Max-EVSJ-align for short). In this physical scenario, for every 11-year cycle, the planet Jupiter moves to the sun’s far side relative to the sun’s earth-facing side, while on the sun’s earth-facing side, leaving the earth alone or the earth and Venus—two low-mass planets orbiting on the sun’s earth-facing side, in this planetary constellation, the energy density of the earth-ejected particle-energy jet, or of the Earth-Venus-resultant jet, is way too low to perforate a large number of large-aperture plasma holes on the photosphere of the sun’s earth-facing side, which manifests as the sunspot minimum. But, it must be specially emphasized that when the sun’s earth-facing side shows little or no sunspot, it does not mean that the sun’s far side is in the same sunspot minimum phase, rather, it is very likely that there might be a lot of large-aperture sunspots occurring on the sun’s far side (relative to the earth-observer) due to the high-energy jet that is ejected by the Jupiter.

The mechanism by which the prolonged sunspot minimum like the Maunder sunspot minimum is formed is the prolonged weakening of the energy density of the planetary particle-energy jet pointing to the sun’s earth-facing side due to the maximum Earth-Venus-Sun-Jupiter-Saturn-Uranus-Neptune alignment (Max-EVSJSUN-Align for short). In physical scenario, for every 320 years or so, the four outer giant planets, the planet Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are all moving to the  sun’s far side relative to the sun’s earth-facing side, leaving the earth alone or the one or two low-mass inner terrestrial planets such as the Venus and Mercury moving to the sun’s earth-facing side, at this time interval, the energy density of the earth-ejected or the Earth-Venus-resultant planetary jet is way too low to create a large scale sunspot on the sun’s earth-facing side, while in the sun’s far side, the energy density of the Jupiter-Saturn-Uranus-Neptune co-produced resultant jet can reach to such a ultra-high level that a large number of super-large sunspots may be created on the sun’s far side while the sun’s earth-facing side is in a prolonged sunspot minimum phase—the sun is busying to do the non-equivalent mass-energy exchanging business with the four giant planets while its mass-energy exchanging business with the low-mass earth and other low-mass planets like the planet Venus and Mercury is largely neglected.

Based on the above-described core ideas, the author holds that the highest level of understanding the physical implication of the sunspot cycle is that the sunspot maximum phase is essentially the period during which the amount of mass-energy having been exchanged between the sun and planets, via the “mass-energy exchanging pore” located on the sun’s earth-facing side, reaches the peak value. On the contrary, the sunspot minimum phase is essentially the period during which the amount of mass-energy having been exchanged through the solar mass-energy exchanging port located on the sun’s earth-facing side reaches the valley value period. Thus, in a given time interval, the value of the product of total number of the countable sunspots and the average aperture of the sunspots can be treated as a measure of the amount of mass-energy carried by the planet-ejected sunward-streaming particle-energy jets being injected into the sun’s core. When such a value is multiplied by 2, it approximately equals to the total amount of the mass-energy having been changed between the sun and planets which is done through the “inter-solar-planetary mass-energy trading port” located on the sun’s earth-facing side. Equivalently, according the third suggested law of star-planet coevolution or the third suggested law of non-equivalent inter-solar-planetary mass-energy exchange, we can derive such as idea that, in given interval of time, the larger the scale of the sunspots, the greater amount of mass-energy would have been exchanged between the sun and planets that are involved in the process of the formation of the sunspots. In this sense, the sunspot maximum phase represents the peak period during which the amount of mass-energy being exchanged between the sun and planets on the sun’s earth-facing side reaches the peak value plateau. On the contrary, the sunspot minimum phase represents the valley period during which the amount of mass-energy being exchanged between the sun and the planets on the sun’s earth-facing side reaches the valley value period. In this sense, the scale of sunspots can be viewed as a reliable indirect measure, as the scale of sunspots reflects the average mass-energy density and the total amount of mass-energy that have been transferred into the core of the sun by the planet-ejected sunward-streaming particle-energy jet within a given time interval.

Generally speaking, if someone’s understanding of the physical implication of the fundamental mechanism of causing sunspot phenomenon can reach the highest philosophic level in terms of the non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between the sun and planets, then his or her understandings of the causes of all the physical phenomena occurring in the solar system, in particular, the understanding of the causes of the sunspot cycle-associated physical phenomena occurring in the sun-earth system, can reach the highest essence-revealed level. This means that the ultimate discovery of the fundamental physical mechanism of creating the cyclically occurring sunspot phenomenon would have laid a solid foundation based which all the sunspot cycle-associated geophysical phenomena, such as the fundamental mechanism of causing the sunspot-cycle-correlated El Nino-La Nina-switching cycle, and the sunspot-cycle-correlated fluctuated changes in the average rate of radioactive decay of short-lived radioactive isotopes etc, can be easily explained by using the same set of physical laws and mechanisms proposed in Chapter 2. As one of the professional physicist who has expressed his comment on the content of chapter 3, “it is very possible for the future historians who study the history of human science to comment on this book like this—the publication of the theory of star-planet coevolution in 2024 marks the new era of human intelligence explosion because anyone who has a college education can use this very simple, fully self-consistent and full falsifiable theory to explain almost all the common physical phenomena occurring the sun-earth system without the need of adding extra assumptions”.  

Here, the author would like to suggest a method of testing the planetary jet-perforation theory:  Sending a Jupiter-orbiting satellite to observe the solar activity on the sun’s far side relative to the sun’s earth-facing side, if there is a large number of large-aperture sunspots occurring on the sun’s far side while the sun’s earth-facing side is in a sunspot minimum phase, then the planetary-jet-perforation theory is proved to be correct.

  

§.3.3 The explanation of the intrinsic internal physical correlation between the periodic oscillations of the changes of the average decay rates of radioactive and non-radioactive elements on Earth and the periodic oscillations of the changes of the sunspot numbers

It has been reported that the changes of the decay rates of the some short-lived isotopes will become slightly faster than the average rate right after an event of large solar flare or when the sunspots number increases, or the decay rates of some short-lived isotopes will become a little bit lower when there is no solar flare to occur or when the sunspot number decreases. This kind of positive correlation between the macroscopic solar activity variability and the microscopic decay rates variability can be explained by using the third and fourth suggested laws of star-planet coevolution （the third and fourth suggested laws of nonequivalent inter-solar-planetary mass-energy exchange）。According to the third suggested law of star-planet coevolution, the process of the non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between the sun and planets follows the rule of positive feedback, which means that, in a given time interval, the greater amount of matter-energy is transferred from a planet to the Sun, the greater amount of matter-energy is transferred from the Sun to the planet, and vice versa. According to the fourth suggested law of star-planet coevolution, a planet-based process of elemental transmutation follows an irreversible mass-energy decaying trend and the sun-core-based process of elemental transmutation follows an irreversible mass-energy increasing trend. This means that the solar photothermal-expanding-dominated energy has an intrinsic physical function of promoting the planet-based process of mass-energy-decaying trended elemental transmutation （the heavy-to-light trended process of elemental transmutation）. On the contrary, the planetary dark-cold-dominated energy has an intrinsic function of promoting the sun-core-based process of mass-energy-increasing trended elemental transmutation. Therefore, in a given time interval, the more amount of solar-sourced mass-energy is transferred to a planet, the faster the averaged decay rate of mass-energy decay of the constituent elements of the planet, and vice versa. On the contrary, in a given time interval, the greater amount of mass-energy is transferred into the sun’s core, the faster the synthesize rate of the heavy metal elements, and vice versa. In this physical scenario, when the sunspot cycle evolves into a sunspot maximum phase, this means that the maximum amount of mass-energy carried by the multi-planetary resultant particle-energy jets is transferred into the sun’s core which causes the average rate of synthesis of heavy metal elements in the sun’s core to reach the highest level. Meanwhile, the third suggested law of non-equivalent inter-solar-planetary mass-energy exchange requires that, in the sunspot maximum phase, the total amount of the solar mass-energy is transferred to a planet reaches the peak value plateau and consequently, the average decay rate of the constituent elements of the planet reaches the highest level. This means that the macroscopic effect of the microscopic process of the collectively accelerated elemental decay rates of the constituent elements of the earth will naturally manifest as the mantle expansion which causes the average width of the gaps between tectonic plates to be wider than the normal condition, and the average velocity of the collective motions of the tectonic plates become faster than the normal condition. In this physical scenario, there will be greater amount of liquid hot magma coming out of the gaps between the tectonic plates. Based on the explanations formulated in section § 3.2, section § 3.3, it will become much easier for the author to explain the mechanisms of causing the El Nino phenomenon and La Nina phenomenon, and the corresponding relationship between the El Nino-La Nina-switching cycle and the sunspot cycle.

§.3.4 The explanation of the mechanisms of causing El Nino and La Nina phenomena and the explanation for the corresponding relationship between the evolving process of El Nino-La Nina-switching cycle and the evolving process of sunspot cycle.

The current prevailing explanation about the mechanisms of causing El Nino and La Nina phenomena are basically attributed to the oceanic-atmospheric interactions due to the periodically presence of the abnormally higher or lower sea surface temperature in the equatorial pacific region. But when someone asking what is the exact underlying mechanism of causing the periodically abnormal warming or cooling of the sea surface water in the tropical pacific region and the shifting of the abnormally warming water pool from the west tropical pacific to the central-eastern tropical pacific, no one can give an exact answer in terms of the fundamental mechanisms due to our limited understanding of the cause of El Nino and La Nina as the result of oceanic-atmospheric interaction. The new theory that has attributed the cause of El Nino-La Nina-switching cycle to the governance of the solar activity cycle based on the statistical study on the phase-corresponding comparative analysis. This can be regarded as a great progress that has ever been achieved so far in the study of the cause of El Nino and La Nina.［8］［9］［10］ In this physical scenario, the ascending and maximum phases of sunspot cycle corresponds to the strengthening phase and maximum strengthening phase of El Nino years。 In contrast, the descending phase and minimum phase of the sunspot cycle corresponds to the strengthening phase and maximum strengthening phase of La Nina years. The neutral condition between El Nino and La Nina corresponds to the transitional phase between sunspot maximum phase and sunspot minimum phase. However, due to ignorance of the mechanism of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between the sun and the planets, the mainstream scientists have not yet discovered the fundamental physical mechanism of El Nino and La Nina formation.  According to the three afore-mentioned guiding principles, although El Niño and La Niña phenomena occur on Earth, they must firstly be considered as the result of gravito-electromagnetic interaction between the Sun and Earth. This is the basic premise for explaining the causes of El Niño and La Niña. Otherwise, the relevant explanations are either shallow, or non-essence-revealing, or even fundamentally incorrect. Now, the author will give his new explanations for the fundamental mechanisms of causing El Nino and La Nina by following the three guiding principles. The entire mind map to the formulation of the relevant explanations is presented as following four steps:

(1) El Nino and La Nina phenomena must be treated as the results of the solar-terrestrial interaction.

(2) The mechanism by which the El Nino-La Nina-switching cycle is formed is the mechanism that is co-created and co-operated by both the sun and earth. Of course, the planet Venus and Jupiter are also indirectly involved in the process of creating the El Nino-La Nina-switching cycle simply because of their important roles played in the formation of 11-year sunspot cycle, with the Jupiter being the determining role played in the formation of the 11-year sunspot cycle.

(3) Because the physical process of the coevolution of the sun and planets is thought to be governed by the four suggested laws of star-planet coevolution, therefore, the third and fourth suggested laws of star-planet coevolution are of particularly important in constructing a theoretical framework for explaining the causes of El Niño and La Niña phenomena and the mechanisms of El Nino-La Nina-switching cycle.

(4) The mechanism by which the El Nino phenomenon is formed is double-sourced irradiation-magma heating mechanism. Here, the concept of the double-sourced irradiation-magma heating mechanism refers to the two heat sources that come directly from the solar irradiation and indirectly from the solar wave energy being absorbed by the earth at its north and south bipolar regions through the earth’s magnetic field lines. The solar wave energy absorbed by the earth can act as the key promotion factor that promotes the microscopic process of the collectively decay of the earth’s constituent radioactive elements consisting the earth’s core, mantle and magma, creating the magma-heating mechanism which constantly add heat energy to the deep sea water, particularly the local sea water along the lines of the mid-ocean ridge. With the four-step mind map, one can easily explain the fundamental mechanism of causing the El Nino and La Nina phenomena and also the mechanism of creating the El Nino-La Nina-switching cycle by using the third and fourth laws of star-planet coevolution as well as the mechanism of mutually promoting each other’s microscopic processes of the elemental synthesis and elemental transmutation between the sun and earth.

Based on the above-described mind map, the author proposes that the direct cause of El Nino is the periodically strengthening of the sun-earth co-created double-sourced irradiation-magma-heat mechanism. In contrast, the direct cause of La Nina is the periodically weakening of the sun-earth co-created double-sourced irradiation-magma-heating mechanism. In this physical scenario, the evolving process of El Nino-La Nina-switching cycle is naturally corresponds to the evolving process of sunspot cycle, with only approximately 1 year difference in time sequence, either ahead or behind with each other. The detailed explanations are presented as follows.

When sunspot cycle evolves into a sunspot number (sunspot index) increasing or a maximum phase, it indicates that the amount of mass-energy carried by the planet-ejected sunward-streaming electromagnetic particle-energy jets is also in an increasing or a maximum phase, which means that the sun will receive a greater amount of planetary-sourced matter-energy from the planets (Venus and Jupiter) that move into the sun’s earth-facing side or even in line with the earth. According to the third suggested law of star-planet coevolution, the process of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between the sun and planets is governed by the law of positive feedback, which means that the more amount of matter-energy is being transferred from the planets to the sun’s core, the greater amount of the solar-sourced matter-energy will be transferred into the planets, and vice versa. This means that the sun will release a more-than-average amount of matter-energy to the earth during the sunspot number ascending and maximum phases which manifests as an increasingly stronger solar wind blowing on earth and an increasingly stronger ultraviolet ray carried by the sun light during the sunspot number ascending and maximum phases. According to the fourth suggested law of star-planet coevolution, the planet-ejected sunward-streaming particle-energy jet has a basic function of promoting the microscopic process of the sun-core-based elemental synthesis while the solar-sourced wave-energy-carrying particle-energy jet has a basic function of promoting the microscopic process of planet-based mass-energy decaying trended elemental transmutation which manifests as the various modes of radioactive or non-radioactive decay of the earth’s constituent elements—the process of the earth-based elemental transmutation follows a mass-energy-decaying trend (or heavy-to-light trend). This means that the average rate of the radioactive decay of the earth’s constituent radioactive elements will become increasingly higher during the sunspot number ascending and maximum phases. This theoretical prediction has been partially experimentally confirmed by many recent published papers. Logically, a tiny temporarily increase in the average decay rate of the earth’s constituent radioactive elements contained in earth’s mantle will inevitably increase the mantle-magma temperature and cause a significant mantle-magma expansion, which in turn makes the averaged width of the gap of the mid-ocean ridge wider and a greater-than-average amount of magma with a hotter-than-average temperature will be ejected out from the mid-ocean ridge. This means that the constantly-operated mechanism of magma-heating the deep sea water will be strengthened during the sunspot number ascending and maximum phases. This means that, during the sunspot number ascending and maximum phases, the average temperature of the deep sea water in the regions along the lines of mid-ocean ridge will be higher than that of the deep sea water in neutral condition. In the same time while the magma-heating mechanism of the mid-ocean ridge is in a strengthening status, the solar irradiation-heating mechanism operated in the atmosphere is also strengthened, creating the irradiation-magma dual-heating mechanism. In this physical scenario, both the average ocean temperature and the total volume of warm water pool with hotter-than-average temperature will be increased during the sunspot number ascending and maximum phases, which causes the sea water-cooling-air mechanism to become weaker during this period. The significantly increased average ocean temperature and the increased total volume of the pool of the warm surface sea water around the equatorial pacific due to the periodically strengthening of the magma-heating mechanism of the mid-ocean ridge (which manifests as the weakening of the heat-absorbing ability of sea water) will significantly weaken the mechanisms of global atmospheric circulations including Walker circulation, thus creating the cyclically-occurring El Nino phenomenon. In contrast, during the sunspot number descending and minimum phases, the total amount of the solar wave-energy transferring to the earth decreases significantly which makes the irradiation-magma dual-heating mechanism weaker than it does in neutral condition, thus creating the La Nina phenomenon. Essentially, the El Nino and La Nina phenomena are caused by the cyclically strengthening and weakening of the irradiation-magma dual-heating mechanism. 

Because all phases of the El Nino-La Nina-switching cycle are approximately positively correlated with the phases of the sunspot cycle, with one or two years delayed. Because the mechanism of forming the sunspot and sunspot cycle is essentially the mechanism that is co-created by both the sun and planets (mainly the Earth, Venus and Jupiter), therefore, the mechanism by which the El Nino and La Nina phenomena are formed is essentially the sun-earth co-created and co-operated mechanism. Since the process of the coevolution of the sun and earth is governed by the four suggested laws of star-planet coevolution and a central mechanism of nonequivalent mass-energy exchange between the sun and planets, therefore, like the sunspot and sunspot cycle phenomena, the El Nino and La Nina phenomena and the El Nino-La Nina-switching cycle can also be well-understood as the results of the four suggested laws of star-planet coevolution and of the central mechanism of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between the sun and planets. It turns out that the new explanations about the mechanisms of causing the El Nino and La Nina phenomena and the internal positive correlation between the phases of El Nino-La Nina-switching cycle and the phases of sunspot cycle is perfectly consistent with the core ideas expressed by the three basic guiding principles that are described in the beginning of the chapter 3.

It must be specially emphasized that the idea that the process of the El Nina-La Nina-switching cycle is controlled by the four suggested laws of star-planet coevolution does not contradict the idea that the human activities play a non-dominant but also important role in making related disasters worse and worse, for example, for the same magnitude of El Nino and La Nina phenomena-related indices, the human activity-resulted non-repairable mass destruction of the forests can make the disasters like floods, droughts, landslides even worse. And the over-volume release of greenhouse gases (including increasingly release of rocket-released greenhouse gas) can add extra negative factors that would likely weaken the earth’s natural mechanism of self-cooling of the atmospheric air. So, even one day we could have achieved the ultimate revelation of the causes of El Niño and La Niña phenomena, we should not take it as an excuse for politicians to oppose the international cooperation aimed at promoting greenhouse gas reduction.

Another note that is important for formulating an accurate explanation for the cause of El Nino and La Nina phenomena is to correct the misconception that warm sea surface water can add extra heat to the atmospheric air above the warm water pool. In fact, the earth’s sea water acts as the biggest natural heat-absorber that constantly absorbs the heat from the atmospheric air both directly and indirectly because the average sea surface temperature of all regions around the equatorial pacific is always far lower than that of the atmospheric air above it, even in the warmest region near the western side of the tropical pacific, the local sea surface temperature can be 10 ℃ lower than that of local atmospheric temperature. According to the laws of thermodynamics, the heat can only be transformed from the hotter area to the cooler area, therefore, to speak of the warm sea water adding extra heat to the atmospheric air above it is the violation of the laws of thermodynamics which creates a misconception of the ocean-atmosphere interaction. The correct description should be like this, the law of ocean-atmosphere thermodynamic interaction states that the stronger the magma-heating mechanism is, the higher the temperature of average ocean temperature and the also higher the temperature of the local surface sea water, thus, the weaker its ability to absorb heat from the atmosphere, and vice versa. Therefore, the direct cause of the El Niño phenomenon is due to the periodically enhanced magma-heating mechanism operating in regions around the mid-ocean ridges, which increases overall seawater temperature which in turn weakens the ability of seawater to absorb heat from the atmosphere above it. In contrast, the direct cause of La Nina phenomenon is the periodically weakened mechanism of magma-heating mechanism operating around the regions around the mid-ocean ridge, which enhances the mechanism of upwelling of the cold water from the deep sea and it also enhances the seawater’s heat-absorbing ability (or seawater’s heat-absorbing potential). Thus, the direct cause of the El Nino-La Nina-switching cycle is the cyclically strengthening and weakening of the magma-heating mechanism operating in regions around the mid-ocean ridge.

Extra notes: The author has suggested a method of testing the theory:

Sending the a large number of unmanned autonomous underwater vehicles (UUVs) bearing sophisticated cutting-edge scientific instruments that can measure the time-dependent varying width of mid-ocean ridge and the time-dependent varying volume of magma coming out of  mid-ocean ridge and deep sea temperature around the mid-ocean ridge at different locations around the ridges and different times that correspond to the different phases of El Nino-La Nina-switching cycle and the different phases of sunspot cycle. If the average width of the gaps of mid-ocean ridge become wider during the sunspot maximum phase and El Nino strengthening phase while it becoming narrower during the sunspot minimum phase and La Nina strengthening phase, and the volume of the freshly ejected magma becomes greater during the sunspot maximum phase and El Nino strengthening phase while it becoming smaller during the sunspot minimum phase and La Nina strengthening phase, then the theory is proven to be correct. In the following section, the author will use the same set of the suggested laws and mechanisms that are used to explain the fundamental causes of El Nino and La Nina phenomena to explain the statistically negative correlation between the count of sunspots and the great volcanic eruptions (VEI ≥5 ) and major earthquakes (M ≥ 7 ).

§.3.5 The explanation of the statistically negative correlation between the count of sunspots and the frequencies of the occurrence of great volcanic eruptions (VEI ≥5) and major earthquakes (M ≥ 7)

In 1998, A Chinese scientist, Gui-Qing Zhang was able to show in her 1998 research paper that "The Relationship between Global Earthquake Activity and Solar Activity" based historical statistical data of 100 years (1900-1998) showed that super earthquake  (M ≥ 9 ) occurs only in sunspot minimum phase. ［11］ And later, a more reliable statistic study conducted by the Italian scientist, Michele Casati based on a much bigger historic data set of 400 years (1610-2014) enhanced Gui-Qing Zhang’s result.［12］ Michele Casati’s data covers not only a much longer time scale and a larger number of sunspot cycles but also a great combination of historic earthquake and volcanic records. Michele Casati’s study showed that there is a clear statistically negative correlation between the count of sunspots and the frequencies of the occurrence of great volcanic eruptions (VEI ≥5 ) and major earthquakes (M ≥ 7 ). This means that, although major earthquakes and great volcanic eruptions can also occur during the sunspot number ascending and maximum phase, but, from a long-term statistical perspective, the probability of occurrences of the major earthquakes and great volcanic eruptions occurring during the sunspot number descending and minimum phases is much greater than that of occurrences of the major earthquakes and great volcanic eruptions occurring during the sunspot number ascending and maximum phases. Most surprisingly, in the past 400 years, 90% of the super earthquakes (M ≥ 8) and super-large volcanic eruptions (VEI ≥6) occurred in the sunspot minimum phase. For example, the Chile super earthquake (occurred on May 22, 1960) occurred in the sunspot minimum phase, and the most recent Tonga super volcanic eruption (occurred on Jan 15, 2022) also occurred in the sunspot minimum phase (2019-2022). So far, there is no conclusive explanation to this statistically negative correlation between the count of sunspots and the frequencies of the occurrence of great volcanic eruptions (VEI ≥5 ) and major earthquakes (M ≥ 7 ). Again, by following the three guiding principles, the author will use the same set of physical laws and mechanisms having been used to explain the causes of El Nino and La Nina phenomena and the cause of the positive correlation between the sunspot cycle and the El Niño-La Niña-switching cycle to explain the negative correlation between the counts of sunspot and the frequencies of the occurrence of great volcanic eruptions (VEI≥5) and major earthquakes (M≥7).

Before formulating the explanation, let us review the basic ideas of the third and fourth laws of star-planet coevolution, the third suggested law of star-planet coevolution tells us that the process of the bilateral and non-equivalent mass-energy exchange obeys the rule of positive feedback, which means that the greater amount of planetary mass-energy transferred from the planets to the sun’s core, the greater amount of solar mass-energy will be returned to the planets, and vice versa. The fourth suggested law of star-planet coevolution tells us that the planet-based microscopic process of the origin and transmutation of the planet’s constituent elements (including the subatomic particles) follows the mass-energy-decaying trend (or the heavy-to-light trend) while the sun-core-based microscopic process of the origin and transmutation of the sun’s constituent elements (including subatomic particles) follows the mass-energy-increasing trend (or the light-to-heavy trend). The fourth low of star-planet coevolution suggests that there exists a fundamental mechanism of mutually promoting each other’s microscopic processes of the origin and transmutation of atomic and subatomic particles consisting the sun and planets, which means that, the planet-ejected sunward-streaming particle-energy jet has a basic function of promoting the sun-core-based mass-energy-increase trended process of the synthesis and transmutation of the sun’s constituent elements including the element-making subatomic particles, on the contrary, the solar matter-energy being absorbed by a planet has a basic function of promoting the planet-based mass-energy-decaying process of the origin and transmutation of the planet’s constituent elements and the element-making subatomic particles. As is explained earlier, in the sunspot number ascending and maximum phases, the progressively increased amount of the mass-energy carried by the planetary particle-energy jets being transferred to the sun will result in an increasingly greater amount of solar-sourced matter-energy being transferred to the planets. This means that, in the sunspot number ascending and maximum phases, the earth will receive increasingly greater amount solar energy which has a basic function of promoting the earth-based microscopic processes of the mass-energy-decaying process of elemental transmutation and and the mass-energy-decaying process of proton-to-muon-trended subatomic particle decay. Among the various modes of the earth-based mass-energy-decay trended process of elemental transmutation, the most easily observed process of which is radioactive decay, as is explained earlier in chapter 2, from the earth’s core to its hydrogen shell in the upper atmosphere, there exists an urnaoum-hydrogen decay chain. And from the earth’s hydrogen shell to its protonosphere, and to the upper belt of the earth’s Van Allen radiation belt, there exists a potential mechanism of the solar-terrestrial double sourced proton/antiproton conversion-collision-transmutation, which manifests as a transient process of proton/antiproton pair→meson/antimeson→muon/antimuon→electron/positron pair cascade decay chain.  In this physical scenario, when a greater amount of the solar-sourced particle-energy jets is being transferred to the earth, the earth will absorb the solar energy from basically two paths, the first path is called the front face defined shallow-energy-absorbing path, through which, the solar energy will be absorbed by the earth on its front face that covers the whole equatorial and high-latitude regions wherever the sun light can cover. The second path is the two polar regions where the sun’s electromagnetic wave energy can be well-absorbed by the earth along the paths of the earth’s magnetic field lines which manifests as the aurora polaris due to electromagnetic interaction between the solar wind and the gases in polar regions. Since the earth’s magnetic field originates from its core, therefore, the solar energy can be largely absorbed by the earth’s core via the path of the flux-concentrated magnetic field lines originated from earth’s polar regions where the earth’s magnetic field lines act as a good conductor through which the strongest portion of the solar electromagnetic wave energy carried the solar wind can be conducted by the earth’s magnetic field lines all the way to the earth’s core along the earth’s magnetic field lines which enable the solar energy to activate and promote the earth-core-based quantum-physical process of neutron-scattering (note that: the earth’s core-making elements should be the ultra-heavy mega nuclei elements) and the mantle-based process of cluster decay. In this physical scenario, the average rate of the radioactive decay of the earth’s core-making ultra-heavy mega nuclei elements and the earth’s mantle-making super-super heavy radioactive elements will be temporarily increased. A tiny increase of the average rate of radioactive decay of the earth’s core-making and mantle-making elements will inevitably cause a temporarily significant core-mantle-magma expansion which causes both the average width of the gaps of the mid-ocean ridge and the average width of all other gaps between continental-making tectonic plates to become wider and the average velocity of the plates tectonic movements are also accelerated. So, in the sunspot number ascending and maximum phases, due to the temporarily earth’s core-mantle-magma expansion-caused temporarily intensified plate tectonic activity, a certain amount of events of high-magnitude major earthquakes and great volcanic eruptions can occur. But, in the sunspot number descending and minimum phases, due to the decease of the amount of the solar energy being absorbed through the above-mentioned two paths, the average rate of the radioactive decay of the earth’s core-making ultra-heavy mega nuclei elements and of the mantle-making super-heavy elements decreases temporarily which causes a temporarily core-mantle-magma shrinking which in turn causes the average width of the mid-ocean ridge and the average width of the gaps between continental plates to become narrower, which in turn significantly increases the average probability of the collisions, shear force- and friction force-caused impacts between tectonic plates. Thus, increases the average probability of the occurrences of major and super earthquakes. The mechanism by which the average probability of the occurrences of the great and super-great volcanic eruptions is significantly increased is the differential cooling between the cooling rate of the earth’s crust and the cooling rate of the earth’s mantle-magma regions. In this physical scenario, when the sunspot cycle evolves into a sunspot number descending and minimum phases, amount of the solar energy absorbed by the earth through the two paths deceases and the whole body of the earth is in a cooling phase. However, the cooling rate of the earth’s crust is higher than that of the earth’s mantle-magma, therefore, the rate of shrinking or contraction of the earth’s crust is higher than that of the earth’s mantle-magma, the mechanism of which is called differential cooling-caused differential shrinking. In this physical scenario, when the temperature of the earth’s crust cools faster than that of its mantle-magma region, it causes a differential shrinking between crust and mantle-magma which will significantly increase the pressure of the magma chambers that locate underneath the volcanic mountains. Thus, the average probability of the occurrences of great and super-great volcanic eruptions increases in the sunspot number descending and maximum phases.

Because the author simply uses the same set of laws and mechanisms proposed in chapter 2 to explain all the sunspot cycle-correlated physical phenomena occurring the sun-earth system, therefore, one can easily understanding the internal relationships between them.  

§.3.6 Several alternative explanations of the latest results of AMS-02 using the same set of laws, principles and mechanisms proposed in chapter 2 in the book of the Theory of Star-Planet Coevolution (beyond the traditional cosmic ray theory, and the Dark Matter annihilation model and the pulsar model)

As of July 30, 2015, AMS-02 has recorded over 68 billion events, out of which 10.6 million were identified as leptons. The positron flux of up to 500 GeV was detected; electrons flux up to 750 GeV, electron plus positron up to 1 TeV and positron fraction up to 500 GeV. [13] [14] Because of the preconceived ideas of the Dark Matter theory and the classical cosmic ray theory, so far there has been two competitive models, the dark matter annihilation model and the pulsar (and/or supernova) model, were proposed to explain the mechanisms of creating the excess positron fraction measured by AMS-02. [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] So far the dark matter model seems to fit the AMS-02 data better than the pulsar model. Except for the latest results from AMS-02 that are unfavorable for pulsar model, another latest result from the NASA’s twin Van Allen probes (launched on August 30, 2013) which showed that the particle accelerator by which the electrons (and positrons) are accelerated to such a ultra-high energies is located in the heart between the inner and outer Van Allen radiation belts (more near the inner belt), which means that the accelerating energy comes from the Van Allen belts themselves. [23]  In other words, the dominant accelerating energy of the high-energy electrons and positrons (in even the protons and antiprotons) cannot come from the astrophysical sources outside the solar system. Otherwise, the Van Allen probes will detect the particle accelerator from the outer Van Allen belt, rather than the inner belt. Thus, pulsar and supernova models can be both rued out in terms of the explanation of the AMS-02 results. However, this does not mean that the dark matter model is the only candidate to explain the excess positron fraction. On the contrary, when global theorists and the experimental physicists of AMS-02 collaboration eagerly anticipate that the excess positron fraction detected by AMS-02 may be the smoking gun signal of the existence of dark matter annihilation model in terms of the most likely candidate—WIMPs, the author of the theory of star-planet coevolution  argues that both the Big-Bang-based theory of baryogensis and the Big-Bang-based dark matter theory are fundamentally incorrect simply because the Big Bang theory itself is a false proposition and all the evidence in support of the big bang hypothesis have better alternative explanation (please see the relevant arguments to refute the Big Bang theory in Chapter 4). The author proposed that the material universe is made up of liquid-like magnetic fluids with infinite hierachical gradients of mass density in different regions of space. The dark regions of cosmic space are the regions of magnetic fluids with extremely low mass densities and the actions of intercutting and entangling of the magnetic fields lines between different rotating body-carrying magnetic fields are extremely weak to such a level that the human-made electromagnetic wave-detectors cannot detect. The author further proposed that all kinds of atomic and subatomic particles as we know of are essentially the condensed high-density cosmic magneto-vortices with different mass densities and their corresponding magnetic fields strengths. Thus, the idea of absolutely dividing matter particles into dark matter particles and conventional matter particles is fundamentally incorrect in terms of the wrong worldview. Rather than using dark matter annihilation model to explain the excess positron fraction detected by AMS-02, one can use the same set of laws, principles and mechanisms proposed in Chapter 2 to self-consistently explain all the AMS-02 data without adding any additional assumptions, let alone invoking the traditional cosmic-ray theory and the classical dark matter theory. According to the afore-mentioned three guiding principles, all kind of astroparticle phenomena occurring within the solar system must first be regarded as the results of gravito-electromagnetic interaction between the sun and planets based on such a revolutionary physical thought of new physics that the gravito-electromagnetic interaction (theorized to be created by SSPR-dynamo mechanism) is merely an apparent physical effect, behind which the essential nature of the gravito-electromagnetic interaction between the sun and planets is the underlying mechanism of the bilateral and non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between the sun and planets. This means that all the astroparticle phenomena occurring within the Earth's magnetosphere (the sun-earth system), must first be interpreted as the results of gravito-electromagnetic interaction between the sun and earth, logically, the dominant high-energy particles detected by AMS-02 must first be interpreted as the results of the mechanism of the bilateral and non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between the Sun and the Earth (of course, Venus and Jupiter also involved). Such a preliminary interpretation is not only based on theoretical principles but also the following basic facts and their associated evidence: (1) the time for AMS-02 to be mounted on ISS is May 19, 2011, this is the right time that the counts of sunspot number is in its increasing phase since the end of sunspot minimum phase in 2008 and the 24^th sunspot cycle evolves into its maximum phase in 2014 with its dual peaks at 2012 (66) and 2014 (80) respectively. (2) Even in2016, asuper sunspot with its diameter being three times as the earth was recorded by the Chinese astronomers of Purple Mountain Observatory. (3) The time interval, starting from May 19, 2011 to May 15, 2015, is the time interval that is corresponding to the first four years of the AMS-02 records. (4) On August 30, 2012, When NASA’S Van Allen twin probes were launched into space on August 30, 2012, and a massive solar prominence emerged from the surface of the Sun on August 31, 2012, creating a coronal mass ejection that caused an interplanetary shockwave stroke the earth’s magnetosphere. (5) On September 2, 2012, NASA scientists discovered a third new temporarily existing belt emerging between inner and outer belts, which is thought to be caused by CMEs. In the same time when an unexpected third new belt is discovered, the entire Van Allen Radiation belts were swollen dramatically with its inner belt being swollen so much that the lower boundary of the inner belt being expanded to completely cover the orbital altitude of the ISS-mounted AMS-02. (6) New results from NASA’s Van Allen Probes show that the accelerator by which the electrons were accelerated to a ultra-high energy level is in the heart of the Van Allen Radiation Belts themselves, rather than any other accelerating energy source from outside the solar system such as pulsar or supernova source. So, the discovery of a local particle accelerator in the heart of Van Allen belts is a compelling evidence to disprove all the models that attribute the high-energy cosmic ray-carrying particles to the astrophysical sources from outside the solar system including the pulsar or supernova model. and it. Considering the two basic facts that, (1) the sunspot minimum phase had completed in the end of 2008 and the solar activity had become more and more active since 2009, and the relative sunspot index peaks in 2014 (with double peaks in 2012 with index above 66 and 2014 with index above 80 respectively). This also means that, from 2011 to 2015, AMS-02 must have experienced many events of the geomagnetic storm-associated Van Allen belts swollen events, considering the facts that the orbital altitude of ISS is 414-450 km and the 2012’s Van Allen belts swollen event (occurred on September 2, 2012) had caused the ISS-mounted AMS-02 to be totally submerged within the inner belt, we have enough reason to believe that the ISS-mounted AMS-02 have been submerged within the heavily swollen inner belt for many times when the solar flare- and CMEs-caused geomagnetic storms occurred during the period of year 2011-2015. If the scientists of AMS-02 collaboration can do the phase-overlapping analysis between the time of high-energy particle events registration and the corresponding time of the variations of the solar activity cycle which covers the entire period of the working time of AMS-02, they may discover that the time for AMS-02 to have recorded a significantly greater number of high-energy particles and the time for the events of the solar flare- and CME-resulted geomagnetic storms and the storm-associated Van Allen belts swollen events can be highly consistent with each other, then the alternative explanation for the puzzling source of the excess positron fraction and the physical mechanism by the excess of positron fraction is created are naturally proved.

Based on both above-described theoretical and evidential reasons, the author asserts that the dominant sources of high-energy leptons (including electrons and positrons) and baryons (including protons and antiprotons), as well as the various nuclei detected by AMS-02, can only possibly come from the Sun and Earth. Of these energetic particles detected by AMS-02, the dominant source of the various nuclei, including helium nuclei (or alpha particles), lithium nuclei, beryllium nuclei, boron nuclei, carbon nuclei, oxygen nuclei，calcium nuclei, neon nuclei, and the iron nuclei, should come mainly from the solar wind, rather than any other astrophysical sources from outside the solar system such as pulsar or supernova source. There two extra evidence to strengthen the author’s conclusion: (A) a combined cosmic ray-shielding effect of the heliosheath and the steady streams of the out-streaming solar wind would have a strong ability to block galactic cosmic rays. Remember, Voyager-1 had only encountered a sudden increased galactic cosmic ray flux after it had already traveled to the outer boundary of the solar system. [21] (B) The recent spectral observations of the material structure of the multilayer solar photosphere from SOHO, Yohkoh, Trace, RHESSI, Hinode, Stereo, Geos Satellite programs demonstrate that the most of the species of the nuclei measured by AMS-02 in its first four working years have their corresponding sources from the material structures present in the multilayer solar photosphere, including the sub-transitional neon layer, calcium layer, and the inner most iron layer sitting beneath the photosphere—which means the entire photosphere acts like a solar-planetary dual magnetic fields co-energized but the solar magnetic field dominated “electric-arc-heating steel-making furnace” which is filled with red-hot high-density heavy metallic plasma of metal elements—the dominant elements are not hydrogen and helium (by mass). [22] Unlike all the single-sourced cosmic ray nuclei from the sun, the author proposed that, the electrons, positrons, protons, and antiprotons measured by AMS-02, both high-energy and low-energy, come from dual sources of the Sun and Earth. In this physical picture, the solar-terrestrial dual-sourced the electrons and positrons occurring within the earth’s magnetosphere, or within the regions of Van Allen radiation belts, can be divided into two sources produced by two distinct mechanisms: the primary electron-positron propagating source and the secondary proton-antiproton pair formation-and-annihilation source. The latter (secondary) mechanism means that, the solar-sourced protons (S-proton) can be converted into the antiprotons of the terrestrial protons (T-proton) that originated from the photodisintegration of the highly ionized hydrogen atoms in earth’s hydrogen shell. In this new physical picture, with the newly proposed putative mechanism of the geomagnetic field-caused charge-conversion of the solar protons—the spin direction of the solar protons are forced to be changed when entering the earth’s magnetic field which causes the solar protons to be converted into antiproton relative to the terrestrial protons (T-proton)—which create proton-antiproton pairs in the heart of the Van Allen radiation belts and then, the solar-terrestrial dual-sourced proton-antiproton pair will inevitably annihilate each other to decay into pion-antipion pair through a transient cascade decay chain by which the a pion-antipion pair will decay into a muon-antimuon pair, and ultimately, a muon-antimuon pair will decay into a high-energy electron-positron pair, by which a large population of high-energy electrons and positrons will be created and accelerated within the Van Allen radiation belts. The symbolic expression of this new mechanism:

The positive charged S-proton (Ps﹢) is converted into a negative charged antiproton (Ps﹣), forming the solar-terrestrial dual-sourced proton-antiproton pair (Pt﹢Ps﹣) in the inner-zone of Van Allen radiation belts, the process of the proton-antiproton pair annihilation will trigger the baryon-lepton cascade decay chain:

 (P﹢P﹣) → (k﹢k﹣) → (π﹢π﹣) →(μ﹢μ﹣) →(e﹢e﹣) →(γγ).

This means that the entire region starting from the earth’s protonosphere to the outer zone of Van Allen Belts is essentially a charge-converter of the solar-sourced proton—the solar-terrestrial dual-sourced proton-antiproton pair formation zone, and proton-antiproton acceleration-and-annihilation zone. In other words, the earth’s Van Allen radiation belts acts as a solar-sourced particle charge-converter, particle accelerator, and proton-antiproton collider (or baryon crusher) simultaneously—which means that the entire Van Allen radiation belts has an intrinsic functional trinity. This means that the proton decay phenomenon that is difficult to be observed in the ground-based laboratories is a commonly occurring astroparticle phenomenon that occurs constantly in the heart of Van Allen radiation belts because of the existence of the mechanism of the solar-earth dual-sourced and dual magnetic fields co-energized proton-antiproton pair formation and proton-antiproton annihilation—which is a proton-meson-muon-electron cascade decay chain or (P﹢P﹣) → (k﹢k﹣) → (π﹢π﹣) →(μ﹢μ﹣) →(e﹢e﹣) →(γγ) for symbolic expression. In other words, the Van Allen radiation belts is a solar-terrestrial dual magnetic fields co-energized particle acceleration, solar-terrestrial dual-sourced particle charge-conversion, particle-antiparticle pair formation and annihilation zone in which the three processes, solar-sourced particle charge conversion, particle-antiparticle pair formation, acceleration and annihilation, are synchronized into a cascade baryon-lepton decaying process.

To provide a clear the physical picture of how the solar-terrestrial dual-sourced protons can formation proton-antiproton pairs in the heart of the earth’s Van Allen radiation belts which leads to the cascade baryon → lepton decaying chain, the author would like to give a brief review of the new physical picture in which the mechanism of uranium-hydrogen decay chain operating in regions starting from the earth’s core to its hydrogen shell in the upper atmosphere and the mechanism of proton-meson-muon-electron cascade decay chain which operates in regions starting from the earth’s protonosphere to the outer zone of Van Allen radiation belts. In other words, the author will help reader understand how the entire earth’s VAN Allen radiation belts can act as a solar-terrestrial dual-sourced proton-antiproton pair transformer, particle accelerator, and proton-antiproton collider simultaneously which ultimately leads to the generation of the earth-ejected sunward-streaming and ever-condensing electromagnetic wave-energy-carrying lepton jets being injected into the sun’s core. 

As is proposed in Chapter 2, the author asserts that, there exists an earth-based process of uranium→hydrogen decay chain which starts from the earth’s core and ends at the earth’s hydrogen shell, with the uranium being considered the “representative precursor element” or “ancestor element” and the hydrogen being considered the terminal decay product on the uranium-hydrogen decay chain. Although the mechanism of this mass-energy-decaying trended (heavy-to-light trend) process is operating on earth, but it is essentially co-energized by both the solar electromagnetic wave energy and the earth’s intrinsic internal magnetic energy, the solar electromagnetic wave energy can be absorbed by earth from mainly two channels, (A) the horizontal-shallow absorbing channel through which the photothermal energy is absorbed by the earth’s entire dayside face; and (B), the bipolar-deep absorbing channel through which the solar wave energy can be absorbed by earth’s core along the paths of the earth’s magnetic field lines since the earth’s magnetic field originates from its dense core. In this physical scenario, the solar electromagnetic wave energy can be directly transformed into the earth’s core to activate the chain process of uranium-hydrogen decay chain while the solar photothermal quantum-evaporation energy absorbed by the earth’s dayside will also act as a promoting factor which jointly promotes the mass-decaying-trended process of the crust-atmosphere based hydrogen-oriented elemental transmutation which manifests as the atmosphere- and the protonosphere-based processes, such as the photodissociation, photoionization, and photodisintegration. Generally speaking, the various heavy metal elements that constitute earth’s crust originated from the superheavy transuranium elements through various modes of radioactive decay, including cluster decay and symmetric and asymmetric nuclear fission. And all these heavy metal elements will decay into light gaseous elements through various known and unknown, radioactive and non-radioactive decay modes, including the newly proposed “chemical-bond-enabled beta plus/minus-alternate decay chain”. And all kinds of light gaseous elements will ultimately transmute into hydrogen that will move up into the earth’s hydrogen shell through the mechanism of photoevaporation. In different planets, the dominant source of hydrogen evaporating process can originate from different major elemental sources, for example, for an oxygen-poor planet, its dominant source of generating hydrogen atoms can be nitrogen nuclei fission or carbon nuclei fission. But for an oxygen-rich planet like earth, the dominant source of hydrogen evaporation come from the evaporation of sea water through photothermal evaporation. In traditional theory, the quantity of the global water evaporating into atmosphere is approximately equal to that of the water falling back down to terrestrial surface in the form of global precipitation in a dynamical equilibrium status, however, in the frame of the theory of star-planet coevolution, this is not the case because a large percentage of the water molecules that evaporate into the atmosphere can never return to the terrestrial surface due to the continuous actions of the photodissociation, photodisintegration and photonucleofission. In this new physical scenario described by the theory of star-planet coevolution, a large amount of water molecules are dissociated into highly ionized hydrogen atoms and ionized oxygen atoms, in which process the hydrogen atoms will move up into earth’s hydrogen shell while the oxygen atoms will move up into earth’s oxygen shell. The oxygen atoms in oxygen shell (that sits above the earth’s nitrogen shell and below the helium shell) will be further disintegrated into deuterium and tritium by photonucleofission and the latter two isotopes of hydrogen will also move up into earth’s hydrogen shell where the deuterium and tritium will be further disintegrated into hydrogen-1 by high-energy photonucleofission. So, the hydrogen shell marks the end of the uranium-hydrogen decay chain or the end of the earth-based mass-decaying trended process of particle transmutation at atomic level. After the hydrogen shell, the earth-based mass-decay-trended process of particle transmutation progresses continuously into the subatomic level by which all the highly ionized hydrogen atoms sit in the hydrogen shell will be totally disintegrated into protons and electrons and the protons derived from the hydrogen atoms will move up into the earth’s protonosphere which sit between the earth’s hydrogen shell and the inner Van Allen belt. While the high-energy electrons move up into outer Van Allen belt. For this reason, all these protons that originated from the photodisintegration of the terrestrial hydrogen atoms in hydrogen shell are then called terrestrial protons (or T-proton form short form) in comparing with the solar-sourced protons (S-proton). The so named T-protons are different from the solar-sourced protons (S-proton) in the property of electric charge because of the suggested mechanism of geomagnetic field charge-conversion which converts the solar protons into the antiproton of the terrestrial proton. By the same intrinsic charge-conversion function of the earth’s magnetic field, the electrons of the terrestrial origin through photodisintegration of hydrogen atoms from hydrogen shell are then called terrestrial electrons (or T-electrons). So the electrons of terrestrial origin are different from the electrons of solar origin (or S-electron).

Because the entire Van Allen radiation belts is actually functioning as a charge-converter, matter-antimatter pair creator, and particle accelerator, and a proton-antiproton pair annihilizer or baryon crusher, both the terrestrial protons that come from the earth’s protonosphere and the solar protons that come from the solar winds will naturally electromagnetically coupled to form proton-antiproton pairs in the mid-zone between the inner and outer Van Allen radiation belts through the new 3-step astroparticle mechanisms, called the mechanism of the solar-proton-charge-conversion (SPCC) and the mechanism of the solar-terrestrial dual-sourced transient proton-antoproton pair formation (STDS- P﹢P﹣), and the mechanism of the solar-terrestrial dual-sourced proton-antiproton pair acceleration-to-annihilation (STDS- P﹢P﹣→A＆A). In this new physical picture, when the solar-sourced protons (S-proton) penetrated through the geomagnetosphere and captured by geomagnetic field, the spin direction of the solar protons will be forced to be changed to the spin direction in which the spin axes of the solar protons will be collectively adjusted to be perpendicular to the spin axes of the terrestrial protons (T-proton) that sit in the lower-zone of the inner Van Allen belt, thus, forming the proton-antiproton pairs. This means that for each solar-terrestrial dual-sourced proton-antiproton pair, the spin axes of both proton and antiproton are always stay perpendicular to one another when both side approaching each other before they annihilate with each other. This mechanism is then called the solar-terrestrial dual magnetic fields co-energized solar-proton-charge-conversion (STDMF-CE-SPCC), the process allows for the formation of the solar-terrestrial dual-sourced proton-antiproton pair (STDS-P﹢P﹣). The proton-antiproton pairs are transient particle/antiparticle pairs that will immediately annihilate with each other to decay into pion-antipion pairs which in turn the pion-antipion pairs will quickly decay into muon-antimuon pairs and the muon-antimuon pairs decay into electron-positron pair by the process of cascade baryon-lepton decay chain. So the 3-step mechanisms can be expressed in a short form like this: (STDMF-CE-SPCC) →(STDS- P﹢P﹣) →(STDS- P﹢P﹣→A＆A). The symbolic form:

(STDMF-CE-SPCC) →

(P﹢P﹣) → (k﹢k﹣) → (π﹢π﹣) →(μ﹢μ﹣) →(e﹢e﹣) →(γγ)

This 3-step mechanisms contain two acceleration mechanisms which include: (a) the primary geomagnetic field acceleration mechanism and (b) the secondary collision-to-annihilation acceleration mechanism, which means that the cascade process of proton-antiproton pair formation-and-annihilation itself creates an accelerator by which the electrons and positrons are accelerated to a ultra-high energies in the heart of the Van Allen radiation belts. Such a lepton acceleration mechanism is essentially the solar-terrestrial dual magnetic fields co-energizing mechanism even though the acceleration mechanism is operating in the heart of the earth’s Van Allen radiation belts. This kind of new astrophysical mechanism—the solar-proton-charge-conversion created solar-terrestrial dual-sourced transient proton-antiproton pair in the Van Allen belts and its associated cascade proton-antiproton annihilation mechanism can successfully explain not only the underlying mechanism behind the lingering mysteries of the emergence of an excess positron fraction detected by ASM-02, but also the existence of an solar wind trigged acceleration mechanism which operated temporarily in the heart of Van Allen belts and created a new third high-energy electron storage ring that temporarily existed in between the inner and outer belts. Thus, the excess positron fraction detected by AMS-02 and the local temporarily existed particle accelerating mechanism and its associated temporarily existed third high-energy electron storage ring can all be consistently explained without using the dark matter model. Generally speaking, in the frame of the theory of star-planet coevolution, the earth’s Van Allen radiation belts actually acts as a solar-proton-charge-converter, solar-terrestrial dual magnetic fields co-energized and solar-terrestrial dual-sourced proton-antiproton pair creator, and the dual-sourced proton-antiproton accelerator and collider and annihilator. Or simply speaking, the Van Allen belts-operated baryon crusher. Ultimately, the mass majority of the leptons created in the Van Allen radiation belts will be used by the earth to form the earth-ejected sunward-streaming ever-condensing electromagnetic wave energy-carrying lepton jets that will be injected into the sun’s core to become parts of the precursor materials to directly synthesize the heavy metal elements in the sun’s core—which means that all kinds of baryons are made up of lepton-energy jets through the solar-planetary co-energized and the solar-planetary dual-sourced particle-energy jets colliding in the sun’s core under the confinement of the solar magnetic field force. Now, in the following section-3.7, the author will use the above-described 3-step mechanism to explain the lingering mystery of how and why the high-energy electrons contained in the third high-energy electron storage ring temporarily existed in between the inner and outer belts and the high-energy electrons in the outer belt suddenly disappeared after October 1, 2012.

§.3.7 A new explanation for the dominant mechanisms of the geomagnetic storm-induced rapid losses of the outer radiation belt high-energy electrons and the gradual depletion of the third new temporary belt high-energy electrons

One of the main as-yet unexplained new phenomena discovered by the NASA’s twin Van Allen probes is the enigma of the geomagnetic storm-triggered rapid loss of the relativistic and ultra-relativistic electrons populated in the normal outer-zone and the third temporary mid-zone of the Van Allen radiation belts. [24] The current prevailing explanation for the dominant mechanisms of the sudden losses of relativistic and ultra-relativistic electrons from the outer-zone and the third temporary mid-zone of the Van Allen radiation belts is that Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron (EMIC) waves may play a crucial role in the loss of radiation belt electrons since Thorne and Kennel first proposed EMIC waves mechanism in 1971. [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] However, the recent study showed that EMIC waves mainly contribute to the loss ultra-relativistic electrons while the relativistic electron population seems to be unaffected. [35] The author believes that the above-mentioned explanations for the dominant mechanisms of the storm-triggered rapid losses of the outer belt high-energy electrons are superficial and do not reveal the true underlying mechanisms and the essential nature behind the outer belt electron loss phenomenon. Here the author proposed that the simplest explanation for the phenomenon of the storm-triggered sudden losses of the outer belt high energy electrons is the mechanism of nonequivalent mass-energy exchange between the Sun and Earth. In this physical scenario, the vast majority of the lost outer belt electrons are ultimately transported into the sun’s core through an invisible pipe-like sun-earth connected giant electromagnetic bond that contains a large number of bidirectional-flowing electromagnetic particle streams that are always in a dynamic process of frequently intercutting and mutually entangling status on every step of their oppositely moving forward. Therefore, the electrons that disappeared from the outer Van Allen radiation belt are transmitted to the sun’s core in the form of the earth-ejected sunward-streaming lepton-energy jets and these terrestrial-sourced electrons will be used by the sun as a part of the precursor materials for the sun to synthesize various baryonic particles and various heavy nuclei in its core by using the so-called new physical mechanism of the solar magnetic field-confined and the solar-planetary dual magnetic fields co-energized and the solar-planetary dual-sourced particles colliding—this is the correct particle-astrophysical mechanism for the sun to produce its energy while synthesizing various heavy and even superheavy metal elements in its core, rather than the traditionally believed hydrogen-fueled nuclear fusion reaction mechanism. Meanwhile, only a small fraction of the low, medium and high-energy electrons contained in the inner belt and the short-lived temporary electron storage ring lost to the earth’s atmosphere in the form of electron precipitation which can manifest as the gamma-ray triggered upper atmospheric lightening. However, such a simple explanation about the losses of the outer belt electrons cannot help scientists to comprehensively and deeply understand the dominant mechanisms involving the storm-triggered outer-belt electron loss, to do so, we must radically revolutionize our understandings about the processes, mechanisms and the channel paths involving the generation, acceleration, transmutation, and transportation of the Van Allen belts-storage protons, antiprotons, electrons, and positrons that have been detected by both the NASA’s twin Van Allen probes in high altitude orbits and the ISS-mounted AMS-02 in low altitude orbit. According to the author’s new model, the different species of the leptonic and baryonic particles occurring in the Van Allen radiation belts should have different sources of origin as described as the following:

(1). There are basically three sources of the belts-populated electrons and the two sources of the belt-populated positrons. (a) The first source of the belt electrons is produced by the mechanism of the photodisintegration of the hydrogen atoms in the earth’s hydrogen shell. (b) The second source of the belt electrons is produced by the mechanism of the creation and annihilation of proton-antiproton pair in the heart of Van Allen radiation belts. (c) The third source of the belt electrons is produced by the mechanism of the solar electrons being trapped by the earth’s magnetic field. In comparison, (a) The first source of the belt positron is produced by the mechanism of the above-mentioned creation and annihilation of proton-antiproton pair in the heart of Van Allen radiation belts. (b) The second source of the belt positrons is produced by the mechanism of particle charge-conversion of the earth’s magnetic field.

 

(2). There are basically two sources of the belt-populated protons and the one source of the belt-populated antiprotons.

To achieve a comprehensive understand of the processes and their associated physical mechanisms involving the generation of these leptonic and baryonic particles, the author will provide the brief descriptions as follows:

(1) The three dominant sources of the Van Allen radiation belt-contained electrons and their corresponding generation mechanisms: (a) the source-1 is the terrestrial source, which is also the largest source. The dominant mechanism to create the terrestrial-sourced electrons is photodisintegration of hydrogen atoms contained in earth’s hydrogen shell nestled above the earth’s helium shell. As is explained earlier in chapter 2, the earth’s hydrogen shell marks the last step of the uranium-hydrogen decay chain which operated in regions starting from the earth’s core to its hydrogen shell in upper atmosphere, with the hydrogen-1 isotope being the terminal product produced in the uranium-hydrogen decay chain. Above hydrogen shell, the earth-based quantum evaporation process geos from atomic scale to subatomic scale, at which the hydrogen isotope of hydrogen-1 in the hydrogen shell will be further disintegrated into protons and electrons by photodisintegration. In this physical scenario, the solar gamma-rays of ultra-high energy will cause the highly ionized hydrogen atoms in hydrogen shell to be completely disintegrated into energetic protons and electrons. Because the hydrogen atoms contained in the earth’s hydrogen shell come from the earth’s constituent hydrogen atoms, therefore, the protons and electrons originated from the photodisintegration of the terrestrial-originated hydrogen atoms are then called the terrestrial protons (T-proton) and terrestrial electrons (T-electron), in comparing with the solar-sourced protons (S-proton) and solar-sourced electrons (S-electron). In this physical scenario, the most of the terrestrial protons will unstoppably move up into the regions of earth’s protonosphere and/or the regions of the entire inner-zone of Van Allen radiation belts, while the mass majority of the terrestrial electrons will move up into the earth’s electronosphere, or the entire region of both the inner and outer Van Allen belts (most the outer belt). However, the mechanism by which the terrestrial protons and terrestrial electrons are energized and accelerated is operated in heart of the inner and outer Van Allen belts since the magnitude of the strength of the geomagnetic field is much stronger in the inner-zone of the geomagnetosphere than the outer-zone of the geomagnetosphere. This is the reason why the NASA’s twin Van Allen probes helped scientists find the local acceleration mechanism operating in the heart of the inner and outer belts. This mechanisms can naturally explain the storm-induced formation of the third new temporary electron storage ring. In this physical scenario, when the solar flares or CMEs events occur, the solar energy input will increase sharply and dramatically, according to the third and fourth suggested laws of star-planet coevolution, the amount of the hydrogen atoms nestled in hydrogen shell that are photodisintegrated disintegrated into protons and electrons by photodisintegration will be sharply increased to many orders of magnitude during the geomagnetic storm than in the nonstrom time, the process of which will significantly increase the combined populations of terrestrial protons and terrestrial electrons in the inner belt. Since total the populations of terrestrial protons and terrestrial electrons increase dramatically during the storm time, it will naturally create the third new temporary high-energy electron-storage ring emerged in mid-zone between the inner and outer belts. Meanwhile, combined effects of the abruptly increased total amount of terrestrial protons and terrestrial electrons, and also the dramatically increased total amount of the solar-sourced protons and solar-sourced electrons and the intensified process of the creation of proton-antiproton pair in the heart of Van Allen radiation belts, it will cause the total volume of the entire region of the Van Allen belts to swell to many times bigger than its normal volume in nonstorm time. For this reason, the author concluded that the largely increased populations of protons and electrons nestled in the inner belt and the third new temporary belt should be the so-called terrestrial electrons and the terrestrial protons respectively, rather than the solar-sourced protons and the solar-sourced electrons. The largely increased solar-sourced protons and solar-sourced electrons only account for the swollen of the outer belt, while the highly increased fluxes of the bidirectional-flowing earth-sun dual-sourced protons and electrons and the highly intensified process of proton-antiproton pair formation and annihilation can successfully explain the mechanism of the temporal fusion of the inner and outer belts. (b) The source-2 belt-contained electrons, the second source of the belt-contained electrons is the solar source, this solar electron source is created by two dominant mechanisms, the first mechanism is called the direct solar wind-carrying electron penetration or the primary solar electron source by which the solar wind-carrying electrons can penetrate the geomagnetosphere and enter the outer and inner Van Allen belts. The second mechanism is called the indirect secondary solar hot neutron decay source, in the second physical scenario, the solar-sourced hot neutrons ejected from the highly energized nuclei of various heavy atoms in the sub-transitional layers of photosphere, including the heavy nuclei of radioactive iron isotopes, neon isotopes, calcium isotopes, oxygen isotopes, etc., can rapidly decay into protons and electrons (may be in few seconds) through the as-yet known new mode of the so-called “rapid solar hot neutron beta decay” or the inter-solar-planetary space-operated rapid hot solar neutron beta decay process (R-β-decay). (c) the electron source-3, the third source of the belt-contained electrons is created by the local mechanism, called the solar-terrestrial dual-sourced and solar-terrestrial dual magnetic fields co-energized proton-antiproton pair creation and annihilation. This mechanism is based on an assumption of a new particle-astrophysical mechanism—which is termed as the geomagnetic field-enabled charge-converting mechanism. In this new physical scenario, the solar proton can be plausibly converted into the “antiproton of the terrestrial proton” when the axial spin direction of the solar protons are forced to be changed to the opposite direction when captured by the earth’s magnetic field, this so-called intrinsic charge-conversion mechanism of the earth (every planetary magnetic field has the charge-conversion function) is the root cause that leads to the creation of short-lived proton-antiproton pair in the heart of Van Allen radiation belts—which is also the dominant mechanism of creating the positron population in the inner belt that are first detected by the ISS-mounted AMS-02.

(2) For the source of the positrons detected by AMS-02, there should be two dominant sources and their associated mechanisms involving in the creation of the positron population in Van Allen radiation belts, the first source is solar positron transporting process and the second source is the cascade proton-antiproton pair decaying process or the follow cascade symbolic expression:

(P﹢P﹣) → (k﹢k﹣) → (π﹢π﹣) →(μ﹢μ﹣) →(e﹢e﹣) →(γγ)

(3) For the various belt-contained nuclei heavier than the isotope of hydrogen-1, there should be only one source—the solar source. This means that all kinds of nuclei, including the helium, lithium, beryllium, boron, carbon, calcium, neon, and iron, that were detected in the Van Allen belts by AMS-02 or the NASA’s twin Van Allen probes can only come from the solar winds. The reason for why the belt-contained heavy nuclei cannot originate from Earth is that all atomic nuclei of terrestrial origin would have already decayed into hydrogen-1 isotope below the altitude of hydrogen shell. This is also the same reason why the inner Van Allen belt contains virtually no helium nuclei or alpha particles. For this reason, the author concluded that the general moving direction of all kinds of nuclei heavier-than-helium in the Van Allen radiation belts is the earth, while the main moving direction of the mass majority of relativistic and ultra-relativistic electrons in the belts is the sun while only a much smaller percentage of high-energy electrons in the belts move down to the earth in the forms of electron precipitation, gamma-ray, X-ray that act as an triggering force to induce the formation of upper atmospheric lightening.

   In the normal nonstorm time, the rate of the generation of the high-energy electrons in both inner and outer belts and the rate of loss these electrons are in dynamically equilibrium state, however, during the storm period, such an equilibrium can be broken, when the first sudden increase in the solar input, the rate of the generation of the high-energy electrons by the dominant mechanism of the creation and annihilation of the proton-antiproton pairs in the heart of the Van Allen radiation belts get intensified, which leads to a sudden increasing in the population of high energy electrons and also leads to a sudden increase in the radiation pressure in the heart of the Van Allen radiation belts. The combined effects of the sudden increased electron population and radiation pressure will not only cause the formation of the new third temporary high-energy electron storage ring but also cause the entire Van Allen radiation belts to expand to many times bigger than its normal size during the nonstorm time. When the secondary interplanetary shock wave striking on the outer edge of the earth’s magnetosphere, it will increase the average aperture of the electron-jet-ejection gate that distributed on the surface of the earth’s magnetosheath much wider, which will effectively result in the increases in both the flux of the outer-streaming electron jets and the energy density of the earth-ejected sunward-streaming electromagnetic wave-energy-carrying lepton-energy jet, thus the sudden losses of the outer belt electrons. The reason for the new third temporary high-energy storage ring disappear first and then followed by the outer belt electrons depletion is that the vast majority of the high-energy electrons contained in the inner belt and the third new electron storage ring are always moving outward into the outer belt to refill the pool of outer belt electrons while the outer belt electrons are constantly moving outward towards the direction of the sun’s core, this is the reason why the source of the third new electron storage ring gets exhausted first, and then the depletion of the outer belt electrons took place a little bit later because no more electron of the third electron storage ring available to refill the pool of the outer belt electrons. In this sense, understanding the mechanism of nonequivalent mass-energy exchange between the sun and the earth is the basic premise in the understanding of the dominant mechanisms of the geomagnetic storm-triggered rapid losses of the outer belt electrons and the gradual depletion of the electrons contained in both inner belt and the third new electron storage ring.

Generally speaking, the deep understanding of the underlying mechanisms and essential nature behind the phenomenon of the belt electrons loss requires a comprehensive understanding the core ideas of the theory of star-planet coevolution (see contents of chapter 2). In particular, we must understand how and why the entire region of the Van Allen radiation belts can function as a baryonic particle crusher and accelerator, proton-antiproton pair creator and annihilator, and the generator of the earth-ejected sunward-streaming electromagnetic wave-energy-carrying lepton-energy jets that will be injected into the sun’s core to be used by the sun as a part of precursor materials to directly synthesize the various next-generation heavy and superheavy metal elements as the constituent elements of the sun-core-gestated mass-growing embryonic metallic karyospheres—the sun-core-gestated mass-growing next-generation planetary embryos.

§3.8 Explanation for the mechanism of how a huge energy can be pre-stored in the nucleus of the today’s constituent atoms

Why is there so much energy stored in the atomic nucleus? Different mechanisms of elemental origin give us different answers. The classical explanations offered three major mechanisms of how a huge amount of energy is being generated and pre-stored in the nuclei of atoms. The big-bang nucleosynthesis (primordial nucleosynthesis) supposedly synthesized nucleons and the lightest three elements, hydrogen, helium and lithium, so the generation and precharge of the nuclear energy in the atomic nuclei of hydrogen, helium and lithium were supposedly done by big bang nucleosynthesis; the following two mechanisms of stellar nucleosynthesis and supernova explosion altogether supposedly synthesized all the natural chemical elements heavier than lithium and lighter than uranium. The common point of these three types of the mechanisms of the generation and precharge of the nuclear energy in atomic nuclei is that planets do not participate in the star-core-based processes of synthesizing various elements, so the process of the precharge of nuclear energy of atoms has nothing to do with planets. Therefore, the three classical mechanisms involving in the origin of elements and the precharge of nuclear energy can be collectively referred to as non-coevolutionary mechanism of the nuclear energy precharge. The theory of star-planet coevolution, however, holds that the masses and energies contained within the atomic nuclei of the earth’s constituent atoms are given by the parent planets and the parent star  of last generation through the universal mechanism of star-planet co-energized and the stellar magnetic field-confined dual-sourced particle colliding, just like the current sun-core-operated elemental synthesizing mechanism that is essentially the sun-planet co-energized and the solar magnetic field-confined dual-sourced particle colliding—the mechanism by which the constituent elements of next-generation terrestrial planets are now synthesized in the sun’s core. Therefore, the author named this stellar magnetic field-confined but star-planet co-energized and star-planet dual-sourced particle colliding mechanism as “the cyclically repeated two-generation star-planet co-operated elemental synthesis and nuclear energy pre-charging mechanism”. In order to better understand how the above-suggested new physical mechanism works, we’d better use the current earth-sun system, as a verifiable or falsifiable example, to explain how the earth (as well as all other planets in the solar system) and the sun are working together to co-synthesize the nest-generation elements of forming the sun-core-gestated embryonic metallic karyospheres—the highly-condensed actinides-dominant metallic planetary embryos of the next-generation planets. In this physical scenario, there exists a flux of lance-shaped earth-ejected sunward-streaming highly-magnetized hadron-lepton-mixed matter jets that are constantly being injected into the sun’s core where the earth-ejected energetic hadron-lepton-mixed jets (together with other planet-ejected subnucleonic particle jets) collide with the plasmatic matter particles of the sun under the magnetic confinement of the solar magnetic field force, which could directly synthesize various heavy and superheavy elements in the sun’s core. As the sun-core-gestated embryonic metallic karyospheres are always in all-directional spin-flip-synchronized motion, the freshly synthesized elemental atoms can be evenly condensed on the bodies of the sun-core-gestated metallic karyospheres which shapes the planetary embryos into round ball-like body, the mechanism of which is therefore called the even mass-coating mechanism (EMCM). So, the sun-core-based process of synthesizing the next-generation heavy elements does not mean that the sun can independently use its own matter and energy to synthesize the next-generation heavy elements of forming next-generation planets, but rather, the sun-core-operated mechanism of synthesizing heavy elements is co-created and co-energized by both the sun and its orbiting planets and the raw materials (in the form of pre-nucleonic matter jets) for synthesizing next-generation elements actually come from both the sun’s interior and its orbiting planets. In other words, the component matters and component energies of the nuclei of the elemental atoms of the current earth come from both the parent stars and planets of the earth by following the rule of double-sourced matter-energy hybridization and double-sourced celestial matter-gene inheritance.

When the energy density of the earth-ejected spirally sunward-streaming hadron-lepton-mixed matter jets reach a critical level, the jet head(s) can perforate a cluster of vortex-like holes on the surface of the sun’s photoshere which emerge as sunspots, so, even though the sunspots occur right on the sun’s photosphere, but the spirally called photosphere During the 11-year solar cycle, when the orbital configuration of the Earth, Venus and Jupiter reach the maximum alignment, the earth-ejected sunward-streaming lance-shaped subnucleonic matter jets would be supposed with the Venus-ejected and Jupiter-ejected matter jets which form an energy-amplified resultant planetary matter-energy jets which could perforate more numbers of vortex holes on the surface of the sun’s photoshere emerging as more numbers of sunspots with averagely bigger diameter size. So, when the magnetic fields’ energies of macroscopic celestial bodies (star and planet) are being confined within the microscopic bodies of the nuclei of atoms through the coevolutionary mechanism of stellar magnetic confined but star-planet’s double magnetic fields co-energized and the star-planet’s double-sourced subnucleonic matter jets colliding, so, imagine, when the celestial-leveled gravity-electromagnetic energy-carrying matter jets are being condensed into such a corpuscular nuclei of atoms, the energy density of the nuclei of atoms would be inevitably increased up to billions of billions fold as that of the energy density of the magnetic field energy of the celestial bodies, this why, the intensity of the gravito-electromagnetic binding/unbinding energy of the nucleus of an atom can be billions of billions of times stronger than that of the electromagnetic energy of a celestial body. And the intensity of the strong nuclear force produced by the corresponding high-density nuclear binding energy can be billions of billions of times higher than that of the electromagnetic force of its corresponding celestial body.

In the chapter 5, I will use the core ideas and some of my suggested suggested laws, principles and mechanisms as well as my invented notions, including the concepts of the Double-Holes-Structured Dual-Energies Conversion System in which it runs the unified physical mechanism of the conversion of the dualistic energies (the photo-thermal quantum-evaporation and bond-breaking energy and the dark-cold quantum-condensation and bond-forming energy) and the cosmic subquantum etheric-leveled electromagnetic streams-intercutting and entangling web, to develop a potentially omnipotent theory of new astro-particle physics.

§.3.9 A new explanation of the origin and retention of the earth’s water

The various current prevailing theories concerning the origin of the terrestrial water are based on the foundations of the solar nebular theory and the Big Bang cosmology-based theory of the origin of elements. However, if the solar nebular theory and the big bang cosmology were proved wrong, then all the theories concerning the origin of the terrestrial water that were developed on the bases of the two theories would be naturally proved wrong. Here, the author would like to proposed a totally new explanation about the origin of the terrestrial water based on the foundation of the new theory of the origin and evolution of the solar system—the theory of star-planet coevolution—which holds that the earth, as a daughter product or a originally highly condensed and highly radioactive metallic karyosphere, originated from a stellar merger event that must happened at least 10 billion years ago. In this physical scenario, when two component stars of a parent binary system began to merge, one of the component star, called the female-mother-natured component would eject all its core-gestated massively matured metallic karyospheres into the circumstellar space, giving birth to a clutch of new generation planets, while in the same time, the collapsing plasma shell of the female component star would merge with the male component star to form the young sun. This means that the young earth was originally made up of mainly superheavy radioactive elements and covered by a thin layer of iron-nickel alloy, with so little oxygen and hydrogen that are no enough to form a large amount of liquid water in today’s ocean volume. The large amount of the earth’s constituent oxygen and hydrogen atoms occurring on today’s earth are the results of the fourth suggested law of star-planet coevolution, which says that the planet-based process of elemental transmutation follows a mass-energy decay law or heavy-to-light trend. This means that the oxygen and hydrogen largely occurring on earth should be the results of the decay of the heavy and superheavy metal elements through various known and yet-known models of radioactive decay and the various modes of nonradioactive gradual elemental transmutations. In other words, the oxygen and hydrogen atoms were created in situ on earth by the sun-earth interaction-enabled mass-decaying trended process of elemental transmutation, and in the same time when the terrestrial oxygen and terrestrial hydrogen atoms are created on earth in the macroscopic evolutionary process of the earth, the water molecules can be naturally created by the various ways of chemical reaction. So, to understand the process of the origin of the terrestrial water, one must understand the process of how the terrestrial oxygen and terrestrial hydrogen atoms can be created in situ on earth (see relative contents in chapter 2). The following two tips can be helpful for someone to understand the mechanisms of the creation of both the terrestrial oxygen and terrestrial hydrogen while understanding the core ideas of the fourth suggested law of star-planet coevolution.         

Tip-1: One of the biggest flaws in current ozone cycle theory is that the ozonesphere is understood as a closed oxygen cycle system which has no constant supplement of fresh oxygen atoms coming from the photodissocation of water molecules and no constant loss of decaying oxygen atoms that are being fragmented into lighter nuclei of the isotopes of helium and hydrogen that are believed to stream upward into regions of helium shell and hydrogen shell.

Tip-2, One of the biggest flaws in the current theories concerning the origin of terrestrial water is their erroneous assumption that the two components elements of the water molecules, oxygen and hydrogen atoms had already been existed in the solar nebular before the initial formation of the proto-earth, in this physical scenario, the terrestrial oxygen and terrestrial hydrogen atoms are misunderstood as either being the parts of the precursor raw materials forming the proto-earth by the mechanism of so-called gravitational accretion or the out-sourced water-delivering mechanism via comet and meteor impacts, instead of being considereded as the results of the earth-based mass-decay-trended elemental transmutation—the daughter products of the uranium-hydrogen chained elemental transmutation.

 

 Tip-3, based on core idea of the fourth suggested law of star-planet coevolution, the author here proposed an experimental test to test his new theory of so-called “the bond-promoting hydration effect or the bond-promoting oxygenation effect”. The method is like this, in the environment of the liquid water, the some of the light gaseous elements like nitrogen, and carbon, can gradually transmute into oxygen through the putative mechanism of chemical bond-promoted beta-minus/plus-alternated decay chain, the process of which is called the bond-promoting hydration effect or the bond-promoting oxygenation effect. In this hypothetical physical scenario, if experimentalists put certain amount of amino acids in pure water with a large enough fine-sealed water tank and bury this water tank in deep ground for at least ten years or longer (just like the ancient Chinese doctor did), then the results may show that the amino acid molecules may disappear and a certain portions of the nitrogen and carbon atoms that originally existed in the form of amino acids may be very likely to have transmuted into oxygen atoms and the whole tank of amino acid contained solution may magically become a tank of pure water.

To reveal the mystery of the origin of the terrestrial water we must first understand the exact mechanisms and processes of how the two constituent elements of a water molecule, the terrestrial oxygen and terrestrial hydrogen, occur abundantly on the earth, if the mechanism of the creation and transmutation of the terrestrial oxygen and terrestrial hydrogen atoms were discovered, then the mystery of the origin of the terrestrial water will be naturally solved. Logically, the premise to understand the mechanism of the origin and retention of the earth’s water is to discover the correct theory concerning the formation and evolution of the Solar System. In other words, if the current-accepted theory about the origin of the solar system and the current cosmological theory—the Big Bang hypothesis were proved wrong, then all the hypothetical models and theories about the origin of the terrestrial water would be fundamentally incorrect. 

There are two currently accepted hypothetical ideas about the origin of the earth’s water, the first one is the outer-sourced water-delivering hypothesis and the second is the in-situ chemical reaction and degassing hypothesis. The out-source water-delivering hypothesis holds that much of the water on earth was delivered by comet and meteor impacts; while the in-situ degassing hypothesis holds that most of earth’s water came from chemical reactions within the planet’s interior and escape to the earth’s surface by degassing. Both two ideas were developed on a same basic assumption that water molecules and its constituent elements (oxygen and hydrogen) had already existed in the cloud of the solar nebular before the formation of the sun and the planets. Of the two components of the water molecules, the hydrogen is said to be synthesized mainly by synthesized by Big Bang nucleosynthesis and the oxygen is said to be synthesized in the cores of the second-generation stars by stellar nucleosynthesis of the so-called CNO-cycle. The Big Bang cosmology holds that after the big bang event happened, the universe only has three minutes to synthesize elements, therefore, the process of the primordial big bang nucleosynthesis could only produce the lightest three elements, hydrogen, helium and lithium. Oxygen is said to be created much later in massive second-generation stars by stellar-nucleosynthesis. So, the big bang cosmology and the solar nebular theory generally present us with such a picture that before the initial formation of the solar system, the two elements of water molecules together with all other necessary elements forming the sun and the planets had already been there in the cloud of gas and dust, with which the most abundant two elements—hydrogen and helium were used by our universe to form the sun while much of the less heavy metal elements and some volatiles were used to create inner terrestrial planets while the most of hydrogen, helium and volatiles left by the sun were used to create the outer Jovian planets. The theory of star-planet coevolution rejects all the fundamental ideas given by the big bang cosmology and the solar nebular theory and holds that the microscopic quantum-physical processes of the creation and transmutation various known and yet-known elements that form various celestial bodies are totally synchronized with the macroscopic astrophysical processes of the formation and evolution of the planet-bearing stellar systems. If we use the uranium occurring on earth to represent all other transuranic elements as the starting element of the uranium-hydrogen transmutation chain and the isotope of the hydrogen-1 as the end product or terminal product produced on the uranium-hydrogen chain, then, the planet-based processes of elemental transmutation is governed by the mass-decay law or following the uranium-to-hydrogen trend with the hydrogen being the end product while the star-core-based processes of elemental transmutation is governed by the mass-increasing law (mass-gaining law) or follows the proton-to-uranium trend, with the uranium being the end product. In other words, the two constituent elements—oxygen and hydrogen—occurring on the earth must be generally considered to be the daughter or grand-daughter products that are produced on the uranium-to-hydrogen directed elemental transmutation chain by the suggested law of the earth-based mass-decay-trended elemental transmutation. This means that the creation and transmutation of oxygen and hydrogen atoms must first be considered as the results of the sun-earth-interaction-based quantum-physical processes summarized as the suggested law of planet-based mass-decay-trended elemental transmutation.

From the points of the theory of star-planet, there are two fundamental flaws contained the big bang cosmology and the solar nebular theory that are philosophically absurd and physically impossible, the first one is that the macroscopic astrophysical process of the evolution of the solar system is not considered to be synchronized with the quantum-physical processes of the creation and transmutation of the constituent elements of the earth and the sun, which is referred to as the problem of non-macro-microscopic incorporation. This means that the macroscopic process of the formation and evolution of the earth is not being incorporated with the microscopic quantum-physical processes of the creation and transmutation of the earth’s constituent elements, after all, the macroscopic process of the formation and evolution of the earth should be considered to be the integrative results of the collective creations and transmutation of the earth’s constituent elements. The second flaw is that the process of the evolution of the sun and of the earth are misunderstood as two separate and independent processes which yield such a ridiculous picture in which the planet earth and other outer jovian planets can still exist after the sun would have died down, the problem of which is here referred to as the problem of non-coevolution of star and planet. After all, according to the theory of star-planet coevolution, the solar system as a whole is essentially a holistic coevolutionary system in which the sun and its orbiting planets must coevolve by performing the physical activities of the bilateral and non-equivalent matter-energy exchange between them. Here we found that the origin of the terrestrial water can be readily explained within the frame of the theory of star-planet coevolution by invoking the least assumptions and few suggested fundamental laws, principles, and mechanisms that can also be used to explain all other solar cycle-related natural phenomena.

The theory of star-planet coevolution holds that the earth, like every other solar system’s planets, was originally a star-core-gestated embryonic metallic karyosphere that grows in mass in the core of its mother star (the female planetary embryonic karyosphere-gestated component of the parent binary system) by a potential mechanism of even-mass coating, and was later being ejected out to become a juvenile planet as a daughter product produced by the mechanism of stellar-merger-caused ejection of embryonic metallic karyospheres, the elements that are being electromagnetically coated on the bodies of star-core-gestated embryonic metallic karyosphere are various heavy and superheavy metal elements than can be directly synthesized in cores of all sun-like stars by a potential “coevolutionary” mechanism of what I called the star-planet’s double magnetic fields co-energized and the stellar magnetic field-confined double-sourced subatomic matter jets (hadron-lepton-mixed jets) colliding. This newly suggested physical mechanisms for synthesizing heavy metal elements and forming high density metallic planetary embryos in star core imply that the newborn juvenile earth was once a fast-spinning compact metallic ball with a strong magnetic field. And the initial chemical structure of the newborn baby earth is very different from that of today’s geochemically evolved earth, the core of the early juvenile earth should be made predominately of some yet-known ultraheavy meganuclear elements (UMEs) that the nucleonic number of such hypothetical core-forming UMEs may reach up to ten thousands or even millions and their dominant decay mode should be neutron scattering and their radioactivity must be extremely high and their spectroscopic color should silver-white much like mercury. The mantle of the juvenile earth should be made mainly of super-superheavy transuranic elements that their nucleonic number may reach up to thousands and their dominant decay modes must be heavy-cluster emission and asymmetric nuclear fission. The crust of the baby earth should be made of iron-nickel alloy topped with a thin layer of iron oxides, and there was no silicate and no water in the crust of the baby earth simply because that the most of the less heavy metal elements occurring on today’s earth, like magnesium, sulfur, iron, and silicon etc, were created originally from the heavy-cluster emission or super-asymmetric nuclear fission of the mantle-forming super-superheavy transuranic elements as a series of daughter or grand-daughter products. And of course, the newborn juvenile earth should not have its atmosphere simply because that all the gaseous elements like nitrogen, oxygen, helium, and hydrogen, were originally produced as daughter or grand-daughter products on the uranium-to-hydrogen chained elemental transmutation. This means that the space between the solid surface and the magnetosphere of the juvenile earth was once a vacuum space which was filled with energetic subatomic particles that were co-energized by the double magnetic energies of the magnetic fields of the sun and earth (the principle of star-planet co-energizing). As the geochemical evolution of the juvenile earth is progressing, much of the heavy, less heavy metal elements and light gaseous elements (Z number from 82 to1) were created by process of mass-decay-trended element transmutation, the process of which is said to be governed by the fourth suggested law of star-planet coevolution, which says that for any given planet-bearing single star system like our solar system, the quantum-physical process of planet-based elemental transmutation obeys the mass-decay law or follow a heavy-to-light trend. In this quantum-physical scenario, all the superheavy transuranic elements .would ultimately transmute into the lightest hydrogen by various known and unknown modes of radioactive and non-radioactive decay (the classical uranium-lead chain has been extended all the way to the hydrogen in the theory of star-planet coevolution), with the isotope of hydrogen-1 being the terminal product produced on the uranium-hydrogen chain. After hydrogen—the free energetic hydrogen atoms in the hydrogen shell in earth’s upper atmosphere, the earth’s particle transmutation goes into subatomic level to subatomic level, the process of which is then called the proton decay phase in which the terrestrial protons that derived from the highly ionized hydrogen atoms in hydrogen shell caused by cosmic ray-caused photodisintegration would be electromagnetically pulled upward into the inner zone of Van Allen radiation belt where the succeeding processes of proton decaying to mesons and then mesons decay to muons begins. 

The general dynamical picture of the earth-based mass-decay-trended elemental transmutation can be roughly classified into three succeeding phases in which the core-forming ultraheavy meganuclear elements (UMEs) would transmute into less-heavier mantle-forming super-superheavy transuranic elements by a dominant mode of all-directional neutron scattering, which in turn, the super-superheavy mantle-forming elements would continuously transmute into super-heavy or ordinary heavy metal elements by two dominant modes of superheavy nuclei emission and nuclear fission, and the superheavy mantle-forming elements would transmute into ordinary heavy crust-forming metal elements by the two dominant modes of alpha and beta plus/minus-alternated decay and ultimately, the crust-forming heavy and less-heavy metal and non-metal elements would transmute into light gaseous atmospheric elements by three dominant modes, of which the bond-caused mass-decay-trended nuclear transmutation which include bond-caused nuclear fission and the bond-caused beta minus/plus alternated decay series, and the cosmic ray spallation. Note that the bond-caused  mass-decay nuclear transmutation is a hypothetical mechanism introduced on the base of the principle of tunnel-bond duality or channel-bond duality, in this physical scenario, take iron oxide for example, a molecule of an iron oxide is a molecular-scaled coevolutionary system in which the oxygen atoms and an the iron atoms must co-transmute by the mechanism of bilateral and non-equivalent matter-energy exchange, an oxygen with a higher electronegativity while an iron atom with a lower electronegativity, such a difference in electronegativity enable an oxygen atom to gradually absorb more amount of matter-energy from its bonding iron atom than  that of the matter-energy it transferred to the iron atom, which implies that the oxygen atom will gain mass-energy while the iron atom will decrease in mass-energy, so an iron atom that experienced a long-term of losing its matter-energy to its bonding oxygen atom will inevitably lose its nuclear binding energy which will cause the nucleus of an iron atom to transmute into different elements either by nuclear fission or by beta decay, the mechanism of such a mineral ore formation is then called in-situ elemental transmutation-caused mineral formation. This in-situ occurred bond-caused elemental transmutation-resulted mineral formation mechanism explains why in a piece of iron-dominant mineral, the metal element that their atomic mass number near the iron are always piled together, for example, in a piece of vanadium-iron mineral ore, iron oxide, nickel, cobalt oxide, nickel oxide, manganese oxide, chromium oxide, vanadium oxide and titanium oxide, always occur in an aggregation accumulation style mineralization.

Inspired by the fourth suggested law of star-planet coevolution and evidently supported by the well-understood classical modes of radioactive decay and the intensive studies on the heavy particle radioactivity (cluster radioactivity of superheavy nuclei) in recent years, I came up with a conclusion that the most of terrestrial elements that are lighter than uranium are actually the daughter or granddaughter elements of the terrestrial uranium and superheavy transuranic elements. And the uranium element itself must be the daughter originally derived from its parent super-superheavy nuclei occurring in lower mantle by the mode of uranium-cluster radioactivity or super-asymmetric nuclear fission, in this physical scenario, the uranium-238 must be created as the heaviest cluster emitted from its parent super-superheavy nuclei, or as the biggest fragment created by super-asymmetric nuclear fission of super-superheavy nuclei. The magnesium, iron, silicon must be less-heavier clusters or fragments created either by heavy-cluster radioactivity or super-asymmetric nuclear fission.

So, the general picture of the earth-based succeeding processes of mass-decay-trended elemental transmutation is that the core-forming ultraheavy meganuclear elements (UMEs) decay into mantle-forming super-superheavy transcopernicium elements by the dominant mode of neutron-scattering, and the lower-mantle-forming super-superheavy transcopernicium would decay into upper-mantle-forming super-heavy transuranic elements by dominant mode of super-asymmetric nuclear fission, which in turn, the upper-mantle-forming superheavy transuranic elements would decay into various crust-forming elements, like actinide, sub-actinide, trans-lead, iron-family elements by two dominant modes of heavy cluster emission and super-asymmetric nuclear fission. In this quantum-physical scenario, the naturally occurring uranium-238 could be considered to be the heaviest cluster emitted by super-superheavy transcopernicium parent nuclei and, the process of which may be called uranium-like heavy cluster radioactivity of supper-superheavy parent nuclei. Or, uranium-238 can also be considered as the biggest fragment produced by super-asymmetric fission of super-superheavy transuranic parent nuclei. And it is also possible that uranium-238 was produced as a daughter of some superheavy transuranic parent nuclei. In the follow-up succeeding process of heavy particle radioactivity, the less-heavy isotopes like magnesium and silicon, and the heavy isotopes like iron and nickel, would be the two most common groups of clusters emitted from superheavy transuranic nuclei, with the Pb-208 being daughter. And followed by the heavy cluster radioactivity, the mass-decay-trended elemental transmutation goes to less-heavy cluster radioactivity, in which process, the less heavy clusters like carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, can be emitted from the trans-lead parent nuclei. The recent intensive theoretical and experimental studies on heavy particle radioactive and super-asymmetric fission of superheavy nuclei have provided a ever-stronger evidence in support of my idea that most of the earth’s constituent elements that are lighter than uranium should be derived originally from the uranium or superheavy transuranium elements through short-cut one-step process and long-term gradational multi-step processes, while uranium-238 itself must a daughter product produced originally by two dominant decay modes of uranic-cluster radioactivity and super-asymmetric fission of supper-superheavy transcopernicium parent nuclei. This ideas has be supported by recent intensive studies on heavy cluster radioactivity and super-asymmetric fission of superheavy parent nuclei. [Sandulescu et al, 1980. Rose and Jones 1984. D.N. Poenaru, et al, 2011. K.P. Santhos, et al, 2014 and 2016. Han-Kui Wang, et al, 2014. Zhang Y. L and Wang Y. Z, 2018. M Warda and A Zedeb 2018.] 

However, the modes of both heavy-cluster radioactivity and asymmetric fission of superheavy parent nuclei in most cases can only produce unstable isotopes of elements, rather than stable one. So, we need more systematic “energy-adjusting” and “nucleon number-adjusting” modes of nuclear transmutation to help explain how the various stable isotopes of the corresponding clusters are being created. The five classical modes— neutron emission, alpha, beta minus/plus, gamma decay, and internal transition, can be invoked as the known “energy-adjusting” or “nucleon number-adjusting” processes to explain how a few kinds (not all kinds) of unstable isotopes can transform into stable one. However, there is no known mechanism or decay mode in current particle physics can be invoked to explain how a stable isotope of an element X can transform into another stable isotope of different element Y.  

While the current known modes of radioactive and non-radioactively decay can explain the processes of radioactive decay operating on the uranium-lead chain, and also, the mechanism of the formation of terrestrial hydrogen atoms in deep crust can be explained by invoking neutron-emission from uranium-238 followed by a beta-plus decay and a free electron capture while the mechanism of the formation of helium atoms in deep crust can also be explained by invoking alpha emission followed by double-electron-capture. But, unfortunately, all these known mechanisms of nuclear transmutation can not systematically explain the succeeding processes of how the most of the stable isotopes of the terrestrial elements with Z＝82-1 can be created in-situ by some potential mechanisms based on the earth-sun interaction, for example, how could the atoms of stable oxygen-16 and hydrogen-1 could be created here in-situ on earth by some unknown earth-sun interaction-based new physics, this is essential to the understanding of the origin of the terrestrial water and the origin of terrestrial life.

So, it is obviously that we are lack of a more detailed systematically micro-macro-unifying descriptions about the processes of how the sun-earth’s gravito-electromagnetic interaction (or coevolutionary mechanism) could cause the earth’s mantle-forming super-superheavy transcopernicium and transuranium elements to gradually transmute into various medium heavy crust-forming metal and non-metal elements and how the earth’s crust-forming metal elements could gradually transmute into the light gaseous atmospheric elements. In the frame of the theory of star-planet coevolution, the explanation about the mechanism of the origin and transmutation of the solar and terrestrial elements become much easier and simpler, the forth suggested-law of star-planet coevolution implies that the various isotopes of uranium and transuranium elements occurring on earth will ultimately transform to the isotope of hydrogen-1 through various known and yet-known modes of radioactive and non-radioactive decay which is generally characterized by a mass-decay-trended elemental transmutation. The lightest isotope of hydrogen-1 is being considered to be the terminal or end product produced on the uranium-hydrogen chain.

Here, I proposed a new mode of elemental transmutation which is called the bond-enabled (bond-caused) beta minus/plus-alternated coupling decay series based on my early suggested principle of tunnel-bond duality, which may help explain the process of how a heavier stable element could transmutation into another stable less-heavier element through the bond-mediated inter-atomic matter-energy exchange between two chemically-bonded atoms (the suggested mechanism of inter-atomic non-equivalent matter-energy exchange), we take a molecular system of an iron oxide for example, the suggested quantum-physical mechanism of the so-called bond-mediated non-equivalent matter-energy exchange between two iron and three oxygen atoms would cause the oxygen-bonded iron atoms to gradually lose their nuclear binding energy (or weakening in the magnitude of the strong nuclear force) due to the mass-energy decay of the iron nuclei, this is because that all oxygen atoms that generally have a higher electro-negativity than that of iron atoms can always absorb more amount of matter-energy from the nuclei of the oxygen-bound iron atoms than that of the matter-energy that the oxygen atoms transferred from their nuclei to iron nuclei. Thus, in any of an iron oxide molecule, an iron atom who loses keep losing its matter-energy to its binding oxygen atoms would inevitably undergo a nuclear mass-energy decay which, according to the Einstein’s principle of mass-energy equivalence, the long-lasting mass-energy decay of an iron nucleus would inevitably leads to the decay of its nuclear binding energy which leads to the gradual weakening of its nuclear strong forces, the consequence of a long-lasting decay of the nuclear binding energy or a long-lasting weakening of the strong nuclear force of iron atom would inevitably leads to a beta decay or nuclear fission of an aging iron atom, in this physical scenario, if the strong nuclear force of an oxygen-bonded atom of iron-56 would decay to such a critical level that its nuclear binding energy is not strong enough for an iron-56 atom to exist for any further, and thus, such an “aging” iron atom will inevitably undergo a beta-plus decay by which an atom of iron-56 would transform into an atom of magnesium-56, which in turn, through the succeeding processes of the bond-caused beta-minus/plus alternated decay, an atom of magnesium that bonded with an oxygen atom could continually decay into an different atom of chromium, and then an oxygen-bonded atom of chromium element would continually decay into an atom of vanadium and so on. Or, through the same mechanism of the bond-mediated non-equivalent matter-energy exchange between oxygen atoms and iron atoms, in which the nuclear binding energy of iron-56 atom may directly fission into two lighter atoms of silicon-28 if its nuclear binding energy or nuclear strong force decays to a fission-required critical level.

This idea that every two-body or many-body consisted molecular system is essentially a holistic coevolutionary system within which the bond-state elemental atoms must coevolve by performing the bond-mediating bilateral (or multilateral) and non-equivalent matter-energy exchange was derived originally from the suggested universal macro-micro-unifying mechanism of the formation of the macroscopic giant inter-celestial gravito-electromagnetic bond (gavtromagnetic force-mediating bond) and microscopic inter-atomic electromagnetic bond (chemical bond), and the idea of which was later be summarized as the macro-micro-unifying fundamental principle of tunnel-bond duality (or the principle of channel-bond duality).

Based on the macro-micro-unifying principle of tunnel-bond duality, I further proposed two supplement mechanisms to explain the quantum-physical processes of how the unstable isotopes of various elements can gradually transform into stable one, they are called the bond-caused (bond-enabled) beta minus/plus-alternated coupling-decay and the bond-enabled inter-isomeric-isotopic elemental transmutation respectively.

The newly suggested mechanism of the formation of chemical bond holds that the physical principle for a chemical bond to be formed between any two atoms is the principle of orthogonal axial inter-sectional intercutting and entangling of their magnetic field lines, in this physical scenario, the spin axes of two atoms must be perpendicular to one another in order to maximize the physical effect of the intercutting-and-entangling of their magnetic fields lines which creates the most-balanced bidirectional-flowing electromagnetic particle streams and then creates the highest magnitude of the electromagnetic-bonding force possible and, because there are large number of bidirectional-flowing and frequently intercutting-and-entangling electromagnetically-energized particle streams, therefore, the bonding-force effect is just a superficial apparent physical effect, under which the underlying physical nature of any inter-atomic electromagnetic bond is the bilateral and non-equivalent matter-energy exchange between the two bonding atoms and the matter-energy exchanging activity is then realized through the bidirectional-flowing and frequently intercutting-and-entangling electromagnetic particle streams.  So, the physical implication of the fundamental mechanism of the formation of chemical bond naturally yield above-explained principle of tunnel-bond duality (or channel-bond duality), which states that, every two-body or many-body contained molecular system is essentially a holistic coevolutionary system that is operating in microscopic world, within which any two bound-state atoms are coevolving by following the principle of the bilateral and non-equivalent matter-energy exchange through the bidirectional-flowing and frequently intercutting and entangling electromagnetic particle streams that are moving back and forth between the two nuclei of the bound atoms, the consequence of such an inter-atomic non-equivalent matter-energy exchange is that an atom with relatively higher electro-negativity will absorb more amount of matter-energy from the nucleus of its bonding atom that has a relatively lower electro-negativity than that of the matter-energy the atom with a higher electronegativity transferred to its bonding atom with lower electronegativity and vice versa. Therefore, in any of a molecular system of a metal oxide, an oxygen atom will always gain mass-energy while the oxygen-bonded metal atom will always decrease in its mass-energy scale which leads to the long-lasting loss of the nuclear binding energy of the oxygen-bonded metal elemental atom, which the ultimately cause the metal atom to undergo a nuclear transmutation either by bond-caused beta-minus/plus alternated decay series or the bond-caused symmetric or asymmetric nuclear fission.

In other words, the suggested principle of tunnel-bond duality codifies an idea that a chemical bond is not only an electromagnetic force-mediator, but also a matter-energy exchanging channel through which the two chemically bonding atoms are performing the bilateral and non-equivalent matter-energy exchange. Sometimes, I the principle of tunnel-bond duality can be understood as a suggested  law of inter-atomic matter-energy exchange, which states that for any two-body molecular system, an elemental atom with higher electro-negativity will always absorb more amount matter-energy from its bonding atom that has a relatively lower electro-negativity and vice versa. In other words, the principle of tunnel-bond duality or channel-bond duality regards a chemical bond as both an inter-atomic electromagnetic force-mediator and an inter-atomic matter-energy exchange channel simultaneously. So, the principle of tunnel-bond duality would profoundly change our classical understanding about the concept of chemical bond in which the chemical bond is misunderstood as only a (electromagnetic) force-mediating structure by which the inter-atomic electromagnetic interaction force is being mediated by a chemical bond. The principle of tunnel-bond duality can explain why an atom of heavy metal element in a metal oxide would eventually transform into a lighter metal element with its atomic number reduced by one, or fission into two fragments of much lighter element. For example, in a molecular system of an iron oxide, the oxygen atoms generally have a higher electro-negativity relative to its bonding iron atoms, therefore, an oxygen atom will always absorb more amount of matter-energy from its bonding iron atom, over time, an oxygen atom keeps gaining its mass-energy scale while an iron atom keeps losing its mass-energy scale, the physical consequence of this non-equivalent matter-energy exchange between the oxygen atom and the iron atom is that an iron atom who has experienced a long-term period of mass-energy reduction would decrease in its mass-energy scale which manifests as a continuous weakening of its nuclear binding energy or of weakening in its nuclear strong force, the result is that an iron atom of long-term losing its matter-energy to its bonding oxygen atom would ultimately undergo a beta-plus decay to transform into a lighter atom of magnesium, which in turn, the iron-derived magnesium atom who keep losing its matter-energy to its chemically bonding oxygen atom would undergo beta-plus decay to transform into a even lighter atom of vanadium and so on. This explains why in vanadium-titanium mineral ore, the iron, magnesium, chromium, vanadium, titanium and other lighter elements are always coalesced together. The mechanism of describing the process of the formation mineral ores is then called the mechanism of in-situ mineralization, in which process the bond-caused beta minus/plus alternated decay series. This mechanism would enable an iron atom gradually transform into magnesium, and magnesium gradually transform into chromium, and chromium gradually transform into vanadium, and which in turn vanadium transform into titanium and so on, the daughter and grand-daughter products produced on the iron-titanium chain are essentially the results of the principle of tunnel-bond duality (or channel-bond duality) and also the results of the mechanism of bond-caused (bond-enabled) beta minus/plus alternated decay series. This mechanism can also explain why an atom of magnesium-24 that is bonded with oxygen for a long time would naturally fission into two carbon-12, or an atom of silicon who has been bonded with oxygen for long time would ultimately fission into carbon-14.  

The origin of the terrestrial oxygen and terrestrial hydrogen

The reason I put a word “terrestrial” in front of oxygen and hydrogen is because that the oxygen and hydrogen occurring on earth are different in chemical property from that of oxygen and hydrogen occurring on the earth’s moon (called lunar oxygen and lunar hydrogen) and other planets in the solar system based on a radical idea of so-called the principle of atomic matter-gene inheritance, which holds that the terrestrial oxygen and terrestrial hydrogen derived originally from the terrestrial transuranium and terrestrial trans-lead elements by various known and yet-known modes of the earth-sun’s interaction-caused nuclear transmutation, the process of which is essentially activated and energized by both the solar-sourced neutrino-carrying electromagnetic waves (also called the mechanism of neutrino-wave-caused nuclear activation or neutrino-wave vibration of nucleonic bond) and the solar cosmic ray striking. While the lunar oxygen and lunar hydrogen derived originally from the lunar transuranium and lunar trans-lead elements by lunar-solar interaction-caused nuclear transmutation. This means that the terrestrial oxygen and terrestrial hydrogen have different atomic matter-gene from that of the lunar oxygen and lunar hydrogen, which explains why the lunar iron can not chemically react with terrestrial oxygen to form a lunar-iron and terrestrial-oxygen hybridized chemical compound.

Based on ideas expressed by the suggested laws, mechanisms and principles in chapter-3, we can readily explain how the constituent elements of water molecule—the terrestrial oxygen and terrestrial hydrogen atoms were created. Like all other lighter-than-uranium elements occurring on earth, the terrestrial oxygen and terrestrial hydrogen atoms can be produced by both one-step short-cut channel and multi-steps long-term gradual-transmutation channel in continuously succeeding processes of the uranium-hydrogen-chained elemental transmutation, in this physical scenario, the oxygen element can be considered as the intermediate product and the hydrogen can be considered as the end product produced on the uranium-hydrogen chain respectively.

In the short-cut channel scenario, the isotope of hydrogen-1 can be directly produced by mode of neutron emission followed by two processes of beta-minus decay and electron capture. In this physical scenario, if not be captured by other heavy nuclei, a free neutron ejected by any of a radioactive element would undergo a beta-minus decay to turn itself into a free protons, which in turn the free proton can capture a free electron to become a neutral hydrogen atom. Thus, much of hydrogen atoms are being produced in deep crust of the earth. Similarly, the helium atoms can be largely produced in the same way as the hydrogen atoms by alpha decay and electron capture. In the long-term gradual multi-step nuclear transmutation, the hydrogen atom can produced in the uranium-hydrogen transmutation chain as a terminal product, the dominant mode of creation hydrogen atoms of hydrogen-1 is cosmic ray spallation, in which process, the collision between high-energy cosmic rays and the gas elements in the earth’s upper atmosphere can crush the nuclei of oxygen and helium atoms into fragments of hydrogen nuclei to create hydrogen atoms. Oxygen, which is essentially a daughter product of superheavy parent transuranium or of medium heavy trans-lead elements, can be largely created in earth’s mantle and crust by various modes of mass-decay-trended elemental transmutation and it is simply an intermediate product produce on uranium-hydrogen chain (with the hydrogen being the terminal or end product on this chain). Of the many processes involved in the creation of oxygen element, the most important are the short-cut one-step pathway and the long-term gradational multi-step mass-decay-trended elemental transmutation. The short-cut pathway does not directly produce stable oxygen-16, but instead, it creates unstable isotopes of oxygen mainly by two dominant modes: the oxygen-isotopic cluster emission from form both the superheavy parent nuclei of the mantle-forming transuranium elements and the less heavy crust-contained trans-lead parent nuclei, as well as the asymmetric nuclear fission. And later, all these unstable isotopes of oxygen would gradually transform into stable isotopes of oxygen via various modes of mass-energy decay-trended nuclear transmutation, including neutron-emission and beta-minus/plus-alternate decay. Of many processes involved in the creation of oxygen-16, the bond-caused beta-minus/plus-alternated coupling decay series should be the dominant mode of creating stable isotopes of oxygen, the mode of which should be operated in earth’s crust as result of the suggested principle of channel-bond duality (or tunnel-bond duality).

Generally speaking, the terrestrial oxygen and terrestrial hydrogen occurring on earth are the two products produced in the mass-decay-trended uranium-hydrogen chain, with oxygen being the intermediate daughter product and hydrogen being the terminal grand-granddaughter product. After hydrogen, the earth-based mass-decay-trended particle transmutation goes from atom level to subatomic level, the demarcation line between atomic-leveled particle transmutation and subatomic-leveled particle transmutation is marked by the earth’s hydrogen shell which lies below the inner zone of Van Allen radiation belt.

However, while the above-described processes and mechanisms about the formation of water molecules on earth can also be used to explain how can the water molecules be produced on all other planets in the solar system, but that is not enough to explain why earth is the only planet in the solar system capable of producing and hosting so much liquid water. So, we provide extra explanations as follows.

Currently, there are three much accepted popular reasons for explaining why the earth is capable of hosting so much liquid water: The just-right earth-sun distance which prevents the terrestrial water from being eternally frozen or over evaporated。 Enough mass which produces strong enough gravity to hold water mass, and the strong enough geomagnetic field which acts as a giant magneto-sheath which is strong enough to shield the earth from being over-bombarded by solar and extra-solar cosmic rays. Beside these physical factors, we believe one of the most important key physical factor which enable earth to host a large amount of liquid water is that the earth-moon system has an uniquely big moon/planet mass ratio (M/P mass ratio) or satellite/planet mass ratio (S/P mass ratio) and, such a big moon-planet (M/P mass ratio) is even rare in our galaxy system. Since the earth has the biggest moon among all planets in the solar system, it means that the planet has the biggest “bodyguard” to protect its safe, in fact, the earth’s big moon, which acting as the best bodyguard, has successfully defended the planet from most of the disastrous bombardments caused by massive asteroids and comets in its ten-billion year history (not 4.6 billion years), which could, otherwise, evaporated the most of the earth’s water by giant impacts. So, the uniquely big moon/planet mass ratio is one of the most important key factors which make the earth unique in hosting its abundant liquid water.

However, the classical astrophysical theory cannot utilize a correct physical mechanism to explicitly explain how the moon can successfully protect the earth from most of the asteroid impacts, because the classical mechanism of the initial formation of the earth-moon system and the working principle of the lunar-shielding effect are completely wrong.  As explained in chapter 1 and 2, the earth and its big were originally two compact embryonic metallic karyospheres that were once gestated in the core of their parent star—the giant-core-gestated mother star or the female component star of a merge-phased parent binary-star system, during the merging process, as two compact metallic planetary embryos, the earth-sized and the moon-sized metallic karyospheres were ejected out into the surrounding space of the merge-forming new generation single star (the newborn sun) by their mother star, it was so luck that the earth-sized metallic karyosphere (the newborn earth) and the moon-sized metallic karyosphere (the newborn moon) were approaching each other and their spin axes were adjusted to be perpendicular to each other (an orthogonal axial intersectional status) which enable the magnetic fields lines of the earth and the moon to stay in a deep intercutting and entangling status, the mechanism of which generates a large number of bidirectional-flowing electromagnetic streams that are collectively frequently intercutting and entangle with each other on every step of their moving forward in opposite directions, thus, these bidirectional-flowing and frequently intercutting and entangling electromagnetic streams automatically would form a giant invisible cylindrical bond-like system which acts as a gravitational force-mediator, because the mechanism of generating a gravitational force involves the principle of orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting and entangling of the magnetic fields lines of any two spinning bodies, therefore, the gravitational force are actually mediated by a large number of collective and frequently intercutting and entangling electromagnetic streams with low flux-density, therefore, the gravitational force is essentially a special form of low-intensity but large scale electromagnetic force acting between macro-celestial bodies, so I called it gravito-electromagnetic interaction force or gravitro-magnetic force and this viewpoint is based on a basic assumption that all macro-celestial systems of various mass-energy scale and all micro-quantum systems of various mass-energy scales are essentially electromagnetically connected to each other with an invisible giant four-dimensional electromagnetic web (called cosmic gravitro-magnetic web--CGMB) in multiple scales and the mechanism by which the CGMB is formed is simply the collectively and frequently intercutting and entangling of the magnetic fields lines of all magnetized spinning bodies with different mass-energy scales. Some nonmainstream theorists, like Paulo and Alexandra Correa who developed a model called aetherometry, argue that gravity is essentially an electrodynamic force.

The initial picture of the earth-moon system is that the distance between the baby earth and the baby moon is extremely narrow and the rigid bodies of the earth and its moon are in body-to-body touching and mutually friction status because they are tightly bonded with each other with their spin axes being perpendicular to each other, so, the early earth-moon system makes no chance for asteroid to impact on earth, almost all asteroids or comets approaching the earth-moon system would impact on the back side of the moon with the mostly intensive impact region being the moon’s polar region. In this physical scenario, when the various asteroids or comets that move toward the earth are always coming from the two polar-pointed directions due to the existence of polar-centered gravitro-magnetic field vortexes, in many astronomic pictures presented by NASA, ESA and CNSA, one can easily observe that the two earth pole-pointed spatial regions, there always exist multiple streams of symmetric clusters of near-earth asteroids that are spirally moving toward the earth’s north and south poles, but in most cases, they can hardly land on the earth’s polar regions simply because that the superposed repulsive forces caused by the sweeping effect of the solar wind and the earth’s equatorial-strengthened sling-shot effect would push away these earth-approaching asteroids clusters to the regions far behind the back side of the moon, and the mechanism of the recombination of the earth’s broken magnetic field lines combined with the mechanism of orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting and entangling of the magnetic fields lines of the earth and the moon would create a giant invisible funnel-like magneto-vortex which generates a gravitro-magnetic force with the force-intensified center pointing to the polar region at the moon’s back side, to which the clusters of asteroids and comets that spirally move toward the moon’s back side would finally impact on the moon’s back side with the moon’s polar region being the most the intensively impact regions, because of the spirally moving style of the moon-approaching asteroid, the pictures presented by Wikimedia (credit by NASA) show that the historical asteroid impact points presented on the back side of the moon have formed an apparent image with a multiple spiraling circles much like a tropical hurricane.  This implies that vast majority of asteroid bombarded the earth-moon system were finally impacted on the back side of the moon due to lunar-shielding mechanism, so, comparing with all other planets in the solar system, our earth had suffered the least number of major historical asteroid impacts because of the most effective lunar-shielding mechanism of the earth-moon system. In other words, the earth’s big moon plays a crucial role in protecting the earth’s water from being evaporated into space by the potential massive asteroid impacts on the earth’s polar region.

By the way, as mentioned earlier, the universal mechanism of the orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting and entangle between the solar magnetic field lines and the geomagnetic field lines for every planet would creates a two gravito-electromegnetic polar vortexes centered at the earth’s north and south poles while creating a gravitational sling-shot effect at the earth’s equatorial regions, therefore, the gravitational sling-shot effect is relatively stronger at its equatorial regions while the gravitational attraction force becomes more prominent at its polar regions. This explains why the vast majority of historical asteroid impacts events occurring on early earth had occurred at the earth’s polar region and the high-latitude regions, instead of low-latitude region. The typical evidences of confirming this theory is the Tunguska explosion event occurred on June 30, 1908 and the Chelyabinsk meteorite event occurred on Feb 15, 2013. And this idea has also been confirmed by the facts that the vast majority of massive meteorites that were found in China are the high-latitude regions located in the Xin Jiang autonomous region and the Gan-Su province. So, for money wise issue, if the meteorite-lovers could deeply understand this mechanism, they should focus their meteorite hunting activities on the polar and high-latitude region, instead of the low-latitude region or equatorial region.

§4.0 Why Is the Same Hemisphere of the Moon (The moon’s Near Side) Always Faces the Earth while earth-observer cannot see the moon far side?

As we all know that the terrestrial observers cannot see the far side of the moon because the same hemisphere of the moon’s near side always faces the earth. What causes this astronomical phenomenon? The current-accepted explanation to this question is synchronous rotation (captured rotation), which means that the rotation of a natural satellite about its primary in which the period of rotation of the satellite is equal to its orbital period. This explanation implies an existence of such a physical scenario in which the earth’s rotational axis is approximately parallel to the rotational axis of its big moon. However, after a carefully observation and my thought experiment, I found that such a geometric spatial conformation cannot exist in any planet-satellite system, or a binary-star, or a binary-galaxy system at all. So, my explanation to the question of why the moon’s same hemisphere of its near earth side always faces the earth is my suggested principle of orthogonal axial intersection, which holds that, for any relatively stabled two-body or many-body system, a stable gravito-electromagnetic interaction relationship (gravitro-magnetic interaction) between two spinning bond-state bodies can only be maintained when the axes of the two spinning bodies are perpendicular to one another. This is what I called the mechanism of orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting and entangling of the magnetic fields lines of two spinning bodies. Because the suggested principle of orthogonal axial intersectional fields lines intercutting could enable the physical behavior of the frequently intercutting and entangling of the magnetic fields lines of any two bond-state spinning bodies to produce the super-symmetrically balanced bidirectional-flowing electromagnetic streams, therefore, it will maximize the stress among those frequently-entangling magnetic fields lines. Hence, the force effect of gravitro-magnetic interaction gets maximized.

Because the principle of orthogonal axial intersection is the universally fundamental principle of creating gravito-electromagnetic interaction of all scales, therefore, we can the principle works well in both microscopic quantum-physical world and macroscopic astrophysical world. For example, in the micro-quantum world, for a binary-lepton system, the spin axis of an electron is always perpendicular to the axis of its positron companion; in the macro-astrophysical world, for a planet-satellite system like the earth-moon system, the rotational axis of the earth is always perpendicular to the rotational axis of its big moon. For a binary-star system, the rotational axes of two spinning component stars are always perpendicular to one another. For a binary-galaxy system, the spin axis of our Milky Way Galaxy is always perpendicular to the spin axis of the Andromeda Galaxy. This is why we see the Andromeda Galaxy like a spindle-shapes structure due to our edge-on viewpoint. There are two reasons for the plausibility of my explanation to the question of why the moon’s same hemisphere always faces the earth by using the suggested mechanism of orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting and entangling of the magnetic fields lines of the earth and its moon is more plausible than the current-accepted explanation by using the principle of synchronous rotation. The first reason is that my idea that the earth’s rotational axis is always perpendicular to the rotational axis of its big moon can easily be confirmed by both the modern astronomic observation and experimental observation. The second reason is because the mechanism of orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting of magnetic fields lines can explain not only the cause of gravity acting between celestial bodies of all mass-energy scales but also the cause of electromagnetic interaction acting between particles of all mass-energy scales also. So, the principle of orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting and entangling of magnetic fields lines of any two bond-state spinning bodies is one of the important physical elements for the development of a macro-macro-unified theory. It turns out that the cause of gravity as an enigma that had once baffled the Newton for decades and has also baffled the modern ToE theoriests for decades may easily be solved by my suggested simple mechanism of orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting and entangling of magnetic fields lines of any two bond-state spinning bodies—the principle of causing gravitromagnetic interaction. The second reason is that my idea that the earth’s rotational axis is always perpendicular to the rotational axis of its big moon can easily be confirmed by both the modern astronomic observation and experimental observation.

Building on this novel idea that the rotational axes of the earth and its big moon are always perpendicular to one another, my explanation to the question of why terrestrial observer can see more than half the area of the same hemisphere of moon’s near side is the periodically up-and-down inclination of the moon’s rotational axis.

§4.1 Explaining the atomic and molecular mechanisms of the cancer cell formation using a new theory of quantum short-circuit of the DNA-scaled molecular microcircuit (QSCT) based the new quantum-physical mechanism of chemical bond formation and the new physical principle of tunnel-bond duality

It has long been a consensus of the mainstream scientific community that all chemical, biochemical, or biogenetic mechanisms are ultimately governed by the most fundamental physical laws, principles, and mechanisms. This means that revealing the fundamental physical mechanisms underlying the complex biochemical process of how a normal cell DNA mutations to a cancer cell DNA can profoundly improve our understanding of the physical essence hidden behind the pathological mechanisms of cancer cell formation, which in turn may help us improve our knowledge in the cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Here, based on the new understanding about the fundamental mechanism of chemical bond formation and the tunnel-bond duality nature of chemical bond, the author proposed a novel theory, called the theory of quantum short-circuit of DNA-scaled molecular microcircuit or molecular grid (QSCT), to explain the formation of cancer cell at the fundamental quantum-physical level in order to make new insights into the internal relationship between the malignancy of various types of cancer cells and the fundamental physical law governing the process of cancer cell formation. According to the new physics, a DNA-scaled molecular system can be essentially understood as a fine-structured sophisticate microscopic electric power grid in which the bidirectional-flowing electromagnetic energy currents are mediated among all chemically bonding atoms while each nucleus of these bonding atoms would act as both an electric power generator and a transformer substation, and a DNA-scaled molecular system can also be considered to be a coevolution system in which all atoms incorporated in DNA are coevolving by means of performing the physical activity of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange. In this sense, the quantum short circuit theory holds that one of fundamental mechanisms that cause a normal cell DNA to mutation to a cancer cell DNA is essentially the physical mechanism of quantum short circuit events occurring in the molecular microcircuit system at DNA scale, in this physical scenario, the entire double-stranded DNA molecule can be understood as a fine-structured sophisticated microcircuit or a microgrid system in which all types of chemical bonds can be understood as bundle of electric current-conducting wires of different diameters through which the bidirectional-flowing electromagnetic currents are mediated between the chemically bonding atoms in DNA, the two phosphodiester bonds can be treated as two main “high-voltage” electric wires while all the hydrogen bonds connecting bases in the center of a DNA would act as an array of resistant wires (or fuses) because of its “just-right strength”. When two or three hydrogen bonds undergo abnormally breaking (which is completely different from the normal DNA replication process of unwinding) that are caused by various hydrogen bond-breaking factors, whether physical, chemical, or biophysical, if the two hydrogen bonds connecting adenine and thymine or the three hydrogen bonds connecting guanine and cytosine were breaking, the two adjacent pyrimidine bases will inevitably be covalently bonded to form a pyrimidine dimer by two covalent carbon bonds. Thus, the covalent carbon bonds of a pyrimidine dimer can be understood as a "quantum short circuit point", much like an everyday short circuit point that always occurs nearby the resistant wire-breaking point. The more pyrimidine dimers formed in the double-stranded DNA molecule means a greater amount of quantum short-circuiting events occurring in the DNA-scaled molecular circuit and the higher level of DNA energy excite state, which in turn will inevitably cause abruptly increasing in energy-transmitting level within a DNA molecular system. Such a pyrimidine dimer-caused (quantum short circuit effect-caused) sudden increase in energy metabolic level will manifest at DNA level as an energy excite state of a pyrimidine dimer-containing DNA. When the unrepaired pyrimidine dimers accumulate to a large number (or a critical cancer-forming pyrimidine dimers’ number) in the DNA of the daughter cells, a normal cell DNA will inevitably mutate to a cancer cell DNA. In this biophysical scenario, a large number of pyrimidine dimers accumulated in the cancerous cells will manifest as the cancer cells’ characteristics of uncontrolled cell proliferation and non-apoptotic lifetime. So the physical essence of the biochemical process of cancer cell formation is the physical-chemical process of the large scale breaking of base-connecting hydrogen bonds and the large scale formation of pyrimidine dimers occurring in the cancer-forming process, in which process, the process of a large scale breakings of hydrogen bonds is like an electromagnetic process of a large scale breakings of resistant wires and the physical-chemical process of the formation of a large scale pyrimidine dimers adjacent to the hydrogen bond-breaking points is like a process of the occurrence of a large scale short-circuiting events. So, underlying mechanism governing the molecular biogenetic process of the formation of cancer cells characterized by the uncontrolled cell proliferation and aggressively invasion and apoptotic-refusing nature.

Based on above-mentioned ideas, the author proposed that the fundamental mechanism that operates in the process by which a proto-oncogene mutates to oncogene is the mechanism of forming a large number of unrepaired pyrimidine dimers on the strands of DNA and the process of the formation accumulation of a large number of unrepaired pyrimidine dimers on inheritable DNA can be caused by various carcinogens, including chemical and physical carcinogens, and also by some cancer-causing microorganisms like the cancer-causing DNA viruses. The author also proposed that the more fundamental underlying mechanism dictating the processes of the inactivation of the p53 gene occurring through mutation of one allele, and loss of the other, is very likely the formation and accumulation of a large numbers of unrepaired pyrimidine dimers on the strands of DNA of daughter cells. The author also postulated that the formation and accumulation of a large number of unrepaired pyrimidine dimers can also serve as an effective inhibitor that deactivates the tumor-suppressor genes, which in turn indirectly promotes the cancer-forming process.

The processes of the formation pyrimidine dimer can be divided into two categories in terms of their formation time: (1) the pre-DNA-repair pyrimidine dimer formation and (2) the post-DNA-repair pyrimidine dimer formation. The pre-DNA-repair pyrimidine dimer formation refers to the process of a pyrimidine dimer formation in which the event of the hydrogen bond breaking and pyrimidine dimer formation occurring in a normal cell DNA before the initiation of DNA-damage-repairing process, the typical example of this process is the UV light caused hydrogen bond breaking and the pyrimidine dimer formation. In contrast, the post-DNA-repair pyrimidine dimer formation is the process by which a pyrimidine dimer forms after the process of DNA-repairing, in this scenario, the process of DNA repairing itself would create a favorable condition for pyrimidine dimers to form preferentially at the sites of two same types of base pairs such as a T-A, T-A sequence that is originally a T-A, C-G sequence. A typical example of this process is the benzo[a]pyrene caused DNA-damage repair process, which in turn creates a new base pair sequence that is preferentially for the formation of a thymine-thymine cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer. In this physical-chemical scenario, an originally genome with a G-C …A-T sequence could be changed to an abnormal pyrimidine dimer-prone (or cancer-prone) T-A…T-A sequence, the author will use the mutagen/carcinogen, benzo[a]pyrene, as an example, as a procarcinogen that needs to be biologically activated by metabolism before it forms a reactive metabolite that helps to form a bulky adduct to a guanine. The brief picture of this process is that: when a certain amount of benzo[a]pyrenes are absorbed into our body, they will first be converted into benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-epoxide by the works of a series of enzymes, and then to a benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol, and ultimately to a benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide, the latter, as a bulky adduct, will form a bulky adduct preferentially with guanine residues in DNA, a dG-BPDE adduct. If unrepaired, during DNA replication an adenine will usually be placed across from the lesion in the daughter molecule. Subsequently repair of this dG-BPDE adduct will result in the replacement of the damaged guanine base with a thymine, causing a G –> T transversion mutation. Since the precondition for a T-T cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer to form is the formation of a local sequence of two adjacent T-A…T-A, where the original local DNA sequence is G-C, A-T. Since the C-T pyrimidine dimer is not easily to form because cytosine is connected with guanine with three hydrogen bonds which makes the G-C base pair more stable than the A-T pair because there are only two hydrogen bonds connecting adenine with thymine—less hydrogen bond means a weaker bonding strength between adenine and thymine. This is the main reason why the probability of forming a thymine-thymine pyrimidine dimer is 10 times higher than that of the C-T pyrimidine dimer. So, the process by which a T-T pyrimidine dimer is formed occurs only after the process of a DNA-damage repair which resulted from a dG-BPDE adduct-triggerred G –> T transversion mutation, therefore, the process of benzo[a]pyrene initiated bulky adduct DNA damage which causes a transversion mutation which in turn creates a new DNA-mutated T-A, T-A sequence—the site where a T < >T pyrimidine dimer forms preferentially after the process of DNA repair, therefore this process is termed as a post-DNA-repair formation of pyrimidine dimer. Based on this idea, the author hypothesized that one of fundamental mechanism for a benzo[a]pyrene to cause a normal cell DNA to mutate to a cancer cell DNA is the mechanism of the post-DNA-damage repair caused transversion mutation, which in turn creates an abnormal T-A, T-A sequence (which is different from the original local G-C, A-T sequence) serves as a precondition for a T-T cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer to form.

According to the above-described quantum short circuit theory, the author derived a putative law of malignancy of cancer cells, aiming to reveal the possible internal relationship between the absolute value of the number of pyrimidine dimers formed in the DNA of the cancer cells and the degree of the malignancy of the cancer cells, which states that, the more a population of cancer cells of the same tissue type, the higher the average number of pyrimidine dimers contained in the DNA of that cancer cells, the higher the malignancy of that cancer cell. A more precisely mathematical expression is that: the quantifiable malignancy of a cancer cell is proportional to the sum of the absolute value of an averaged number of pyrimidine dimers contained in the DNA of the cancer cell of the same type multiplied by the number of the species of pyrimidine dimers. For example, if a cancer patient has suffered from an adeninocarcinoma of the lung, then the estimated malignant index of his or her lung adeninocarcinoma would be a value of MI (malignant index) that is equal to the sum of the average number of the population of pyrimidine dimers measured in the DNA of a cancer cell which is denoted as “X”, and the number of tissue types of the pyrimidine dimers contained in the population of pyrimidine dimers, say, the number of types of the pyrimidine dimers contained in the measured population of pyrimidine dimers, which is denoted as “S”, is 3, say, T-T, C-T, and C-C, thus, we get an equation:

MI＝g . SX

Where, the “g” is a constant derived from a generally estimated malignant index of given type of cancer cell, the bigger the number of g, the higher malignancy of the cancer cell, for example, the malignant index of pancreatic cancer should be much bigger than that of the thyroid cancer. The above-suggested law of malignancy of cancer cells should be easily verified or falsified using the cutting-edge scientific instruments.

To better understanding the quantum-physical mechanism of cancer cell formation and the physical nature of the biochemical process of cancer cell formation, we must deeply understand the concept of “just-right strength” of hydrogen bond. The reason for the nature to choose hydrogen bonding as the only chemical bonding to connect the bases in the heart of normal molecular configuration of the double-stranded DNA is that the hydrogen bonding has a “just-right” bond strength—which means that the strength of hydrogen bond is weaker than an ionic bond or covalent bond but stronger than van der Waals force—which makes the base-pairing hydrogen bond easy to be unzipped or reformed by various enzymes involving in the normal process of DNA replication. If the two complementary bases were connected by ionic or covalent bonds, then the helicase would be unable to unzip the two strands at the beginning of DNA replication and also, the polymerases could not be able to reconnect two complementary bases or ligase would not be able to recombine the two strands (a parent strand and a daughter strand) to form a new double-stranded DNA configuration of a daughter cell. In this sense, the basic functions of various enzymes involving in the processes of DNA replication are essentially the physical-chemical functions of either breaking or reforming the hydrogen bonding between two complementary bases. Thus the fundamental physical mechanisms operated in the process of the replication of DNA are essentially the mechanisms of either helping to break or reform hydrogen bonds between two complementary bases. The “just-right strength” of hydrogen bonding is the only reason for nature to choose the hydrogen bond to connect bases in the heart of DNA. This is because the stronger-than-van der Waals force of hydrogen bonding makes the molecular structure of DNA relatively stable while its much weaker-than-covalent bond allows the double-stranded DNA easy to be unzipped at the beginning of the replication. So, the hydrogen bonding plays a pivotal role in the cause of evolution of all life forms on earth for its “just-right strength”. However, everything has double sides of "goodness" and "badness", the "just right strength” of the hydrogen bond is good for the process of DNA replication, it also makes the hydrogen bond between the bases easy to be broken by various physical, chemical or biochemical factors. Therefore, according to quantum short circuit theory, a hydrogen bond breaking between pairing bases would inevitably results in a formation of pyrimidine dimer between adjacent two bases by covalent bonds, most likely forming T-T pyrimidine dimer because there are only two hydrogen bonds connecting adenine and thymine while guanine and cytosine are bonded with three hydrogen bonds which makes a less probability for a pair of C-C or C-T pyrimidine dimers to form. In addition to the fact that cyclobutin pyrimidine dimer is a direct cause of skin cancer,

In addition to the fact that unrepaired cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers are a direct cause of cancer in mammalian skin, [36] an accumulation of unrepaired pyrimidine dimers in DNA can also have a catastrophic immunosuppressive effect, which in turn serves as an indirect promoting factor of the process of cancer cell formation. [37] Based above-described ideas, the author concluded that all physical or chemical carcinogens must have a common chemical or physical property to break the hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases in nucleotides on the two strands of DNA and promote the formation of pyrimidine dimers between adjacent two pyrimidines. This is why all chemical carcinogens generally have much more hydrogen bonds receptors than hydrogen bond donor, or even have little or virtually no hydrogen bond donors.

 

Based on the above viewpoint, the author further proposes a bold hypothesis that the ultimate mechanism by which DNA viruses cause normal host cells’ DNA to mutate to cancer cells’ DNA is likely the mechanism by which the DNA viruses serve as an initiator, promoter, and enhancer to directly or indirectly promote the processes of the formation of a large number of irreparable pyrimidine dimers on the double-stranded DNA of host cells. The DNA viruses’ putative ability to promote the process of forming large number of pyrimidine dimers in the host cell DNA, though the detailed processes are complicated, makes the various DNA viruses a group of lethal biological carcinogens.

Based on the above ideas, the author proposes a hypothetical inflammatory carcinogenic mechanism, that is, the inflammatory carcinogenic mechanism for certain tissues in the body that are in a long-term and severe inflammatory state to give rise to cancer is because that a long-term severe inflammation occurring in some body tissues can produce a quantum biophysical effect affecting the cells in the inflammatory lesions and such a quantum biophysical effect serves as a hydrogen bond breaker and a carbon-carbon bond builder—which leads to the formation of a large number of unrepaired pyrimidine dimers in the DNA of the cells of inflammatory tissue, which in turn cause the normal cell DNA to mutate into cancer cell DNA. A understandable and confirmable example is that, when an experimentalist using a plastic (or wood, or metal) stick to perform a repeated rubbing on an area of hairless skin of a mammal for a long time it will inevitably cause the rubbed skin to become inflamed, the process of which would very likely produce a large amounts of pyrimidine dimers (most pyrimidine dimers are thymine dimers) in the DNA of the skin cells in the lesion. When a large amount of unrepaired pyrimidine dimer accumulates to a certain critical amount, a large number of cancer cells of the skin tissue will be physically produced on the site of the friction-caused inflammatory lesion simply due to the quantum-physical mechanism of the breaking of hydrogen bonds between bases and the formation of carbon-carbon bond-connected pyrimidine dimers.

§4.2 A hypothetical explanation for the main cause and molecular mechanisms of the genesis of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma (ICC)

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is an adenocarcinoma that arises from the epithelial cells of the secondary intrahepatic bile duct and its branching epithelium with a very poor prognosis. The global epidemiologic studies showed that the incidence of ICC varies significantly from 0.2 per 100,000 in Australia to 96 per 100,000 in northeastern Thailand. [38] Even within the same country, the incidence varies from region to region. An overall incidence rate of ICC in United States is 0.98 cases per 100,000 adults, suggested by the National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program database. [39] China's ICC patients account for 55% of the total number of ICC patients worldwide. [40] Unfortunately, the literature on epidemiological studies of ICC patients in China is lacking. The above-mentioned worldwide epidemiologic data od ICC clearly show that the overall incidence rate of ICC in Thailand is about 480 times higher than in Australia and 98 times higher than in United States respectively.

The author claims that in his 30-year clinical career in treating cancer patients, he has treated 53 patients (10 women and 40 men, with an average age of about 70 years) with advanced ICC, and the average survival time of these 53 ICC patients from the date of first visit to the date of death was only five months. After a carefully conducted statistical analysis of the epidemiology of these 53 ICC patients, the authors found some surprising facts: (1) All of the 53 cases of ICC patients were elderly farmers with an average age of 71 (in other words, none of the ICC patients were urban non-agricultural people who were not exposed to pesticides). (2) All of the 53 ICC patients claimed to have a history of long-term occupational exposure to pesticides, and the main pesticide varieties they used were Dimethoate, Dichlorvos, and Trichlorphon. (3) In the personal history of their prolonged occupational exposure to pesticides, none of them had taken any self-protection measure, such as wearing a mask, washing face, or taking a shower immediately after pesticide-spraying work—which means that all of 53 ICC patients had a history of long-term and relatively high doses of inhaling of the pesticides—which could have caused them to have suffered a severe chronic pesticide poisoning.

 

Based on above mentioned occupational-related epidemiological study, the author reached following conclusions regarding the causes and molecular mechanisms of dictating the process of the genesis of ICC:

(1)-The main cause of ICC is the accumulation of uneliminated pesticide  metabolites in the human liver due to long-term occupational exposure to pesticides without taking any personal protection measure during and after the pesticide spraying work.

(2)-The fact that ICC incidence in Thailand is nearly one hundred times higher than in the United States and nearly 480 times higher than in Australia can be plausibly explained by the fact that farmers in the United States and Australia use automated machines or the agricultural aircraft to do the pesticide-spraying jobs which greatly reduced the risks of occupational exposure to pesticides and thus significantly reduced the incidence rate of ICC in these two highly advanced countries. In contrast, in the past 30-50 years, farmers in northeast Thailand and the most parts of China have mainly used man-bearing pesticide spraying box to do the job which had caused farmers in both Thailand and China to have suffered a long-term occupational exposure to the cancer-causing pesticides that led farmers in both developing countries to have suffered suffering from a decades-long history of occupational chronic pesticide poisoning. This is the fundamental reason why the incidence of ICC in Thailand (and China) is much higher than that of ICC occurred in both United States and Australia (and all other developed countries).

   (3)-the fundamental reason for the above-mentioned three types of pesticides (Dimethoate, Dichlorvos and Trichlorphon), that have been widely used in Thailand and China in past decades, to became the high-potential carcinogens specifically causing ICC is that, the long-term accumulation of

(4)-the common chemical property shared by the three types of pesticides is that they have a greater number of hydrogen bond receptors and less or even zero hydrogen bond donor, which makes them a high potential to break the hydrogen bonds connecting bases in DNA and promote the adjacent two pyrimidines (mostly thymines) to form a pyrimidine dimer and a large number of unrepaired pyrimidine dimers accumulated in the DNA of parent cells to become  the inheritable pyrimidine dimers passed down to the daughter cells, the pyrimidine dimer-rich DNA molecular system will become energetically exciting, which means that the energy level of the internal energy of the pyrimidine dimer-rich DNA can increase to many times higher than the normal cells, which in turn manifests as the cells’ proliferative energy (or cell-division energy) of the cells containing pyrimidine dimer-rich DNA state in a permanent energetic status according to the principles of the quantum short-circuiting theory described briefly in the section-41.

(5)-the mechanism by which the pesticides serve as a group of high-potential carcinogens is their ability to promote the process of breaking the hydrogen bonds between bases and the process of forming pyrimidine dimers. At the genomic level, their ability to promote the formation of pyrimidine dimers on DNA manifests as their ability to act as both the activator of oncogenes and the inhibitor of tumor suppressor genes which in turn function as the cancer-causing agents. In particular, their ability to promote the formation of pyrimidine dimers would be expressed as their intrinsic ability to cause the inactivation of p53 protein.

(6)-the author proposed a hypothetical molecular mechanism by which ICC can be caused by the chronic accumulation of the most commonly used three types of organophosphorus pesticides (Dimethoate, Dichlorvos, and Trichlorphon) in liver is that, when entering the liver, these organophosphorus pesticides can be easily dissolve in bile and actively react with bile acid to produce carcinogenic metabolites—the so-called secondary carcinogens, such as epoxy compounds, the reason these secondary carcinogens have a high cancer-causing potential is because they can easily form bulk adducts with guanine residues on the double-stranded DNA, the process of which would induce DNA repair mechanism—the bulk adduct excision repair to removal the entire bulky adduct-guanine residue segment. Such a repair mechanism itself would create a transversion mutation on the DNA double-stranded structure, the latter process actually create more abnormal T-A,T-A sequence sites on the DNA where the formation of Thymine-Thymine pirimidine dimer becomes easier. This is so-called "the post-DNA-repair-enabled formation of pyrimidine dimer formation” which function as a precancerous mechanism because the transversion mutation would create a large number of Thymine-Thymine pirimidine dimer prone sites on the organophosphorus pesticides-originated epoxides -bonded strands of DNA. Since the DNA of the epithelium cells of the secondary bile ducts are closely exposed to the metabolites of the three widely used organophosphorus pesticides due to the long-term accumulation of the pesticide metabolites, therefore, the above-mentioned three types of organophosphorus pesticides can be considered as the ICC-prone carcinogens. The more detailed description of the exact molecular mechanisms involving the genesis of ICC caused by the long-term inhalation and accumulation of the traditional organophosphorus pesticides in human liver will be provided in the next edition of the content-refined book.

Here the author would like to give his the suggestions for the experimentlists to test the pesticide-pirimidine dimer theory of ICC (PPD Theory of ICC). And the author has suggested few practical easily conducting experimental methods to test the above-described cause and molecular mechanism of ICC as follows:

Method-1, Using the above-mentioned three types of organophosphorus pesticides directly to mix with the foods directly that are used to be the daily food to feed the experimental mice, or frequently spray the traditinal organophosphorus pesticides to the environment nearing the mice cage to mimic the environment in which humans inhale organophosphorus pesticides.

Method-2, Using the pesticide metabolites acquired from the chemical reaction of the three organophosphorus pesticides with the bile acid acquired from the experimental mice and then mixes the pesticides metabolites with the mice food.

Method-3, if the precancerous or cancer cells are found in the epithelium cells of the secondary bile ducts in the liver of the mice after a period of conducting the above experimental procedure, the experimentalists can measure the number of pyrimidine dimers and the DNA-bulky adducts combined materials extracted from the damaged DNA of the epithelium cells of the secondary bile ducts of the mice to see if the pesticide-pyrimidine dimer theory is true or false.

Method-4, re-conduct the epidemiologic investigation of ICC globally by focusing on data related to the occupational exposure to carcinogens. In particular, re-conduct the epidemiologic investigation of ICC in Thailand and China where the incidence rates of ICC can be several hundred times higher than the incidence rates occurring in United States and Australia.

§4.3 Are neutrons really electrically neutral ?

According to the Stander Model (SM), neutrons are thought to be electrically neutral, which means that the electronegativity and the electropositivity neutrons are zero. This idea is somehow problematic because the SM-based atomic model can not overcome the difficulty that the combined magnetic moments of the valence shell electrons are too weak to account for the strength of chemical bonding without considering the contributions of the internuclear attractive interaction—the internuclear binding energy that is directly produced by the proposed alternative mechanism of the orthogonally axial intercutting of the magnetic fields lines of any two approaching nuclei. So, the newly proposed mechanism of the formation of chemical bond can explain the high-strength of both metallic bond and covalent bond because the new bond-forming mechanism requires that the neutron must have an extremely high level of electronegativity, rather than electrically neutral. This is because that if neutrons were electrically neutral, then there is no way for protons to be tightly bonded together. But if we consider a neutrons as a special type of supper high electrically charged nucleon that the supper strong electronegatively charge which manifests as a super strong negatively attraction to proton is actually a residual nuclear binding force, in this physical scenario, a neutron can be treated as a superhigh-electronegatively-charged nucleon with its electronegative-attraction force being approximately equal to the sum of the proton-electron-antineutrino binding force plus the neutron-proton-binding force and hence, the attractive force between  protons and electrons is actually the residual electronegative attraction force acting between negatively-charged nuclei as a whole—the neutron-proton-bonding status and the electrons.  This means that if neutrons were electrically neutral, then it would be impossible for any neutron-bearing nucleus to survive. Only when neutrons carry a super high electrically charged binding energy, can protons be tightly bonded together to form a stable nucleus. The reason why people think that a neutron particle is electrically neutral is simply because the classical way of testing the property of electrical charge of neutrons has a fatal flaw. The classical way of testing the property of electric charge of a particle is to see their flying paths in the two opposite electrodes confined space that has an extremely limited spatial length. In this physical scenario, if a particle is observed to fly out of an atom, no matter how much mass they bear, either a lepton or a nucleon, if this particle approaches the direction of an positively charged electrode, then this particle is thought to be negatively charged, or if a particle coming out of an atom that approaches the direction of an electro-negatively charged electrode, then this particle is believed to have certain amount of positive charge. If a particle’s flying path is a straight line lies right between two oppositely charged electrodes, then this particle is thought to be electrically neutral. The reason why a neutron particle, as its name indicated, is believed to be electrically neutral is simply because the flying path of a neutron particle is usually a straight line that lies right in the middle between two oppositely charged electrode, however, the length of the flying path of the tested neutron is extremely limited, but if we increase the voltages of both the positive and negative electrodes and extend the length of the spatial distance by largely increasing the width of the electrodes, then we may see that the originally straight-lined neutron flying path would begin to curve with the neutron jet-head approaching the direction of the negatively-charged electrode, which indicates that a neutron is an extremely negatively charged massive particle and the its original straight-lined flying path along the mid-line between the positive and negative electrodes will ultimately curve to the direction of the negative electrode and the originally straight-lined flying path has a finite length and the correct interpretation of such a neutron’s length-limited straight-lined flying path along the middle line between negative and positive electrodes can only indicates a high momentum of a free neutron flying in a localized internuclear space, which can not be interpreted as an indication of determining the neutron’s property of electric charge. So I assert that a neutron is actually a supper-high negatively charged nucleonic particle with a high momentum, rather than electrically neutral. Based on this new insight into the electromagnetic property of neutron, I would like to propose an alternative name for neutron, called “nucleonic negatron” or “ultranegative charged nucleon”.

§4.4 Several proposed new laws of planetary motion

I believe that the Kepler’s laws of planetary motion might have some imperfections, or the potential incorrectness, one of the flaws in Kepler’s second law of planetary motion is that the law presumed that the orbital radii of all planets in Solar System remain no change, in other words, Kepler’s law expressed a viewpoint that all planets orbit about the Sun permanently in the same orbit without any orbital evolution, nothing changes in length of their orbital radii. However, modern study show that the time-span of Earth’s orbital period displayed a long-term decreasing trend, according to the study of paleontological clock, scientists found that, in late Ordovician of 440 million years ago, the Earth’s orbital period is 412 days; in the mid-Silurian of 420 million years ago, there were 400 days per year; in mid-Devonian period, about 370 million years ago, there were 398 days per year; in late Carboniferous period, which was over 1 billion years ago, it was about 385 days per year; In Cretaceous period, about 65 million years ago, it was about 376 days per year; Now it’s only 365.25 days per years. [citation needed] Beside the factor of slowing down of the linear speed of Earth’s orbital motion, the best explanation for this long-term trended decreasing of the Earth’s orbital period is that the Earth’s orbital radius is shrinking over time, it means that the Earth is getting closer and closer to the Sun. Considering the combined factors of the long-term slowing down of the linear speed of the Earth’s orbital motion and the factor of the long-term decreased orbital radius of evolving Earth, we have reached a conclusion that Kepler’s second law of planetary motion is not hold to be true over a long period of time, because the Kepler’s second law states that: a line segment joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas during the equal intervals of time, this statement can only be approximately correct, but when put the law in a

long period of time, say in billions of years, it will encounter is a serious problem due to the law of planetary orbital decay, that is, if we use the first equal time interval “T1” to represent a given “said equal time interval” of the late Ordovician epoch (440 million years ago), and use the second equal time interval “T2” to represent a given “said equal time interval” of 21^st century, say in some time in 2017, then get a mathematical result, that is: the orbital radius of current Earth (R2) is way shorter than that of Ordovician’s Earth (R1), the mathematical expression is R2＜R1. Because of the significantly slowing down of the linear speed of the Earth’s orbital motion, then in a equal time interval, the distance that the fast-moving Ordovician Earth had passed its orbital rings will far greater than the distance that the slow-moving current Earth had passed (as opposed to the notion of closer to the Sun the planet moving faster), it means that the length of the perimeter of the current Earth orbital ring that current Earth had covered (L2) is way shorter than that of the Ordovician’s Earth (L1), this means that, the length of Kepler’s law described “a line segment joining the ancient Earth of Ordovician epoch and the ancient Sun is unequal to the length of a line segment joining the current Earth and current Sun, the mathematical display style is : L1＜L2, the result is （A1＝R1·L1）≠(A2＝R2·L2)，i.e., in Kepler’s language, a line segment Joining the Ordovician’s Earth and the ancient Sun sweeped a far greater area (A1),for comparison, a line segment joining the current Earth and the current Sun sweeped a far smaller area (A2), the result is A1≠A 2. Therefore, the Kepler’s second law of planetary motion is fundamentally incorrect. or  the Kepler’s second law of planetary motion can only approximately describe the situation of planetary motion in a time-limited short period of evolution history of all planets, say, within time range of one hundred years, the Kepler’s second law of planetary motion is “ok”. when we the time scale to billions of years, Kepler’s law of planetary motion is not work, or we may conclude that, Ultimately, the Kepler’s second law of planetary is not hold to be true. Because this does not reflect the real dynamically decaying status of planets’ orbital radii. In other words, the kepler’s second law of planet motion does not incorporate the suggested law of planetary evolution at all. the Indeed, the word “motion” means something dynamically change, and the notion of planetary evolution shall automatically including the orbital evolution. the nature of “natural law” is stable over a long period of time, and it’s universally applicable to any planetary objects within any scope of space-time. but the Kepler’s second law does not qualify  this criteria of natural law, simply because that Kepler trying to use a time-limited observation to fit the non-time-limited law. It turns out to be a axiom, that any natural law summarized by man that is endeavor to mathematically describe a group of co-changing physical quantities might proved fundamentally incorrect, if such a law does not incorporate with the physical law that correctly described a dynamically changing process of evolving objects.

The second flaw of the Kepler’s laws of planetary motion is that the three laws altogether implies a wrong viewpoint, that is, the orbits of all planets are in the same 2-D plane, this is impossible, in fact, modern observations indicate that, over a long period of time, the orbital rings of a given planet form a 3-D rubber-band-like spherical dynamical structure, rather than a disc-like 2-D structure. And the orbital rings of all planets in our Solar System jointly form a 3-D rubber-band-like spherical dynamical structure, rather than 2-D plane. the reason for scientists to believe that the orbits of all planets are in the same plane is that, due to the relatively slow linear speed of planetary revolution, in any given time, it is always possible for scientists to see spot some planet at the viewpoint above the north pole of the Earth, plus the preconceived notion derived from the incorrect Nebular Hypothesis, the highly misleading physical concept about the planetary motion is deeply rooted in the 2-D-minded brains. The 3-D ovary-shaped heliosheath also implies a fact that the hypothetical orbital rings of all planets in our Solar System form a 3-D rubber-band-like spherical dynamical structure. 

To make the theory of star-planet co-evolution a high-level of self-consistence and to erase all possible observational contradictions, we have suggested five new laws of planetary motion to incorporate the suggested law of planetary evolution, which is the suggested law of the exponentially synchronous decay of seven fundamental planetary parameters:

(1)                            The first law of planetary motion states that: all planet orbit about the Sun with their orbital radii in dynamically changing by following the rule of long-term decay. the orbital decay will lead to the result of solar thermal-magnetic-spallation or ripping to the sun-approaching core of life-ending planet, which becomes the astrophysical mechanism of asteroid and comet formation. So, the first suggested law of planetary motion is also referred to as the law of long-term exponential planetary orbital decay.

(2)                           The second law of planetary motion states that: the orbits of all Solar System’s planets are not in the same 2-D plane, but instead, over a long period of time, the multiple orbital rings of any given planet form a 3-D rubber-band-like spherical dynamical structure. for the planetary system as a whole, the orbital rings of all planets in Solar System jointly form a 3-D multilayer rubber-band-like spherical structure in a dynamically changing status with diameters of orbital rings in a long-term shrinking status due to the suggested law of synchronous decay of seven fundamental planetary parameters. the second law is also referred to as the law of 3-D rubber-band-like spherical-ring-crossed structure, as opposed

(3)                           to the traditional notion which states that the orbits of all planets are in the same 2-D plane.

(4)                           The third suggested law of planetary motion states that: for any  given planet, the hypothetical axis of its orbital ring stays in dynamically perpendicular to its rotational axis, in other words, for a given planet, the hypothetical axis of the its orbital ring and its rotational axis always stay in an dynamical orthogonal axial intersection status. this law is equivalent to the second law and leads to the same result of the orbital ring-crossed rubber-band-like structure, but it revealed the principle of dynamical change of the hypothetical axis of planet’s orbital rings and mechanistically explained why the sun-rise and sun-set appear to be following the motion direction of nearly 45 degree of angle, that is, the direction of the Sun-rise is from the direction of North-East, rather than the direction East. while the direction of the Sunset is from the direction of north-west. Rather than the direction of West.  

(5)                           The forth law of planetary motion states that: the hypothetical axes of orbital rings of adjacent planets stays dynamically perpendicular to each other, or following the rule of orthogonal axial intersection, in 180 degree straight line with the Sun at the mid-point of the line, the orbital rings of two adjacent planets undergoes an in-out-switching phenomenon due to overlapped gravitational interactions between Sun and planet, planet and planet, and gravitational interactions between the Solar System as whole and the super-massive black hole that lies in the galactic center of Milky Way. This is law also referred to as the law of planetary orbital-switching and orthogonal axial intersection. this could a potential mechanism to explain the light-cross phenomenon of star widely seen in from a far distant star to Earth-based observer.

(6)                           The fifth law of planetary motion states that: in the case of Earth-moon system, or in any other single-moon-formed two-body system, the rotational axis of the planet stays dynamically perpendicular to the rotational axis of its moon, in other words, the rotational axes of both the Earth and the moon stays in a dynamically orthogonal axial intersection status or the dynamically orthogonal axial geometrical relationship. This law is also referred to as the principle of dynamical orthogonal axial intersection, which is equivalent to the principle of the

(7)                           gravitational interaction force production, the mechanism of the gravity force production or the principle of stable gravitational interaction relationship formation is that, only when the spin axes of two objects forms a orthogonal axial intersection relationship, or the spin axes of two physically interacted objects is perpendicular to each other, the entangling and intercutting effect of the magnetic force lines will be maximized and the biggest output of the gravitational pulling force will be produced, or the best gravitational interactional pull effect will be achieved. Because this principle of gravitational force production is universal, therefore, we call it the universal law of gravitational force production, which is applicable to any paired spinning systems with any mass-energy scales ranging from microscopic particle systems to macroscopic celestial systems, that is why we in two components coupled binary star system, the spin axes of two components are dynamically perpendicular to each other, the twisting effect of the dynamically orthogonal axial intersection will leads to the result of flipping over of their hypothetical baryon axis, creating a synchronized spin-flip motion style. In large scale space, we see the spin axis of the Milky Way Galaxy is always dynamically perpendicular to the spin axis of the Andromeda Galaxy, and the hypothetical baryon axis of the Milky Way-Andromeda Binary Galaxy system is always stay in a 360 degree flipping over status. forming a spherical shaped halo. In the case of the microscopic particle system, the spin axes of paired electron and positron stays in a dynamically orthogonal axial intersection status.

In general, the 3-D rubber-band-like spherical structure produced by the orbital rings of all system’s planets with the orbital switching structure produces the stability of the Solar System and make it possible for Solar System to produce the Great Radius Magnetic Vortex Systems which is the mechanism to gravitationally suck the comets toward the Sun for secondary material recycling. And such a 3-D rubber-band-like spherical structure also

make it possible for Solar System to form a 3-D ovary-shaped heliosheath and to form the Sun-diameter-sized heliosheath-pore that evenly distributed on the surface of the heliosheath, that makes the entire Solar System an open system yet isolated system to exchange its information and mass-energy with nearby stellar systems and the surrounding environments. enable the Solar System to do the normal inhale-exhale respiratory function like a life system.

Because the hypothetical axis of the Earth’s orbital ring and its rotational axis stays in a dynamically orthogonal axial intersection status, that is why the direction of the sunrise and sunset shows nearly 45 degree angles, this kind of planetary motion style produces a result, that is, each completed orbital ring of the Earth has its unique trajectory which is different from any other completed orbital rings, so unique like the fingerprint. For this reason, scientists can never find two trajectories of two completed orbital rings that can 100% match to each other from any viewpoints, not just because the flipping over of the hypothetical axis of orbital ring, but also because of the effect of planetary orbital switching, and the law of planetary orbital decay.

§4.5 A simple explanation for the formation mechanism and the working principle of the Fermi Bubbles and why Fermi Bubble should be renamed as Finkbeiner Bubble, and why the galactic core-hosted supermassive balck hole should be renamed as “A galactic-scaled double-hole-structured and double holes’ effects hybridized dual-energy conversion and stellar-merger promotion system/mechanism (DHS-DHEsHybri-DEC-SMPS/M)”

Since the discovery of the Fermi Bubbles by Douglas Finkbeiner in 2009, various theoretical models have been proposed to explain the formation of the Bubbles. These models can be roughly classified into three categories：Hadronic Wind Models, Leptonic Jet Models，and In-situ Acceleration Models. Although, any one of the three kinds of models can match certain parts of the observational data, but none of them can match all the observational data simultaneously.［41］This is because that all these models are built on the old paradigm of astrophysics, especially, the model construction is based on the classical black hole theory and the traditional star formation theory. This means that if the basic views of the classical black hole- and star formation theories are disproved as fundamentally incorrect, then the current models cannot reveal the basic formation mechanism and the working principle of Fermi bubble. Here, I propose an alternative model, called the 3D-Triaxial Intersectional Intercutting of Multi-Magnetic Fields lines (3D-TIIMMFLs), this model is based on an basic assumption that the most basic underlying physical mechanism that causes various physical phenomena, whether quantum-physical or astrophysical, is simply the micro-macro-unified mechanism of frequently intercutting and mutually entangling of the magnetic fields lines of different bipolar magnetic fields, which can be generally classified into two kinds according to their geometric nature and the number of rotating body-carrying magnetic fields: (1) the orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting model and non-orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting model according to the degrees of the intersectional angle between any two intersecting axes of the rotational magnetic fields; and (2) the 2D-biaxial intersectional intercutting  model (2D-BAIIM) that is suitable to describe the electromagnetic interaction in two-body system and the 3D-triaxial intersectional intercutting model (3D-TAIIM) that is suitable to describe the electromagnetic interaction in many-body system. For example, the 2D-biaxial intersectional intercutting model (2D-BAIIM) can be used to explain the mechanism of causing the gravito-electromagnetic interaction between the sun and planets and the quantum-scaled electromagnetic interaction between atomic or subatomic particles. Whereas, the 3D-triaxial intersectional intercutting model (3D-TAIIM) can be used to explain the formation mechanism and working principle of the Fermi Bubbles of our Milky Way galaxy and the relevant explanations will presented in following paragraph.

As above-described, the mechanism by which the Fermi Bubbles formed is the mechanism of 3D-Triaxial Intersectional Intercutting and Entangling of the Magnetic Fields Lines (3D-Triaxial-IIMFsLs) between the magnetic field lines of the longitudinal axis-represented rotational magnetic field of the entire Milky Way Galaxy (denoted axis-1), and the magnetic fields lines of the four horizontal axes-represented spiral arms carrying magnetic fields (denoted axis-2), and the magnetic field lines of the horizontal axis-represented bar-carrying magnetic field (denoted axis-3). The 3D-Triaxial-IIMFsLs mechanism can naturally create a symmetric bi-lobular dumbbell-shaped Fermi Bubbles, in which two symmetric out-streaming expanding gamma-ray bubbles are half-wrapped by two bowl-like X-ray shells. The galactic center-rooted Fermi Bubbles provides an excellent morphological structure of a black-hole effect and white-hole effect hybridized dual-energy conversion and stellar-merger promotion system (BHWHhybrid-DEC-SMPS) and its corresponding 3D expansion-contraction coupling and 1D gravity-antigravity coupling mechanism. In this new physical scenario, the gamma-ray characterized yang-natured and positive charged photothermal-expansion energy (Yang-PCPTE) produced by white-hole effect and the X-ray characterized yin-natured negative charged darkcold-condensation energy (Yin-NCDCE) produced by black-hole effect are coexisting and coworking in a synchronous manner while the two forms of energies (Yang-PCPTE and Yin-NCDCE) are constantly mutually converted into each other in a synchronous process by which both a 3D quasi-spherical expansion force which naturally contains a 1D-repulsive antigravity force, and a 3D quasi-spherical contraction force which naturally contains a 1D attractive gravity force are then produced simultaneously.

In this new physics-implied dynamic picture, the operation of a double holes’ effects hybridized dual-energy conversion mechanism would enable the gamma-ray bubble characterized photothermal-expanding energy to be converted into X-ray characterized darkcold-contracting energy, in this physical scenario, the energy density of the gamma-ray-characterized photothermal-expanding energy would attenuate to a sufficiently low level (a critically low value) at the edge of gamma-ray bubbles—which becomes undetectable in gamma-ray spectrum due to the quantum evaporation effect—the energy density of the out-streaming divergent photon beams along with the positron-dominated leptonic jet flows attenuate to a spectroscopically undetectable level at the upper-outer edge of gamma-ray bubbles. This means that the upper-outer edges of the gamma-ray bubbles are regions or turning points where the gamma-ray characterized photothermal-expanding energy become exhausted due to the quantum evaporation effect, while in the same time, the photothermal-expanding energy begin to be converted into X-ray characterized darkcold-contracting energy because, at the areas of the upper-outer edges of gamma-ray bubbles, the quantum condensation effect starts to take over the dominant role in condensing the divergent matter-energy currents into an ever denser phase and this quantum-condensation effect will become increasingly more apparent at the lower-outer edges of the gamma-ray bubbles as the X-ray characterized electron-dominated leptonic jets flows become ever denser. Meanwhile, the mechanism of phase spin angle-changing caused dual-charge (positive-negative) conversion come to work due to the quasi-spherical bending of the galactic magnetic field lines, which means that the direction of the line-directed particle-energy streams will be forced to flow to the direction of the galactic center, and the divergent out-streaming gamma-ray type photon beams will be transformed into convergent GC-oriented X-ray type photon beams while the positrons will be transformed into electrons, and the positron-dominated expanding divergent energy flows will be transformed into electron-dominated contracting convergent energy flows, the process of which is that the gamma-ray characterized phototehrmal-quantum-evaporation energy is being converted into an X-ray characterized darkcold-quantum-condensation energy. And simultaneously, the reversible process of photothermal-darkcold characterized dual-energy conversion will naturally create a reversible dual-force transformation process in which a 3D quasi-spherical expansion force along with its corresponding 1D repulsive antigravity force and a 3D quasi-spherical contraction force along with its corresponding 1D attractive gravity are mutually transforming into each other within a holistic dual-energy conversion system.

According the principle of dual-charge conversion, the change of the phase spinning angle of the spirally flowing particles is caused by the curvature of the bipolar quasi-spherical magnetic fields lines of any definable rotating body-carrying magnetic field, regardless of the mass-energy scales of the rotating body, and also regardless of the strength of the rotating body-carrying magnetic field. I then proposed that the sharp edges of the Fermi Bubbles can be explained by the quasi-spherical bending of the bipolar magnetic fields lines that drape the gamma-ray characterized photothermal-expanding energy flows while simultaneously causing the turn-around changes of the phase spinning angles of the positive charged particles. And the mechanism by which the two bowl-like X-ray shells occurring at the lower-outer edges of gamma-ray bubbles is contractive convergence of the magnetic fields lines that drape and squeeze the ever condensing X-ray-characterized GC-oriented energy flows. At the galactic center, the GC-oriented inspiraling X-ray-carrying electron-dominated leptonic jet and the GC-fugal out-streaming gamma-ray-carrying leptonic jet will collide with each other, forming the new generations of continuously out-streaming gamma-ray characterized photothermal-expanding energy flows. The two symmetric bowl-shaped half-open X-ray shells can be explained by the mechanism of spherically symmetric GC-oriented convergent contraction of the turn-around curving bilobular-bipolar magnetic fields lines.  

By following the above-described ideas, I conclude that, for a galactic-scaled double-hole-structured and the black-hole effect and white-hole effect hybridized dual-energy conversion system, the turning points at which the X-ray characterized darkcold-contracting energy flow is being converted into the gamma-ray characterized photothermal-expanding energy flow is located at the upper-out edges of the gamma-ray bubbles, whereas, the turning points at which the X-ray characterized darkcold-contracting energy flow is being converted into the gamma-ray characterized photothermal-expanding energy is located at the galactic center where the symmetrical GC-oriented inspiraling convergent X-rays and the symmetrical GC-fugal out-streaming divergent gamma-ray collide with each other at the galactic center region, together with the mechanism of intercutting and entangling of the bilobular-bipolar featured complex magnetic fields lines, it creates a cyclically reversible processes of the galactic-scaled double-hole-structure and double holes effects hybridized dual-energy production and dual-energy conversion system.

 In general, if we can discover the basic mechanism and working principle of the galactic-scaled Fermi Bubble-manifested double holes effects hybridized dual-energy conversion system, then, it will laid a solid foundation for us to understand the how a double-hole-structured and double holes’ effects hybridized dual-energy conversion system works at stellar-scaled celestial system.

 

The newly proposed alternative explanation of the basic properties and features of the Fermi Bubbles

Since the gamma-ray bubbles have many unique characteristics, including smooth surface, sharp edges, and almost flat intensity distribution [2],  my newly proposed formation mechanism of the Fermi Bubbles and my hypothesized working principle of the cyclically reversible dual-energy conversion between the divergent out-streaming gamma-ray characterized photothermal-expanding energy and the convergent in-streaming (GC-oriented) X-ray characterized darkcold-contracting energy provide a set of more consistent and better intelligible explanations for the bubble’s basic features. In my model, the smooth surface of the bubbles can be explained by the magnetic wrapping effect, in this physical scenario, due to the longitudinal axial rotational motion, the double bipolar magnetic fields lines can form a double-layer magnetic field-confined quasi-spherical webs that is interweaved by the galactic magnetic field lines. The invisible magnetic field web is functioning as a 2-dimensional domain walls, preventing the out-streaming gamma-rays from penetrating the magnetic field lines-interweaved double-layer webs, which creates the smooth surface of the Fermi Bubbles. The sharp edge of the bubble can be explained by the mechanism of quasi-spherical curvature of the bilobular-bipolar featured galactic magnetic field lines. The flat intensity distribution and the spatially uniform spectrum of the bubbles can both be explained by the mechanism of even quantum evaporation of phothermal energy and evenly random collisions between the bilobular-bipolar magnetic field-confined oppositely charged particles, for example, such magnetic field-confined collisions can occur between the cosmic ray-carrying electrons and the cosmic ray-carrying positrons, and/or the cosmic ray-carrying protons and its corresponding antiprotons. The bilobular-bipolar magnetic field-confined evenly random collisions between certain kinds of particles and their corresponding antiparticles will naturally produce a spatially uniform spectrum of the bubbles.

The Master-key theory of unified field cannot be adequately expressed by the current mathematical languages because the current mathematical language can often distort our world outlook or our cosmological perspectives in many ways.

If the basic ideas of the Master-key Theory are proved correct experimentally, then many of the basic ideas of the modern physical theories will be overturned. As mentioned earlier, if the Big Bang theory (BBT) is falsified, then all other physical theories based on the core ideas of the BBT, such as the BBT-based origin of elements, the BBT-based origin and evolution stellar and galactic systems, and the BBT-based origin and differentiation of the unified field force, will all be falsified. Since my arguments for overturning the Big Bang theory and my new theory concerning the origin and transmutation of elements have already been discussed earlier, here, I will only propose my arguments for overturning the Einstein’s general relativity, and my arguments for theoretically overturning the law of conservation of mass-energy by revealing the deep-hidden propositional and logical flaws that are deeply hidden in the statement of Noether’s theorem, and my arguments for why the laws of product-CP symmetry, T symmetry, and even the law of product-CPT symmetry, cannot be correct.

Pleased be noted that more natural phenomena will be explained by using the fundamental laws, principles and mechanisms described in chapter 2 as the author keep refining the theory.

In chapter 4, the author will provide some new insights into the new worldviews, methodological strategies, and basic contents involved in the formulation of a master-key theory of explaining everything.

References:

[1] Wolf, R., Astr. Mittheilungen, 1859, vol. 8, p. 183.

[2] Scafetta, N., Bianchini, A. (2022). The planetary theory of solar activity variability: a review. Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, Volume 9, Article 937930. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2022.937930

[3] Relationship of Solar Activity Cycles to Planetary Configurations

  ISSN 1062-8738, Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Physics, 2013, Vol. 77, No. 5, pp. 599–601. © Allerton Press, Inc., 2013.

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